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Running time evolution in sprint tests performed on the backhand side on clay (CL) (-) and on resin (R) (-). Values are mean 6 SD. NS = nonsignificant. 1-CL corresponds to the running time values of the player no. 1 on clay. 1-R corresponds to the time values of the player no. 1 on resin.
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![Figure 4. Mean evolution of the blood [La] concentration during tennis...](profile/Hassane-Zouhal/publication/49682746/figure/fig4/AS:597858176729090@1519551905848/Mean-evolution-of-the-blood-La-concentration-during-tennis-matches-played-on-clay-CL_Q320.jpg)
The aim of this study was to compare tennis matches played on clay (CL) and resin (R) courts. Six matches were played (3 on CL courts and 3 on R courts) by 6 high-level players. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously while running time (4.66 m), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were measured every 4 games. Mean duration of points and effe...
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Citations
... Moreover, the physiology of tennis is considerably complex because of the start-stop intermittent nature of the game (which alternates short bursts of high-intensity exercise and short recovery bouts) and the uncertainty of the duration of matches [12,13]. These particularities, as well as other factors such as the changing playing surface, the different ball types, the variable environmental conditions, or the various playing styles of the opponents, which are known to affect the physical and psychological requirements of tennis match play, lead to significant physiological stress, which can affect the performance of the player [14][15][16]. Competition male and female tennis players have to face powerful strokes during matches up to 3 hours, with mean rallies durations and covered distances of 5.5 and 6.4 s and 9.6 m and 8.2 m [9]. ...
... As already indicated, one important peculiarity of the sport is that is played on different surfaces, which may affect the players' game style and performance [14,15], and require players to adjust to each surface sometimes within a short period of time, thus having an impact on injury rate [43]. Our results are consistent with these findings, showing variations in the occurrence of retirements depending on the court surface. ...
The demands of professional tennis, including physical and psychological aspects, contribute to the frequency of retirements at elite levels of the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological patterns and risk factors associated with retirements in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. This study focused on previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. The ATP database encompassed 584,806 matches, while the WTA database included 267,380 matches. To assess retirements, potential risk factors such as playing surface, tournament category, match round, and player age were analyzed. Incidence rates were calculated for the period between 1978–2019 for men and 1994–2018 for women. The overall incidence rate was 1.56 (95%CI: 1.54, 1.59) and 1.36 (95%CI: 1.33, 1.39) retirements per 1000 games played in male and female competitions, respectively. Retirements increased over the years. Higher incidence rates were observed on hard (1.59 [95%CI: 1.56, 1.63] and 1.39 [95%CI: 1.34, 1.44]) and clay (1.60 [95%CI: 1.57, 1.63] and 1.36 [95%CI: 1.32, 1.41]) compared to grass courts (0.79 [95%CI: 0.65, 0.94] and 1.06 [95%CI: 0.88, 1.27]). Risk factors differed by gender, with tournament category significant in males (IRR: 1.23 [95%CI: 1.19, 1.28] in ITF vs ATP) and match round in females (IRR: 0.92 [95%CI: 0.88, 0.98] in preliminary vs final). This study provides valuable insights for coaches, players, support teams, and epidemiologists regarding retirements and associated risk factors in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments, contributing to injury prevention strategies.
... Players perform short, high-intensity workouts over a long period, interspersed with rest or low-intensity activities [1][2][3][4]. Various factors such as different court surfaces (clay, hard, and grass) with a variety of ball types (fast, medium, and slow) and skill levels have been shown to effect both the physiological responses and performances of tennis players [1,[5][6][7][8]. ...
... A growing body of evidence demonstrates that playing variables such as scaled equipment, gender, skill levels, and court surfaces (grass, hard, and clay) influence tennis performance [5][6][7]35]. Furthermore, evidence shows that all these variables have also been shown to effect tennis players' technical actions [12,35]. ...
... Of available studies that could be used for a comparative purpose, we use evidence from a younger group of tennis players. For example, on slower surfaces (clay court), playing time, total match time, and average rally time is longer, resulting in increased physical strain from a large number of strokes and short-and highintensity activities [5,7,35]. In addition, clay court surfaces, including longer rallies and shorter rest times, led to performing a slower game and shot rhythm and increased HR and higher blood-lactate levels and higher PACES responses in comparison to playing on a hard court surface [5,36]. ...
Citation: Kilit, B.; Arslan, E.; Soylu, Y.; Lane, A.M. Does Playing Tennis with a Low-Compression Ball Effect Psychophysiological Responses and Match Characteristics in Recreational Adult Players?. Sports 2024, 12, 80. Abstract: This study aimed to compare the effects of playing tennis using low-compression balls (Lc-Balls) and standard balls (St-Balls) on psychophysiological responses and match characteristics among recreational adult tennis players. Participants (N = 24; age: 20.5 ± 1.3 years) were randomly matched to play two singles matches over three sets: one match was played with a Lc-Ball and one match was played with a St-Ball, resulting in twenty-four matches. Heart-rate responses and match characteristics were assessed during each match. Post-match measures included retrospective assessments of perceived exertion, ratings of enjoyment towards physical activity, and ratings of mental effort and mood. Results showed higher psychophysiological responses and more intensive play during the game when playing with the Lc-Ball (p ≤ 0.05, d values ranging from 0.24 to 1.93 [small to very large effect]). Further, playing with a Lc-Ball related to reporting a lower rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.00, d = 0.90 [moderate effect]) and greater physical enjoyment (p = 0.00, d = 1.73 [large effect]). Playing with the St-Ball was associated with higher unpleasant mood responses including depression, tension, anger, and fatigue. In conclusion, the results suggest that using the Lc-Ball may lead to better match performance with higher enjoyment in the tennis match-play in recreational adult tennis players.
... This is accompanied by a greater physiological load (i.e., heart rate, oxygen consumption and lactate concentration) on slow vs. fast surfaces. 26,27 In addition to the need to adjust movement patterns and styles of play with frequent change of the court surface, 10,11 these are elements to consider to provide practical recommendations aiming to best prepare the tennis-specific court surface and prevent injury, in particular in players involved in elite secondary tours. The proportion of medical withdrawals differs between genders with higher odds for men (29 % more likely) than women. ...
Objectives
To examine the relationships between medical withdrawals, playing standards, court surfaces and genders in tennis players participating in all elite tours.
Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.
Methods
Data were collected from Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), Women Tennis Association (WTA), Challengers and International Tennis Federation (ITF) Futures tours' matches played between 1969 and 2018. Medical withdrawals (walkovers and retirements) of men and women tennis players have been identified considering the court surfaces (fast vs. slow). Proportion comparison and binomial regression model were used to determine the influence of playing standards, court surfaces and genders on tennis players' likelihoods to withdraw.
Results
A higher proportion of withdrawals was found for men in Challengers and Futures vs. ATP (4.8%, 5.9% and 3.4%, respectively; p < 0.001), but without difference identified between court surfaces (0.1%, p > 0.05) whatever the playing standards. Women reported higher proportion of medical withdrawals sustained on slow surface (0.4%, p < 0.001), but without different withdrawal rate between playing standards (3.9%, p > 0.05). After adjustment, the odds of medical withdrawals were higher for Challengers (1.18 [95%CI: 1.15–1.22], p < 0.001) and Futures (1.34 [95%CI: 1.30–1.37], p < 0.001), with a higher likelihood to withdraw (1.04 [95%CI: 1.02–1.06], p < 0.001) when playing on slow surface and with a gender-dependent effect indicating higher odds (1.29 [95%CI: 1.27–1.32], p < 0.001) to withdraw for medical reasons in men in reference to women.
Conclusion
These findings demonstrated a gender-dependent effect on medical withdrawals from an elite tennis tournament with higher likelihood for men participating in Challengers and Futures tours and for women playing on slow surfaces (independently of playing standards).
... Because of the calendar year (Martin & Prioux, 2016). They compete and practice in different surfaces as well (Martin et al., 2011) 210 diverse court surfaces were approved in 2011 by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) (Martin & Prioux, 2016). On each of these surfaces the bounce of the tennis ball is different which may cause a change in game style from the players, and therefore the results (Martin & Prioux, 2016). ...
Tennis players' joints are subjected to enormous loads, with supraphysiological stresses generated at the shoulder and elbow hundreds of times per match. Chronic injuries typically concern the upper extremity while acute injuries typically affect the lower extremities. The type and frequency of injuries have also changed as a result of advancements in equipment and playing surfaces. Top athletes and coaches need some understanding of how the playing surface affects tennis performance. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the most recent research on injuries and playing surface effects in tennis. The main aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is a difference in the incidence of tennis injuries between the four most popular court surfaces, including clay, hard, grass and concrete. Tennis court surfaces have been identified as a factor that influences the occurrence of injuries. The evidence strongly suggests that the surface is a significant component in injury causation and varying surfaces have been found to have considerably different injury rates. A systematic search of published reports was conducted in four electronic databases from 2010 to discover relevant articles relating to tennis injuries and surfaces.
... Mean HR and _ VO 2 were similar on all surfaces, which supports the assertion that the exercise protocol was effective in controlling the intensity of exercise performed on the three surfaces. Higher HR responses have been reported when sporting activities are played on softer surfaces (López-Fernández et al., 2018;Martin et al., 2011). For example, mean HR was elevated by 7 bpm and peak HR was 3% higher in women playing small sided soccer games (600 m 2 ) on natural grass when compared to an artificial turf (p < 0.05) (López-Fernández et al., 2018). ...
We investigated the effects of playing surfaces with different impact absorption characteristics on external demand and physiological responses. Fifteen participants completed a soccer match simulation on natural grass, synthetic turf and concrete surfaces. Accelerometry-derived PlayerLoadTM per minute (PL·min⁻¹) and average net force (AvFNet) were used to quantify external demands at the centre of mass (CoM), upper-back, mid-back and hip. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, energy expenditure and RPE quantified physiological responses. The concrete surface exhibited the least impact absorption, with peak decelerations ~3.5x synthetic turf and ~10x natural grass (p < 0.001). Despite this, there was no differences in external demand between surfaces (surface: p ≥ 0.194; η²p≤0.092). Both AvFNet and PL·min⁻¹ (location: p < 0.001; η²p≥0.859) were higher at the hip (613(91)N; 12.5(1.2)arb.u), reduced at the mid-back (521(67)N; 8.8(0.7)arb.u) and upper-back (502(60)N; 8.8(0.7)arb.u) when compared to CoM (576(78)N; 10.7(1.0)arb.u). Although playing surface did not influence the external demands, heart rate or oxygen uptake (p > 0.05), energy expenditure was highest on natural grass compared to synthetic turf (P = 0.034) and RPE was highest on synthetic turf compared to concrete (p = 0.026). Different playing surfaces can alter physiological responses to soccer-specific activity even when the external demands are similar.
... HR and BL were used to quantify physiological response to bowling [39,47,48,56] or fatigue [31,45,46] and although it is common for these variables to be used as measures of exercise intensity, it is more accurate to classify them as physiological responses to effort [74,75]. Further, HR and BL can be impacted by many varied factors, including: exercise training history [76], body mass [77], ambient temperature [78], stress [79], or composition of the playing surface [80]. Therefore, neither are generalisable between bowlers and so are less appropriate as a means of constructing volume-based bowling programmes. ...
Background
Bowling in cricket is a complex sporting movement which, despite being well characterised, still produces a significant number of injuries each year. Fast bowlers are more likely to be injured than any other playing role. Frequency, duration, intensity and volume of bowling, which have been generalised as measurements of workload, are thought to be risk factors for injuries. Injury rates of fast bowlers have not reduced in recent years despite the implementation of various workload monitoring practices.
Objective
To identify the variables used to quantify frequency, intensity, time and volume of bowling; and evaluate relationships between these variables and injury risk.
Methods
Six online databases were systematically searched for studies on fast bowling that included terms related to workload. Population characteristics, variables relating to demand and their relationship to standardised definitions of physical activity were extracted from all included studies.
Results
Bowling workload is typically quantified through measures of frequency, duration, or indirect intensity, with few studies reporting on bowling volume.
Conclusions
When reported on, volume was often described using imprecise or insufficient measures of intensity. There is a need to develop more appropriate measures of intensity during bowling and improve the quality of evidence to inform on bowling programme management practices.
... It therefore seems that on slow surfaces (e.g., clay court) rallies are longer and there are more shots per rally than on any other surface, whereas on fast surfaces (e.g., grass court) length of point and strokes per point are lower (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2006;Fernández-Fernández et al., 2009). The differences in the rally length and the effective playing time according to surface, have been some of the factors used to describe the pattern of tennis physical activity, showing that the court surface influences the player's physiological responses with higher heart rate values and blood lactate concentration in matches on clay than on a hard surface (Martin et al., 2011;Murias et al., 2007). ...
This study analysed and compared the physical and technical demands of professional wheelchair tennis (WT) on different surfaces (clay [C], hard [H] and grass [G] courts). A total of 6,720 shots from thirteen matches played by the best ten professional WT players was analysed. Physical demands (e.g., working time, resting time, shots per point …) and technical and tactical parameters (e.g., serve, effectivity, winner stroke, shots with two bounces …) were recorded and analysed. Most physical parameters (points, shots, duration) differed according to the surface (H > C > G). Point length and shot per point were longer on H, and lower on C and G surfaces (p < 0.001). Differences in technical performance were found mainly between C and G courts, with a high use of volleys on G but fewer winners (p < 0.01). The main finding indicates that the physical and technical demands facing professional WT players differed by surface, showing that the H surface involves a higher external load than the other surfaces. Coaches can use this information to adapt their players’ style depending on the playing surface as well as to design specific training drills according to the surface of play.
... G. T. Torres-Luque et al., 2014). In fact, many previous studies have focused on describing the variables that determine the time structure in singles tennis and, in addition, relating them to variables such as surface O'Donoghue & Ingram, 2001), gender (Martin et al., 2011) or playing level (Fernández-Fernández et al., 2009). However, despite the importance and tradition of the doubles game and its specific rule characteristics, only a previous study was found that provided information related to the structure of the game doubles (Martínez-Gallego et al., 2019). ...
This article provides information on the time structure of the doubles game in tennis and studies the influence of team experience on this time structure. The sample consisted of 2339 points corresponding to 19 complete ATP matches. Variables related to the point length and the number of shots per point were recorded, and teams were classified based on their experience playing together. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to check the differences according to the types of teams and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to check the differences depending on the match. The variables related to the duration and density of work presented lower values than in singles tennis. Regarding the data found based on the winning and losing team, the new teams used more time and more shots to win the points than the regular teams. Regarding the type of match, in the matches between two new teams, the duration of the points and the number of shots per point was greater compared to the other two types of matches. Offensive game strategies were adopted in the doubles matches, especially in regular teams, which reduced the length and density of the game.
... These observations mean that the training components must be specific to the court surface and gender, so that players do more aerobic training as they prepare for competitions on slower surfaces (8). Martin et al. (19) stated that the court surface influences tennis match characteristics. On clay courts, effective playing time and mean duration of rallies are increased, whereas effective resting time is decreased. ...
... These observations mean that training components must be court-specific and gender-specific, so players get more aerobic training as they prepare for competitions on slower surfaces (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2006). Martin et al (2011) stated that the court surface affects the properties of tennis match. On the clay court, effective playing time and average rally time increase, while effective rest time decreases. ...
