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SEM images of PVC/polyaniline with different contents of polyaniline: (a) undoped; (b) doped with 2 wt %; (c) 4 wt %; (d) 6 wt %; (e, f) 8 wt %; (g, h) 10 wt % polyaniline.
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Novel antistatic polyaniline/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composite materials are prepared. This study focuses on modification of PVC matrix with different content of polyaniline nanorods. Polyaniline nanorods can reduce the volumn resistivity of PVC/polyaniline composites 1016 Ω cm from to 1011 Ω cm five orders of magnitude at low content of 2 wt %....
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... observations are consistent with SEM results. Figure 2a shows that soft PVC films are flat. After mixed with 2 wt % polyaniline, a litter polyaniline nanorods appear in the surface of PVC (Fig. 2b). ...
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... is increasing when time extend from 3 to 12 hours. It is worthy to mention that the PANI has strong crystal peaks at 2θ = 6.11°, 20.01° and 25.58°. Such observations are consistent with SEM results. Figure 2a shows that soft PVC films are flat. After mixed with 2 wt % polyaniline, a litter polyaniline nanorods appear in the surface of PVC (Fig. 2b). The nanorods have length of about 2 μm. With the increase of the polyaniline content to 4 wt %, more nanorods mix in PVC matrix (Fig. 2c). Figure 2d shows aggraga- tions assembled by nanorods at the high content of 6 wt %, which may disturb a conductive loop. When the content increases to 8 and 10 wt %, polyaniline nanrods aggregate ...
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... and 25.58°. Such observations are consistent with SEM results. Figure 2a shows that soft PVC films are flat. After mixed with 2 wt % polyaniline, a litter polyaniline nanorods appear in the surface of PVC (Fig. 2b). The nanorods have length of about 2 μm. With the increase of the polyaniline content to 4 wt %, more nanorods mix in PVC matrix (Fig. 2c). Figure 2d shows aggraga- tions assembled by nanorods at the high content of 6 wt %, which may disturb a conductive loop. When the content increases to 8 and 10 wt %, polyaniline nanrods aggregate seriously (Table ...
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... the increase of the polyaniline content to 4 wt %, more nanorods mix in PVC matrix (Fig. 2c). Figure 2d shows aggraga- tions assembled by nanorods at the high content of 6 wt %, which may disturb a conductive loop. When the content increases to 8 and 10 wt %, polyaniline nanrods aggregate seriously (Table 1). ...
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Citations
... The problem of microplastic pollution is becoming more and more serious, almost all over the world, and the existence of microplastics can be seen in various environmental media, such as oceans, rivers, atmosphere and soil, etc. Therefore, it is gradually attracting the attention of the world's relevant research scholars; and according to the research, microplastics are especially present in large quantities in various soil environments around the world (Tao et al., 2015b). Plastic particles with a particle size of less than 5 mm are defined as microplastics, but particles with a particle size in the range of 0.1-1 µm or smaller than this range are defined as nanoplastics (Gigault et al., 2018). ...
Soil microplastic pollution is currently a worldwide concern. Microplastics are organic pollutants that are abundant in the natural environment, are persistent and difficult to degrade and may endanger human health while harming the environment. This article offers a bibliometric analysis of the environmental behaviour of microplastics in soils, as well as a thorough statistical analysis of research goals and trends in this field. We conducted a thorough search of all relevant literature from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science core database. The data analysis shows that, starting in 2012, there has been an upward trend in the number of articles about soil microplastic pollution. It can also be seen that China is relatively ahead of the curve in this area of research, followed by the United Kingdom and the United States. This article also systematically describes the research hotspots in this field. The results show that the current research on soil microplastics is mainly focused on their identification, enrichment and toxicity, whereas studies on the migration and transformation of soil microplastics and the mechanism of interaction with other pollutants are still lacking. Our results provide ideas and prospects for future research in this field.
... The problem of microplastic pollution is becoming more and more serious, almost all over the world, and the existence of microplastics can be seen in various environmental media, such as oceans, rivers, atmosphere and soil, etc. Therefore, it is gradually attracting the attention of the world's relevant research scholars; and according to the research, microplastics are especially present in large quantities in various soil environments around the world (Tao et al., 2015b). Plastic particles with a particle size of less than 5 mm are defined as microplastics, but particles with a particle size in the range of 0.1-1 µm or smaller than this range are defined as nanoplastics (Gigault et al., 2018). ...
... PVC thermal and mechanical properties can be improved by additives addition such as clay, wood fibers and flour, and calcium carbonate [5]. The electrical properties of PVC can be enhanced through incorporating zinc oxide nanorods [6], conjugated polymers (such as polyaniline and polypyrrole) [7], SiO2 nanoparticle [8], and carbon black [9] enbeded in the PVC matrix. The simultaneous presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and graphene serve as a nanofiller in the PVC matrix which increases the young's modulus, tensile strength, and conductivity compared to that of pure PVC [10]. ...
Three different composites (5, 10, and 20 wt. %) were prepared using purified PVC and POH-g-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4. Firstly, 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane was synthesized under reflux from 3-chlorotrimethoxysilane and sodium azide. Then, magnetic nanoparticle was bonded with the silane group of 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane. After that the 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane bearing magnetic nanoparticle undergo click reaction with propargyl alcohol, and then the composites were prepared. Some characterization, including FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and EDX images was performed to the composites. The DSC measurements showed that the click reaction of the 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane graft magnetic nanoparticles (N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4) reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg). Click reaction reduced the thermal stability of N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4. The thermal stabilities of the composites increased by increasing the compositional rate. It was found that the 10% PVC /POH-g-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4 reached saturation magnetization (Ms) at 5.12 emu/g. The dielectric constant (ε´) and dielectric loss (″) of POH-g-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4 rapidly decreased with increasing applied frequency and then remain more or less constant. Also, the AC conductivity (ac) increased sharply with increasing the applied frequency. While the ε´ decreased slightly for the composites by increasing the applied frequency and the ac increase dramatically with an increase in applied frequency at room temperature.
... PVC thermal and mechanical properties can be improved by additives addition such as clay, wood fibers and flour, and calcium carbonate [5]. The electrical properties of PVC can be enhanced through incorporating zinc oxide nanorods [6], conjugated polymers (such as polyaniline and polypyrrole) [7], SiO2 nanoparticle [8], and carbon black [9] enbeded in the PVC matrix. The simultaneous presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and graphene serve as a nanofiller in the PVC matrix which increases the young's modulus, tensile strength, and conductivity compared to that of pure PVC [10]. ...
Three different composites (5, 10, and 20 wt. %) were prepared using purified PVC and POHg-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4. Firstly, 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane was synthesized under reflux
from 3-chlorotrimethoxysilane and sodium azide. Then, magnetic nanoparticle was bonded
with the silane group of 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane. After that the 3-
azidopropyltrimethoxysilane bearing magnetic nanoparticle undergo click reaction with
propargyl alcohol, and then the composites were prepared. Some characterization, including
FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), vibrating sample
magnetometer (VSM), and EDX images was performed to the composites. The DSC
measurements showed that the click reaction of the 3-azidopropyltrimethoxysilane graft
magnetic nanoparticles (N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4) reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg).
Click reaction reduced the thermal stability of N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4. The thermal stabilities of the
composites increased by increasing the compositional rate. It was found that the 10% PVC
/POH-g-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4 reached saturation magnetization (Ms) at 5.12 emu/g. The dielectric
constant (ε´) and dielectric loss (″) of POH-g-N3PTMS-g-Fe3O4 rapidly decreased with
increasing applied frequency and then remain more or less constant. Also, the AC conductivity
(ac) increased sharply with increasing the applied frequency. While the ε´ decreased slightly
for the composites by increasing the applied frequency and the ac increase dramatically with
an increase in applied frequency at room temperature.
... Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been chosen as the host polymer matrix because it has a wide range of applications, low cost, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and sterilizability [2][3][4][5]. Thermal and mechanical properties of PVC have been improved by adding some additives such as wood flour [6], wood fibers [7], clay [8], calcium carbonate [9] Carbon black [10], α-MnO 2 -stearic acid [11], organophilic Femontmorillonite [12] and other conjugated polymers such as polyaniline [13,14] and polypyrrole [15] were incorporated in the PVC matrix to improve the electrical conductivity. The first step in forming a functional group on PVC is generally a nucleophilic substitution reaction carried out over chlorine [16,17]. ...
... Integral heights of the peaks are also proportional to proton numbers. 13 C-APT spectrum (ppm) (Fig. 6 In order to prepare a propargyl-terminated copolymer of vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTM) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), propargyl bromo-bromoisobutyrate as the ATRP initiator and the complex of Cu(I)Br and 5.5′-dimethyl-2.2′dipyridyl (mbpy) as catalyst were used. ...
In this study the electrical properties of PVC have been improved. Thus, the copolymerization of methylmethacrylate and vinyltrimethoxysilane was performed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using propargyl α-bromoisobutyrate, as initiator. Also, CuBr and 5.5′-dimethyl-2.2′-dipyridyl (mbpy) was used as the catalyst, and then, the magnetic nanoparticle was bonded to vinyltrimethoxysilane units of the copolymer. Through the click reaction method, PVC containing about 10% azido group was bonded with the copolymer that contained propargyl end group bearing the magnetic nanoparticles in the side chain. FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, SEM-EDX and SEM techniques were used in the characterization. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability of azido functionalized PVC was decreased compared with PVC, and increased after grafting of the magnetic nanoparticle bounded with copolymer. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements illustrated that the saturation magnetics of the product was 41.5 emu/g and the initial magnetic susceptibility (χi) value was 0.034 emu/g.Oe. Consequently, these values showed that the product was superparamagnetic. Variation of dielectric constant with frequency and variation of AC conductivity with frequency at four different temperatures were also investigated. The activation energy of the conductivity was calculated as 0.139–0.134 eV in the 500–10,000 Hz frequency range.
... In order to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC, additives such as wood flour [29], wood fibers [30], clay [31], and calcium carbonate [32] have been used as additives to PVC. Carbon black [33] and other conjugated polymers such as polyaniline [34,35] and polypyrrole [36] were incorporated in the PVC matrix in order to improve the electrical conductivity. CNT has also been identified as a suitable filler material for PVC [37,38]. ...
The composites were prepared with PVC modified with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (aminated PVC) and MWCNT containing 2.5% carboxyl group (oxidized MWCNT) and doped with nanographite in different percentages (1, 5, 8 and 12% by mass). Thermal investigation was performed from DSC and TGA curves. From the DSC curves, it was observed that
Tg temperature of aminated PVC increased with the increase in oxidized MWCNT content. At the composite containing 5% MWCNT, Tg temperature of aminated PVC decreased slightly with increasing nanographite, at the composite containing 11% MWCNT increased slightly and at the composite containing 8% MWCNT nearly fixed. While according to initial decomposition temperature doping with nanographite did not affect significantly the thermal stability of composites, the amount of residue at 500 °C increased some with doping. Conductivity was only investigated for aminated PVC/8% oxidized MWCNT/8% nanographite composite. Doping with nanographite significantly increased the conductivity of the composite. (Conductivity increased values from 10−8–10−9 S cm−1 to 10−4 S cm−1). The conductivity increased with increasing temperature at all frequencies. Conductivity-related activation energies were calculated at different frequencies, and while the frequency increased from 630 to 29,500 Hz, the activation energy decreased from 0.0228 to 0.0193 eV.
Keywords PVC · MWCNT · Nanographite · Thermal · Conductivity
... Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is chosen as the host polymer matrix, because of its wide range of applications, low cost, chemical stability, biocompatibility and sterilizability (Wilkes et al., 2005). To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC, additives such as wood flour (Djidjelli et al., 2002), wood fibers (Matuanaet al., 1998), clay (Peprnicek et al., 2006), and calcium carbonate (Sun et al., 2006) have been used as additives to PVC.Carbon black (Yazdani et al., 2014) and other conjugated polymers, such as polyaniline (Tao et al., 2015;Conn et al., 1995) and polypyrrole (Ouyang et al., 1996),were incorporated in the PVC matrix in order to improve the electrical conductivity. CNT have also been identified as a suitable filler material for PVC (Annu et al., 2014;Al-Ramadhan et al., 2012).In PVC/MWCNT composites, dielectric constant increased with increasing MWCNT contents, but decreasing with increasing frequency (Saeed et al., 2015).AC electrical and dielectric properties of PVC-MWCNT nanocomposites were investigated (Abdullah et al., 2011). ...
Aminated PVC was obtained from bonding of 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propyl amine to the PVC with the aid of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.It was determined by titration that the amine compound was bound to PVC 10.8% in mole.The four different composites (wt 2, 5, 8 and 11% oxidized MWCNT) were prepared using aminated PVC and, MWCNT which contains acid groups bonded (oxidized MWCNT) on its surface. PVC, aminated PVC and the composites were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. SEM-EDX of aminated PVC, and SEM images of aminated PVC/ 5% oxidized MWCNT and aminated PVC/ 11% oxidized MWCNT composites were examined. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements showed that amine substitution reaction in PVC reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC.Amination reaction reduced thermal stability of PVC. Oxidized MWCNT increased slightly the thermal stability of aminated PVC, but still thermal stabilities of the composites were lower that of PVC. The dielectric constant values at low frequencies decrease with increasing applied field frequency, and then remain. The dielectric constant increase with increasing temperature for the composites, except composite containing 11% of oxidized MWCNT. A.C. conductivities for the all composites increased rapidly with increasing frequency up to 800 Hz, then they increased slowly up to 4000 Hz at room temperature. A.C conductivities of all composites almost remained constant between 310 and 360 K with increasing temperature.
... Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is chosen as the host polymer matrix, because of its wide range of applications, low cost, chemical stability, biocompatibility and sterilizability ( Wilkes et al., 2005). To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC, additives such as wood flour ( Djidjelli et al., 2002), wood fibers (Matuanaet al., 1998), clay (Peprnicek et al., 2006), and calcium carbonate ( Sun et al., 2006) have been used as additives to PVC.Carbon black ( Yazdani et al., 2014) and other conjugated polymers, such as polyaniline ( Tao et al., 2015;Conn et al., 1995) and polypyrrole( Ouyang et al., 1996),were incorporated in the PVC matrix in order to improve the electrical conductivity. CNT have also been identified as a suitable filler material for PVC ( Annu et al., 2014;Al-Ramadhan et al., 2012).In PVC/MWCNT composites, dielectric constant increased with increasing MWCNT contents, but decreasing with increasing frequency ( Saeed et al., 2015).AC electrical and dielectric properties of PVC-MWCNT nanocomposites were investigated (Abdullah et al., 2011). ...
... Conducting polymers have been paid attention from view points of application for solar cells [1,2], antistatic materials [3], and electroluminescent devices [4]. Bottom up and top down techniques have been employed for preparation of opto-electronic functional materials with ordered structure based on biomimetic technologies. ...
Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.
... Conducting polymers have been paid attention from view points of application for solar cells [1,2], antistatic materials [3], and electroluminescent devices [4]. Bottom up and top down techniques have been employed for preparation of opto-electronic functional materials with ordered structure based on biomimetic technologies. ...
Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.
