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... 7 and 8, plot statistical relationships between MCS i,y and IU i,y adoption and Gross Domestic Product (GDPPPPpc i,2011 ) per capita in 2011 ( Fig.7) and IU i,y and the same dependent variable (Fig.8). Following plots in Figures 9-12, extrapolate relationships between the same ICTs variables, but as dependent variables are Human Development Index in 2011 ( Fig. 9 and 10), and Female Labour Participation in 2011 ( Fig. 11 and 12). Fig. 8. Relationships between MCS in 2000, 2009, 2010and FLP in 2011. ...
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... statistical relationships between MCS i,y and IU i,y adoption and Gross Domestic Product (GDPPPPpc i,2011 ) per capita in 2011 ( Fig.7) and IU i,y and the same dependent variable (Fig.8). Following plots in Figures 9-12, extrapolate relationships between the same ICTs variables, but as dependent variables are Human Development Index in 2011 ( Fig. 9 and 10), and Female Labour Participation in 2011 ( Fig. 11 and 12). Fig. 8. Relationships between MCS in 2000, 2009, 2010and FLP in 2011. Non-parametric plots. Specification for 46 countries. Fig. 9. Relationships between IU in 2000, 2009, 2010and FLP in 2011. Non-parametric plots. Specification for 46 countries. On plots, each dot corresponds ...
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... and Gross Domestic Product (GDPPPPpc i,2011 ) per capita in 2011 ( Fig.7) and IU i,y and the same dependent variable (Fig.8). Following plots in Figures 9-12, extrapolate relationships between the same ICTs variables, but as dependent variables are Human Development Index in 2011 ( Fig. 9 and 10), and Female Labour Participation in 2011 ( Fig. 11 and 12). Fig. 8. Relationships between MCS in 2000, 2009, 2010and FLP in 2011. Non-parametric plots. Specification for 46 countries. Fig. 9. Relationships between IU in 2000, 2009, 2010and FLP in 2011. Non-parametric plots. Specification for 46 countries. On plots, each dot corresponds with particular country, while the lines drawn in figures ...
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... in its initial phase [52], we expect that it can smooth the high effect of adversarial perturbations that may happen in A i on l i . According to the proposed transformation method, the value of feature l i in h = λ(x) is computed as follows: ...
The vulnerability to adversarial examples remains one major obstacle for Machine Learning (ML)-based Android malware detection. Realistic attacks in the Android malware domain create Realizable Adversarial Examples (RealAEs), i.e., AEs that satisfy the domain constraints of Android malware. Recent studies have shown that using such RealAEs in Adversarial Training (AT) is more effective in defending against realistic attacks than using unrealizable AEs (unRealAEs). This is because RealAEs allow defenders to explore certain pockets in the feature space that are vulnerable to realistic attacks. However, existing defenses commonly generate RealAEs in the problem space, which is known to be time-consuming and impractical for AT. In this paper, we propose to generate RealAEs in the feature space, leading to a simpler and more efficient solution. Our approach is driven by a novel interpretation of Android domain constraints in the feature space. More concretely, our defense first learns feature-space domain constraints by extracting meaningful feature dependencies from data and then applies them to generating feature-space RealAEs during AT. Extensive experiments on DREBIN, a well-known Android malware detector, demonstrate that our new defense outperforms not only unRealAE-based AT but also the state-of-the-art defense that relies on non-uniform perturbations. We further validate the ability of our learned feature-space domain constraints in representing Android malware properties by showing that our feature-space domain constraints can help distinguish RealAEs from unRealAEs.
... Dado el reconocimiento y la relevancia de las tic, y particularmente de internet como vector de desarrollo, la problemática de las personas que no tienen acceso a esta tecnología en comparación con la población con posibilidades de acceso se ha estudiado desde hace varias décadas, y se le ha denominado brecha digital (Hilbert, 2011;Kuttan, 2003;Warschauer, 2003). De esta manera, el interés de las agendas internacionales ha llevado a estudiar esta desigualdad desde un punto de vista internacional, sobre todo comparando el nivel de acceso a internet entre países en asociación con sus características económicas y sociales, tales como el pib, nivel de urbanización, proporción de población joven (Graham et al., 2012;Grazzi & Vergara, 2014;Lechman, 2014;Petrissans-Aguilar, 2002). Así, los estudios comparativos internacionales han apuntalado ideas como la relación inversa entre desarrollo económico nacional y brecha digital. ...
La brecha digital es concebida como la desigualdad en el acceso, habilidades, uso y disponibilidad de dispositivos o plataformas digitales. En el contexto actual de digitalización de muchas de las tareas cotidianas, esta desigualdad está cobrando cada vez más relevancia. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las dimensiones de accesibilidad, motivación y uso de internet en México y Uruguay desde el marco interpretativo de la brecha digital profunda propuesto por Van Dijk (2005). Este análisis se enfoca en los factores socioeconómicos asociados a esta desigualdad, tales como el estrato socioeconómico, el grupo generacional (nativos o migrantes digitales) y el sexo. Como principales hallazgos se tiene que en ambos países continúan algunas brechas digitales, por ejemplo: en México el uso de internet es equitativo entre sexos, pero no así entre estratos socioeconómicos; mientras que en Uruguay la brecha digital es menor, aunque sobresale una mayor proporción de usuarios mayores de 45 años (catalogados como migrantes digitales) y que en estratos altos hay un grupo de personas que no usa internet por falta de interés. Estos resultados avanzan en el estudio de la brecha digital desde una perspectiva más detallada y de corte internacional para la región de América Latina.
... The adoption and use of emerging technologies are widely recognized as contributing to economic development. This is due to the fact that the adoption of ICTs worldwide by firms can cause changes in countries' economic performance due to the unique features presented by the technologies and these can change the way firms do business and increase the firm's human and social capital (Lechman, 2014). ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development on technology diffusion and firm’s capacity to absorb new technologies. The study analyses the relationship between ICT development measured by mobile broadband subscriptions, broadband internet, percentage of internet users and mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions on one hand and firm-level technology absorption on the other by examining the mediating role played by Information Technology (IT) usage by businesses and governments. A quantitative approach based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is employed to analyse country-level data across 134 countries for the year 2016 from both developing and developed countries. Analysis of the results presents evidence of ICT development having a significant role in shaping technology absorption by firms and that this direct relationship is also positively mediated by IT usage. The study provides implications for research, practice, and policy.
... During the past decade, the international community has focused considerable efforts on strategies to help the people of the world's poorest countries share in the benefits of globalization and escape the trap of poverty [19]. Against this background, it seems increasingly important to examine the role played by ICTs in improving people's level and quality of life [14][15][16]. In this section, we describe the effects of using ICTs on the labor market and in particular on employment opportunities. ...
It is widely argued that ICTs enable the inclusion of low-skilled and traditionally marginalized groups, such as women, people with disabilities, and workers at the base of the pyramid (BoP), in the labor market. In this paper, we investigate the determinants of female participation in the labor market in developing countries with a focus on the impact of the use of ICTs on female labor force participation. We conduct a panel study analysis for 60 developing countries in the time period 2000–2014. Our results confirm that there is rather a positive impact from the use of ICTs on female labor force participation in developing countries. Moreover, we show that gross national income (GNI) per capita, fertility rates, and income inequalities influence to some extent the level of women’s engagement in the labor market. Our results are robust against different control variables, as well as different ICT proxies.
... During the past decade, the international community has focused considerable efforts on strategies to help the people of the world's poorest countries share in the benefits of globalization and escape the trap of poverty (Opiyo & K'Akumu, 2006). Against this background, it seems increasingly important to examine the role played by ICTs in improving people's level and quality of life (Lechman & Kaur, 2015;Lechman, 2014Lechman, , 2015. In this section, we describe the effects of using ICTs on the labor market and in particular on employment opportunities. ...
Forests play an important role in mitigating climate change because they act as both a carbon sink and a carbon source. Climate change is putting increasing pressure on the forest ecosystems of European forests. Most of the carbon is stored in the forest Aboveground biomass (AGB), which is used in carbon inventory and mitigation and as an essential climate variable and a critical input to the United Nations' Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation-plus (REDD+) program. 50% of dry forest AGB represents carbon; therefore, accurate estimation of forest AGB is a vital step in monitoring carbon stocks and changes in the forest. The effective and accurate estimation of forest AGB is one of the most challenging tasks; finding a reliable and accurate method to estimate forest AGB is critical.
Remote sensing is well-placed to provide accurate, realistic, and cost-effective AGB estimates with large spatial and multi-temporal observation. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is less expensive, provides reliable data quality, and multitemporal capturing of forest parameters at a very high spatial resolution. The satellite data (Pleiades) is readily available with huge datasets archived, large spatial coverage, provide consistent spatial data, repetitive with high revisit time (daily), as well as a relatively cost-effective way of biomass estimation at a large scale.
This research aimed to extract the crown projection area (CPA) of individual trees in a coniferous forest through Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) of UAV and Pleiades satellite images with different spatial resolutions (10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm) and band combinations (1,1,1,0,4 –UAV_MS, 1,4,1,0,0 –UAV_RGB and 1,1,1,4 – Pleiades); investigate if variations in the extracted CPA leads to significant differences in AGB estimates. The fieldwork was carried out between August 2020, and October 2020. Pleiades satellite image was acquired on August 22, 2019. The UAV_MS and UAV_RGB images were acquired in August 2020 and September 2020 using the Phantom 4 drone.
The t-test results showed that means of the UAV_MS and UAV_RGB modelled AGB (AGB-est) per tree at 10 cm spatial resolution were not significantly different from means of the field estimated AGB (AGB-f) per tree. At 20 cm and 30 cm spatial resolutions, the means of the field estimated AGB-f per tree were also not significantly different from the means of the AGB-est per tree estimated with UAV_MS, but significantly different from the means of AGB-est per tree estimated with UAV_RGB. The means of field estimated AGB-f per tree were significantly different from the means of AGB-est per tree from both UAV_MS and UAV_RGB at 40 cm and 50 cm resolutions as well as the Pleiades at 50 cm spatial resolution.
The t-test results for AGB per plot (500 m2), showed that there were no significant differences between the means of the AGB-f per plot and the means of AGB-est per plot estimated from UAV_RGB and UAV_MS at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm as well as the Pleiades at 50 cm spatial resolution.
It was concluded that the AGB per tree could be accurately estimated at 10 cm spatial resolution with UAV_MS and UAV_RGB, as well as at 20 cm and 30 cm spatial resolution with UAV_MS. The AGB per plot could be estimated with reasonable accuracy using UAV_RGB and UAV_MS at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm spatial resolutions as well as the Pleiades at 50 cm spatial resolution.
Keywords: Aboveground biomass, Crown Projection Area, Object-Based Image Analysis, Unmanned
Ariel Vehicle, Pleiades, Near-infrared band, green band, spatial resolution, and band
combinations.
