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SEM images of Culex larvae: control and after exposure to different NSs viz. SiO2, MgO, ZnO, and CuO (500 mg/l for 48 h)
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Common oxide nanostructures such as silicon-di-oxide, magnesium-oxide, zinc-oxide, and copper-oxide (CuO) having useful functional and bioactive properties have been synthesised and characterised. All these nanostructures have been found to be larvicidal towards Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito especially against lower instars in comparison with hig...
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Citations
... Similarly, the mortality percentages of I, II, III, and IV instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus due to treatment with 100, 250, and 500 mg·L -1 of CuO-NPs after 48 h were (73.3% ± 9.4%, 93.3% ± 9.4%, and 96.7% ± 4.7%), (46.7% ± 9.4%, 73.7% ± 18.9%, and 77.3% ± 4.7%), (56.0% ± 8.2%, 60.7% ± 12.5%, and 66.3% ± 4.7%), and (36.3% ± 4.3%, 43.7% ± 4.7%, and 56.7% ± 9.4%), respectively [99]. Also, the mortality percentages of III instar larvae of Culex pipiens were increased from 12.6% ± 0.5% to 76.8% ± 0.6% due to increase in the CuO-NPs concentration from 1 to 20 mg·L -1 90 lethal CuO-NPs concentrations for 50% and 90% of larvae population, respectively; LCL and UCLlower and upper confidence limit, respectively; χ 2chi-square value. ...
The biomass filtrate containing various metabolites of endophytic bacterial strain, Brevibacillus brevis PI-5 was used as a biocatalyst for reducing and stabilizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for CuO-NPs characterization. A spherical, well-dispersed, and crystallographic structure with sizes of 2–28 nm was formed. The SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of Cu and O with weight percentages of 27.62% and 48.88%, respectively. The biological activities including antifungal, anticancer, and larvicidal of synthesized CuO-NPs were assessed using the fungal radial growth inhibition, MTT assay method, and mortality percentages, respectively. The obtained data showed that the CuO-NPs exhibit high activity in a dose-dependent manner. The growth of three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata , and Aspergillus niger was decreased by percentages of 64.5% ± 4.1%, 62.9% ± 0.3%, and 70.2% ± 2.3%, respectively at 300 µg·mL –1 . Also, various clinical Candida spp. were successfully inhibited with varied zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration values in ranges of 6.25–50 µg·mL –1 . The in vitro cytotoxicity exhibits target-orientation to breast cancer cells (T47D) at low concentration compared to normal cells (HFB4) with IC 50 values of 122.3 ± 5.4 and 229.9 ± 5.7 μg·mL –1 , respectively. The mortality percentages of I, II, III, and IV instar larvae of Culex antennatus were 60% ± 1.4%, 43.1% ± 1.1%, 36.2% ± 1%, and 32.1% ± 0.9%, at 10 mg·L –1 and increased to 86.9% ± 2.1%, 68.1% ± 1.7%, 64.4% ± 1.9%, and 53.1% ± 1.4% at 50 mg·L –1 , respectively.
Insects act as vectors to carry a wide range of bacteria and viruses that can cause multiple vector-borne diseases in humans. Diseases such as dengue fever, epidemic encephalitis B, and epidemic typhus, which pose serious risks to humans, can be transmitted by insects. Due to the absence of effective vaccines for most arbovirus, insect control was the main strategy for vector-borne diseases control. However, the rise of drug resistance in the vectors brings a great challenge to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Therefore, finding an eco-friendly method for vector control is essential to combat vector-borne diseases. Nanomaterials with the ability to resist insects and deliver drugs offer new opportunities to increase agent efficacy compared with traditional agents, and the application of nanoagents has expanded the field of vector-borne disease control. Up to now, the reviews of nanomaterials mainly focus on biomedicines, and the control of insect-borne diseases has always been a neglected field. In this study, we analyzed 425 works of the literature about different nanoparticles applied on vectors in PubMed around keywords, such as“nanoparticles against insect,” “NPs against insect,” and “metal nanoparticles against insect.” Through these articles, we focus on the application and development of nanoparticles (NPs) for vector control, discussing the lethal mechanism of NPs to vectors, which can explore the prospect of applying nanotechnology in the prevention and control of vectors.
Insects are a major source of human diseases and agricultural loss, but actual insecticides are highly toxic for humans, thus calling for advanced pesticides. For instance, metallic nanoparticles have recetly attracted research attention as pesticides, because metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized from natural resources by green methods. Here we review metal-based nanoparticles as insecticides to fight mosquitos, ticks, blood-feeding parasites, and crop pests. Metal nanoparticles are made of gold, copper, iron, palladium, and nickel, and oxides of zinc, titanium, aluminum, iron, copper, magnesium, and cadmium. Toxicity is induced by intrinsic properties of nanoparticles, release of metal ions, redox disequilibrium, enzyme inactivation, and genetic damage. We also compare metal nanopesticides with traditional pesticides. We found that metallic nanoparticles exhibited larvicidal and pupicidal activities against various mosquito vectors of dengue fever, malaria, and other diseases. The phytochemicals of the raw natural materials for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles may also creat pesticidal properties. Insecticidal efficacy is controlled by sizes, shapes, and charges of nanoparticles. Issues regarding the realistic usage of metallic nanopesticides, such as the appropriate dosage, insecticidal efficiency in the field, and their potential risks to human health and the eco-environment, require further investigation.
