Figure 5 - uploaded by Walter Obermayer
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Running heights of lichen substances (in solvent systems A, B 9 , and C) extracted from Platismatia erosa and P. glauca ( Cladonia symphycarpa, Lepraria jackii, Cladonia rangiformis , and Lepraria membranacea were used as sources of compounds for comparison). A . In solvent A. B . In solvent B 9 . C. In solvent C. Abbreviations: A 5 atranorin, C 5 caperatic acid (partly seen as double spot and thus marked with a double cross), Cs 5 fatty acid of the caperatic acid syndrome, J 5 jackinic acid, N 5 norstictic acid, NJ 5 norjackinic acid, NR 5 norrangiformic acid, P 5 pannaric acid, Rc 5 roccellic acid, Rf 5 rangiformic acid. Substance abbreviation in parentheses means lichen substance present in low amounts or absent.
Source publication
The occurrence of Platismatia erosa in Tibet and adjacent regions is reported. The shape of (hitherto rarely found) apothecia and pycnospores (the latter observed for the first time) are illustrated and compared with those of European material of P. glauca. TLC analyses of P. erosa samples revealed two substances, hitherto unknown in Platismatia, n...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... m m in P. glauca ) (F igs. 4A, B ) and very slightly in their thickness (1.10–1.30 m m [bigger swelling at the base] / 0.80–0.90 m m [middle constriction] / 0.90–1.00 m m [smaller swelling at the top] in P. erosa and 1.35–1.45 m m / 1.00–1.15 m m / 1.15–1.20 m m in P. glauca ). The apothecia of the present material ( Figs. 1A, B ) are rather large (up to 1.2 cm in diam.) and imperforate. The ‘thalline margin’ is covered with strongly elongated pseudocyphellae, which form a net like structure. Comments on the chemistry. Two chemotypes were identified in Platismatia erosa . Chemotype I contains atranorin and caperatic acid as major substances, a further fatty acid of the caperatic acid syndrome, pannaric acid (in traces or not detected), and jackinic acid (traces or mostly not detected). Chemotype II contains atranorin and jackinic acid as major substances, norjackinic acid (traces), and pannaric acid (traces). The majority of our specimens represent chemotype I while only one specimen belongs to chemotype II. The detection ( Fig. 5 ) and distribution of these compounds is summarized here: Distribution and ecology. Platismatia erosa is known from Bhutan (see Global Biodiversity Information Facility website [] specimen in LD ), China (provinces of Sichuan [Culberson & Culberson 1968: 529], Xizang [Wei 1991: 206], and Yunnan [Aptroot & Sparrius 2011]), India (Sikkim and Darjeeling; Awasthi 2007), Indonesia (Java), Japan, Nepal (Culberson & Culberson 1968: 529; Poelt 1990: 438), Taiwan, Philippines, Russia (Far Eastern Federal District; Chabanenko 2002: 98), and Vietnam (Culberson & Culberson 1968: 529). In the Tibetan Area, Platismatia erosa shows an altitudinal range between 3000 and 4600 m and was found on the following substrates: Abies, Betula, Juniperus, Rhododendron, Salix, as well as on lignum and rock walls. Considering the extensive lichen collections available from Nepal, Tibet, and Bhutan in GZU , and the low number of records of P. erosa from this huge area ( Fig. 6 ), the species can be regarded as rare. The few reports of P. glauca from Yunnan (Hue 1887:19; Hue 1889: 163) and Sichuan (Zahlbruckner 1934: 211), which are cited in Wei (1991: 207) most probably refer to Platismatia erosa . Furthermore it is worth noting that of the 850 lichen collections of Handel-Mazzetti from South-West China, none were assigned by Zahlbruckner (1930: 197) to Platismatia (at that time summarized under Cetraria glauca s.l.). This suggests that overall the genus Platismatia is rare in South-East Tibet and adjacent areas. Phylogenetic relationship. Only one specimen of Platismatia erosa , has hitherto been included in phylogenetic studies (Thell et al. 2002: 347, ‘Clade A’). The published strict consensus tree illustrates its genetic distance from P. glauca. Although not having included other taxa of Platismatia , these authors resolved P. formosana and P. regenerans as the closest relatives to P. erosa (Thell et al. 2002: 346). Morphologically, these two taxa differ from P. erosa in always lacking isidia and P. regenerans further differs by the absence of reticulately ridged on the upper surface of the thallus. The isidiate P. erosa can be mistaken for two other isidiate taxa of Platismatia , namely P. norvegica or P. interrupta . Platismatia norvegic a lacks pseudocyphellae on the upper and lower surfaces of the thallus. Platismatia interrupta bears pseudocyphellae on the upper surface but they are much bigger than in P. erosa and are not only confined to the crests of the ridges (as in P. erosa ). In addition, P. interrupta lacks pseudocyphellae on the lower surface. (atranorin, caperatic acid, pannaric acid [traces or not detected], jackinic acid syndrome in traces or mostly not detected): B HUTAN . Tongsa distr., Black Mountains NW of Nubji, Miehe 00-13-07/04, 00-13- 10/05 ; Gasa distr., Limithang, Miehe 00-252-03(II)/ 10 ; W of Tarina Lakes, Miehe 00-336-15(II)/04 ; Bumtang distr., below Tsochen Chen, Miehe 00-137- 42/03 . C HINA . TIBET , PROV . XIZANG : W above Gyala Peri-N Glacier, Miehe & W ̈ndisch 94-208-6K [fertile material!]; Tsangpo tributary, Lilung Chu Eastern branch, Dickor ́&W ̈ndisch 94-180-6D ; Himalaya Range, 40 km SW of Mainling, Obermayer 06017 ; 45 km SW of Mainling, Obermayer 06279, 06287 ; Nyainq ˆntanglha Shan, N-Side of Gyala Peri, 6 km S of Dongjug village, Obermayer 06929; W above Gyala Peri-N Glacier, Miehe (94-215-42/04-B) &W ̈ndisch . Everest E, Kama Chu, W of Sakyetang, Dickor ́ K-84-11, K-84-12. PROV . SICHUAN : Gongga Shan, Hailougou glacier and forest park, Obermayer 08599, 09028, 09040 . N EPAL . Langtang Area, Phedi above Tarkegyang, Miehe 7619 ; Upper Langtang, near Brombring, Miehe 13824f ; Gopte to Tharepati, Sharma Olley & Cross AC-11-duplum . Chemotype 2 (atranorin [major], jackinic acid [major], norjackinic acid [traces], pannaric acid [traces]; caperatic acid not detected!): B HUTAN . Flor-Prov. N18 (Upper Mo Chu), Gasa distr., Rodophu, 28 u 02 9 N, 89 u 47 9 E, 4220 m altitude, Juniperus indica forest on S-facing slope, 16.VIII.2000, Miehe (00- 291-34/02) ...
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The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of lichen species Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis by GC, GC/MS and NMR revealed caperatic acid, atraric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin as the predominant compounds in Platismatia glauca. Atraric acid, olivetoric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin were the major constituents in Pseudevernia furfuracea. The strong antioxidant capacities of the Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts were assessed by their total phenolic and flavonoid contents
and DPPH scavenging activities. The methanol extracts of both species exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities with the highest IC50 value for Pseudevernia furfuracea (95.33 μg/mL). The lichen extracts demonstrated important antibacterial activities against 11 bacterial strains with detectable MIC values from 0.08 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Platismatia glauca and from 0.005 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Pseudevernia furfuracea. While the antibacterial activities of Pseudevernia furfuracea were solvent–independent, the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed higher antibacterial activities compared to its
methanol extract. The methanol extracts of both species demonstrated significant antifungal activities against 9 fungal strains with detectable MIC values from 0.04 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL. The best antifungal activities were determined against Candida species in Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts with remarkable MIC values which were lower than the MIC values of the positive contol fluconazole. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed better antibiofilm activities on Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis with BIC value at 0.63 mg/mL then its methanol extract. On the other hand, the methanol extract of
Pseudevernia furfuracea was more potent with BIC value at 1.25 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and 0.63 mg/mL on Proteus mirabilis compared to other types of extracts. Our study indicates a possible use of lichens
Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea as natural antioxidants and preservatives in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
The antioxidative, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of lichen species Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis by GC, GC/MS and NMR revealed caperatic acid, atraric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin as the predominant compounds in Platismatia glauca. Atraric acid, olivetoric acid, atranorin and chloroatranorin were the major constituents in Pseudevernia furfuracea. The strong antioxidant capacities of the Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts were assessed by their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH scavenging activities. The methanol extracts of both species exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities with the highest IC50 value for Pseudevernia furfuracea (95.33 µg/mL). The lichen extracts demonstrated important antibacterial activities against 11 bacterial strains with detectable MIC values from 0.08 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Platismatia glauca and from 0.005 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL for Pseudevernia furfuracea. While the antibacterial activities of Pseudevernia furfuracea were solvent–independent, the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed higher antibacterial activities compared to its methanol extract. The methanol extracts of both species demonstrated significant antifungal activities against 9 fungal strains with detectable MIC values from 0.04 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL. The best antifungal activities were determined against Candida species in Pseudevernia furfuracea extracts with remarkable MIC values which were lower than the MIC values of the positive contol fluconazole. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Platismatia glauca showed better antibiofilm activities on Staphylococcus
aureus and Proteus mirabilis with BIC value at 0.63 mg/mL then its methanol extract. On the other hand, the methanol extract of Pseudevernia furfuracea was more potent with BIC value at 1.25 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and 0.63 mg/mL on Proteus mirabilis compared to other types of extracts. Our study indicates a possible use of lichens Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea as natural antioxidants and preservatives in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
