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The biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have great potential in the development of next-generation anti-cancer medicine. Here, AuNPs were synthesized through a biogenic method using the red marine algae Champia parvula. The synthesized Cp-AuNPs were characterized and confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques. The UV spectroscopy analysis f...
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... electron beam is used in electron microscopes, which interacts with nanomaterials and displays its precise morphological structure on image receiver plates ( Dubau et al. 2013). The scanning electron microscope demonstrated that synthesized Cp-AuNPs were mostly round in shape (Figure 3). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic analysis exhibited precise morphology and size of Cp-AuNPs. ...
Citations
... The study followed the methodology laid out in prior research conducted by Shanmugam et al. to evaluate the efficacy of the A. calamus DMSO extract as an antioxidant, utilizing an H 2 O 2 assay [14]. This assay was demonstrated using previous research conducted by Viswanathan et al. to analyze the A. calamus DMSO extract antioxidant activity using the FRAP assay [15]. ...
Background
Herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, has been used for centuries in traditional healing practices to harness the therapeutic properties of different plant-derived elements. Acorus calamus, a perennial herbaceous plant, has significant historical importance in traditional medicine, specifically in Ayurveda, where it is referred to as “Vacha.” This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A. calamus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The objectives of the research are to provide valuable knowledge about the preparation of A. calamus DMSO extract and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.
Materials and methods
The A. calamus DMSO extract was derived from leaves, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2 assay), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assays. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar well diffusion technique and the time-kill curve assay.
Results
In DPPH and H2O2 tests, the DMSO extract of A. calamus showed significant antioxidant activity, near that of standard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay demonstrated a correlation between the dose and the activity of reducing ferric ions. The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties in BSA and EA denaturation assays, similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. The anti-inflammatory potential of the A. calamus DMSO extract was further confirmed through the membrane stabilization assay. The DMSO extract of A. calamus exhibited a significant inhibition zone against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the antimicrobial evaluation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard antibiotic. The time-kill curve assay validated the antibacterial efficacy, which was dependent on the concentration.
Conclusion
The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional use in alternative medicine. The findings suggest its potential as a natural resource of compounds with bioactive properties for use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
... The mixtures were allowed to react for 30 minutes, during this process DPPH radicals interacted with the antioxidants present in the test samples. The absorbance of the solutions was measured using a spectrophotometer calibrated to 517 nm [26]. ...
... For 10 minutes, the reaction solutions were allowed to stand at room temperature. A spectrophotometer set at 230 nm to examine the reaction solutions [26]. ...
... The result agrees with a previous result by Chuang et al. [76] of biogenic PtNPs from peppermint leave extract which showed a decrease in the viability of HTC 116 colon cancer cells at an IC50 value of 20 μg/mL. Similarly, dose-dependent anticancer activities of biogenic Au NPs (inhibition of MCF-7 cells by 70.2%), CuO NPs (decrease breast cancer MDA-MB-231 viability and increase ROS at IC50: 20 μg/mL), MnONPs (cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells at 120 μg/mL concentration), ZnO NPs (toxicity on both A549 and MOLT4 cells and a size reduction in A549 tumor), NiO NPs (toxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, IC 50 : 37.84 μg/mL) and Se NPs (decrease in cell viability at a concentration of 2-6 μg Se/mL) have been described as promising anticancer agents through different studies [31,[77][78][79][80][81][82]. ...
Nanoparticles synthesized from noble metals have wide applications in therapeutics and medicine due to their excellent properties. Properties such as surface plasmon resonance, low toxicity, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification account for the recent surge in nanoscience and technology. Noble metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and platinum with nano size are well-known metallic nanoparticles with increasing applications in nanomedicine. Biomedical applications of these particles especially for diagnosis and targeted drug delivery in living systems require considering the toxicity level. Because of their surface electrons, metal ions in solution affect cellular activities via cell division, apoptosis, DNA replication, homeostasis etc. They influence cell viability through metabolic outputs in both desired and undesired paths which may result in chemical and or biological toxicity to cells. Phyto-metallic nanoparticles biosynthesised from plant extracts are reported with improved functionalities for biomedical applications over those from chemical and physical methods. The synergies from the natural organic properties of the plant and the metallic properties elicit minimal cytotoxicity paving way for their different biomedical applications. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of recent advances and new perspectives in phyto-metallic nanoparticles, their biosynthesis and mechanism, therapeutics, and cytotoxicity to biomedical industries, research centres, and academia.
... For instance, the stability of the nanoparticles ensures their prolonged viability, which is essential for storage and potential delivery applications. Additionally, the surface of the AuNPs can be functionalized, allowing for tailored modifications that enable targeted delivery, imaging, or therapeutic applications [46]. ...
The green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles has become an area of great interest due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective nature. The use of green-synthesized nanoparticles in biomedical applications, particularly in the detection and treatment of bacterial infections, has gained significant attention in recent years. Among the various types of inorganic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively studied for their potential applications in the detection and treatment of Escherichia coli as known E. coli infections. This review provides an overview of the green synthesis and characterization of inorganic nanoparticles, with a focus on AuNPs, and their applications in E. coli detection and treatment. The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of green synthesis methods. The characterization techniques used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS & Zeta potential analysis are also discussed. The review further highlights the potential of AuNPs in E. coli detection and treatment, including their use as labels in lateral flow immunoassays and as antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of green-synthesized AuNPs in E. coli detection and treatment are discussed. In the end, this review emphasizes the significance of green synthesis techniques in the creation of inorganic nanoparticles with prospective uses in biology.
... The result agrees with a previous result by Chuang et al. [76] of biogenic PtNPs from peppermint leave extract which showed a decrease in the viability of HTC 116 colon cancer cells at an IC50 value of 20 μg/mL. Similarly, dose-dependent anticancer activities of biogenic Au NPs (inhibition of MCF-7 cells by 70.2%), CuO NPs (decrease breast cancer MDA-MB-231 viability and increase ROS at IC50: 20 μg/mL), MnONPs (cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells at 120 μg/mL concentration), ZnO NPs (toxicity on both A549 and MOLT4 cells and a size reduction in A549 tumor), NiO NPs (toxicity against HepG2 cancer cells, IC 50 : 37.84 μg/mL) and Se NPs (decrease in cell viability at a concentration of 2-6 μg Se/mL) have been described as promising anticancer agents through different studies [31,[77][78][79][80][81][82]. ...
... The glaze of purple showed that the GNPs have aggregated into clusters, which are huge spherical particles and are brought about by the density of gold ions. Because of their rapid and easy production as well as strong metal potential for redox, green nanoparticle synthesis utilizing seaweed extract offers many benefits [47]. ...
... mg/mL.Since, they included anti-oxidant-rich components, the biogenic Cp-GNPs demonstrated remarkable anti-oxidant along with free radical scavenging capacity. Hence, examination on LC (A549) cells, anti-cancer activity of Cp-GNPs was examined and high anti-cancer potential was found [47]. ...
... The gold colloidal solution was monitored UV spectroscopically at a 1-h time interval. After the complete reduction reaction, a colloidal solution containing gold nanoparticles was obtained by centrifuging the mixture at 12,000 rpm [24]. The obtained pellet form of Hp-AuNPs was dried for characterization analysis. ...
... The average size of H. pseudofolresii synthesized gold nanoparticles was found to be 27 nm using scanning electron microscopy, and the Hp-AuNP crystalline structure was confirmed by XRD analysis. Significantly similar results were found in the previously synthesized AuNPs from various seaweed species such as Lobophora variegada [33], Halymenia dilatata [22], and Champia parvula [24]. However, compared to previous reports, the Hp-AuNPs were synthesized rapidly through green synthesis technique. ...
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a numerous biomedical applications including their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer applications. We have synthesized AuNPs laced with the extracts of red algae Halymenia pseudofloresii using the green method (Hp-AuNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. In UV spectroscopy, Hp-AuNP’s surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak was discovered to be at 545 nm, which initially confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the biosynthesized Hp-AuNP structures to be crystal in nature. Bioactive molecules, such as phenolic compounds and carboxylic groups, were identified by FTIR analysis as contributing to the reduction of Hp-AuNPs. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to identify the Hp-AuNP morphology as cubic and rectangular structures with 27 nm size. The antioxidant activity demonstrated that H. pseudofloresii extract (61.3%) and synthesized Hp-AuNPs (71.87%) effectively inhibited the DPPH radicals at 50 µg/mL concentration. The Hp-AuNPs exhibited efficient antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm), Lactobacillus (23 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22 mm). The biosynthesized Hp-AuNPs showed potential cytotoxic activity against A549 lung cancer (IC50 = 19.02 µg/mL) than LN-18 glioblastoma cancer cells (IC50 = 32.46 µg/mL). Hence, further anticancer screening was tested against lung cancer cells. In the clonogenic assay, Hp-AuNPs effectively control the lung cancer cell colony formation at the concentration of 30 µg/mL, whereas the Hp-AuNPs induce apoptotic activity in lung cancer cells was confirmed through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assay. Therefore, the unique biologically synthesized Hp-AuNPs have the ability to function as an anticancer agent, and they may further be used for a variety of biomedical purposes.
... Natural chemical compounds in marine algae have been proposed in recent years as potent inhibitors of tumor development, adhesion, invasion, and migration (Miranda-Delgado et al., 2018). Red and brown seaweed species have been found to exhibit antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic characteristics in numerous investigations (Viswanathan et al., 2022a). Hypnea valentiae is one of the red seaweeds reported to contain various pharmacological properties. ...
... To synthesize the gold nanoparticles, 70 mL of 1 mM HAuCl 4 was reduced with 30 mL of algal extract in a beaker at 60 • C for 20 min while stirring constantly with a magnetic stirrer. In the end, gold pellets were obtained by centrifuging the gold colloidal solution at a speed of 12,000 rpm (Viswanathan et al., 2022a). ...
... Following the treatment of the above-mentioned reaction mixture with 2.5 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid and 0.1% FeCl 3 (0.5 mL) was incorporated in a fraction of the reaction solution. At 700 nm, spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the final absorbance value (Viswanathan et al., 2022a). ...
The biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) offers enormous promise for the formulation of a new generation anti-carcinogenic drugs. In this study, AuNPs were eco-friendly synthesized using the marine red algae species, Hypnea valentiae. Multiple spectroscopic methods were used to confirm and characterized the synthesized Hv-AuNPs. UV spectroscopy revealed 540 nm is where Hv-AuNPs' Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) showed that Hv-AuNPs were 7–45 nm size ranges with round shapes. With the help of an X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum, the crystalline nature of Hv-AuNPs was found, and FTIR analytical tools were used to find the organic compounds, like phenols and carbonyl molecules, that were involved in the reduction of Hv-AuNPs. The biosynthesized Hv-AuNPs' potential to scavenge free radicals was measured using the DPPH test (84.5 ± 1.45%), the hydrogen peroxide assay (70.6 ± 0.8%) and the FRAP assay (90.54 ± 2.3%). Lung cancer (A549) cells were used to test the anti-cancer effects of Hv-AuNPs through EMT signaling pathway (E-cadherin, Vimentin and SNAIL). The Hv-AuNPs showed strong cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cells (IC50 = 23.68 μg/mL) and the nanoparticles effectively control the cell migration and colony formation at 50 μg/mL. The RT-PCR gene expression analysis confirmed the Hv-AuNPs potentially downregulated the Vimentin expression at 50 μg/mL and demonstrated high anti-cancer activity. Therefore, this investigation found that H. valentiae synthesized AuNPs have high therapeutic potential for lung cancer and suggests their use in drug development.
... Then the reaction mixture was stirred continuously for 4 h to reduce the gold ions to gold nanoparticles. After the reduction reaction, the gold colloidal solution was centrifuged for 20 min at 12,0 0 0 rpm to obtain a pellet for further anticancer screening and characterization studies with 10 [13] . ...
... These findings confirmed that Sa-AuNPs contain a face-centered cubic structure (FCC). Previously reported AuNPs from brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides [23] , Turbinaria ornata [24] and red seaweed Galaxaura elongata [25] Champia parula [13] showed similar patterns. During the XRD investigation, there were several peaks that could be observed due to the presence of bioactive chemicals in the seaweed extract [13] . ...
... Previously reported AuNPs from brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides [23] , Turbinaria ornata [24] and red seaweed Galaxaura elongata [25] Champia parula [13] showed similar patterns. During the XRD investigation, there were several peaks that could be observed due to the presence of bioactive chemicals in the seaweed extract [13] . As such, this XRD pattern demonstrates that the bio-fabricated Sa-AuNPs were mostly crystalline in nature. ...
... Cell cytotoxicity assay was performed by MTT assay (Viswanathan et al. 2022a). A 96-well plate was seeded with exponentially growing cells (1 Â 10 5 cells/well) and treated for 24 h with Fe 3 O 4 NP (1 mg/mL) at various doses in a complete medium. ...
Green synthesized metal nanoparticles play a significant role in biomedical applications. This investigation focused on eco-friendly synthesized iron nanoparticles using marine brown algae Spatoglossum asperum which was evaluated for its anticancer and free radical scavenging activity against glioblastoma. The formation of iron nanoparticles confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 400 nm by UV visible Spectrum. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of iron nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the functional groups in the algae extract that are involved in the ferrous ion oxidation into iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs). Scanning electron microscope images indicated that the produced nanoparticles were spherical and 16 nm in size, as had been predicted. The S. asperum-mediated Fe3O4NP has shown potential antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrayl and H2O2 activity and its scavenging inhibition was 80.13% and 62.21% determined at 50 µg/mL. The anticancer activity of the synthesized Fe3O4NP against human glioblastoma cells (LN-18) was analyzed and the Fe3O4NPs half inhibitory concentration was found to be 19.24 µg/mL. The findings of the investigation evaluated the binding affinities of different proteins expressed in glioblastoma with bioactive compounds in the S. asperum by performing molecular docking by autodock vina version 4.2. The results of the present investigation revealed that S. asperum-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant potential and effectively suppressed the proliferation of glioblastoma cancer cells.
