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Rove beetles attacking a house fly maggot. Credits: Jim Kalisch and Barry Pawson, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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This document is EENY-114, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: September 1999. Revised: March 2002. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in271
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... Staphylinidae is one of the largest families in the order Coleoptera. These beetles inhabit a variety of ecological niches in terrestrial ecosystems: litter, soil, rotting wood, faeces, nests of vertebrates and social insects, carrion, and others (Frank & Thomas 1999). Broad trophic specialization (predation, saprophagy, mycetophagy, necrophagy, etc.) and high environmental variability allow their use in various applied aspects. ...
Rock dumps formed as a result of coal mining are unique model for studying the rove beetle communities. In total 60 species, 38 genera, 7 subfamilies of rove beetles were registered using soil traps. The greatest diversity of rove beetles was noted in forb-grass meadows (H` = 2.89) and pine plantations (H` = 2.39). The diversity of rove beetles was low (H` = 1.11) in birch and aspen-fir forests despite the greater number of revealed species. Only two eurytopic and mesophilic species (Drusilla canaliculata and Xantholinus linearis) were dominant in the rock dumps. Most of the rove beetles were eurytopic or forest species, zoophagous or mixophagous, mesophilous or hygrophilous. The number of eurytopic species and obligate predators increased, and the dynamic density of beetles decreased from older to younger dumps. The number of rove beetles depended on the soil temperature and humidity and the vegetation cover. Rove beetle communities are good indicators for monitoring the restoration of areas that have been technically degraded.
... Smith et al. [146] noted that field mortality of stable flies was principally due to predation by staphylinid beetles. Staphylinids have been claimed to suppress biting fly populations (including mosquitoes) by Frank and Thomas [179], but without any supporting evidence. Staphylinids recorded in the literature as predators of stable flies are listed in Table 2. Aleochara species were found parasitising filth fly pupae in Kansas [171], but <0.8% of 22,000 stable fly pupae collected from cattle feedlots produced any adult beetles (mostly Aleochara lacertina and some Aleochara bimaculata). ...
... The author has seen staphylinid beetles (Aleochara spp.) feeding on stable fly eggs in rotting celery residues left after harvest near Perth, Western Australia. Adults and larvae of some Philonthus species occur in dung of ungulates and eat fly eggs and larvae [179]. When grass clippings were used as an artificial breeding medium for stable flies, the staphylinds Philonthus americanus and Oxytelus sculptus were the most abundant insect predators [158]. ...
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), remains a significant economic pest globally in situations where intensive animal production or horticultural production provide a suitable developmental medium. Stable flies have been recorded as pests of livestock and humans since the late 1800s to early 1900s. Over 100 years of research has seen numerous methodologies used to control this fly, in particular to protect cattle from flies to minimise production losses. Reduced milk production in dairy cows and decreased weight gain in beef cattle account for losses in the US alone of > $2000 million annually. Rural lifestyles and recreation are also seriously affected. Progress has been made on many control strategies against stable fly over a range of chemical, biological, physical and cultural options. This paper reviews management options from both a historical and a technical perspective for controlling this pest. These include the use of different classes of insecticides applied to affected animals as toxicants or repellents (livestock and humans), as well as to substrates where stable fly larvae develop. Arthropod predators of stable flies are listed, from which potential biological control agents (e.g., wasps, mites, and beetles) are identified. Biopesticides (e.g., fungi, bacteria and plant-derived products) are also discussed along with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against stable flies for several animal industries. A review of cultural and physical management options including trapping, trap types and methodologies, farm hygiene, scheduled sanitation, physical barriers to fly emergence, livestock protection and amendments added to animal manures and bedding are covered. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all management options used against stable flies from both a historical and a technical perspective for use by any entomologist, livestock producer or horticulturalist with an interest in reducing the negative impact of this pest fly.
... For instance, species classified as predators feed mainly on animals, but occasionally they can use other food sources. The assignment of the identified species to these groups was based mainly on Good and Giller (1991), Frank and Thomas (1999), Hodge and Williams (2011) and Mederski (2015). More facts about the feeding preferences of each species were found in the existing literature. ...
Increasing agricultural biodiversity can significantly affect many beneficial arthropods including rove beetles. They are important organisms in a wide range of habitats including agricultural and can be valuable agents in biological control. In this preliminary study we looked into how a floristically rich habitat for rove beetles functions in comparison to an adjacent maize crop which provides an unsuitable habitat for a majority of beneficial organisms. We assumed that the sowing of plant mixture might add to the richness of species and produce an abundance of rove beetles, and therefore increase their role in biological pest control. Beetles were trapped over two vegetation seasons in the experiment performed in Poland in 2013–2014. Individuals were identified to species level and classified according to their trophic group. In general, a more botanically diverse habitat resulted in more species rich beetle populations. A significantly greater number of species and individuals of beetles occurred in the plant mixture in comparison to the maize crop. The abundance and species richness increased after one year in both treatments. This might suggest that the positive effect of a more diverse habitat carries over into subsequent vegetation seasons. The species similarity coefficient indicates periodic migration of beetles from the plant mixture to maize crop. Considering trophic preferences, significantly more predators and fungivores occurred in more diverse habitats, while more parasitoids occurred in the maize crop. In conclusion, mixtures of flowering plants can increase rove beetle assemblages in arable crops.
... ). Kumbang staphylinid memiliki bentuk tubuh memanjang, ukuran kecil (< 1 cm), dan elitra pendek dan ditemukan di hampir semua tipe habitat di darat. Kumbang ini dapat ditemukan di serasah lantai hutan, rerumputan, buah dan kayu membusuk, kotoran hewan, dan beberapa spesies berasoasiasi dengan bunga (Frank & Thomas 2011). Ekosistem hutan berperan penting dalam memelihara keanekaragaman kumbang staphylinid (Apigian et al. 2006). ...
... Secara alami, P. fuscipes mempunyai senyawa paederin yang bersifat toksik yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri simbion di dalam hemolimfe. Senyawa ini dapat menimbulkan dermatitis pada manusia (Frank & Thomas 2011). Paederus dermatitis (PD) merupakan iritasi akut pada kulit akibat kontak dengan paederin. ...
Staphylinid beetle (Coleoptera) is characterized by short elytra with orange, brown, or black body color. The objective of this research was to analyse diversity of staphylinid beetles in paddy and sweet potato fields and distribution of the species in sweet potato field. Collections of beetle were done by using road sampling method in two types of agricultural fields. Distribution of beetle population were observed in the plots (1 m x 1 m) placed systematically. Seven species of staphylinids were found in this research. Five species (Paederus fuscipes Curtis, Stenus sp., Astenus sp., Hypostenus sp., and Cryptobium abdominale Motsch.) were found in paddy fields. We also found five species of staphylinid beetles (P. fuscipes, Medon sp., Stenus sp., Hypostenus prahoeensis Benick, and Philonthus sp.) in sweet potato fileds. In paddy and sweet potato fileds were dominated by P. fuscipes. Diversity of staphylinid in paddy and sweet potato fields were low. In sweet potato fields, P. fuscipes showed highest important value index (115.98%), followed by Stenus sp. (69.35%), and H. prahoeensis (5.65%). and Population distribution of P. fuscipes, Medon sp., Stenus sp., dan Philonthus sp. were uniform, while H. prahoeensis was clump.
... Further information was found in Frank and Thomas (1999) and complementary expert advice (Boris Büche, pers. commun.) ...
The response of different feeding groups of staphylinid beetles to organic management, distance to perennial boundary and landscape context was studied in 42 paired organic and conventional winter wheat fields. Management effects were found to strongly depend on feeding group. While the activity-density of predators was higher in the conventional fields, both activity-density and species richness of detritivores were higher in the organic fields. Activity-density and species richness of detritivores were positively correlated to crop yield in the conventional but not in the organic fields. Unexpectedly, species richness as high as in the less productive organic fields was thus found in intensified conventional systems. No significant effects of landscape context could be found on activity-density or species richness of the different feeding groups. More species were caught near the field edge than in the middle, showing the importance of spill-over from field boundaries into arable crops for diversity. In conclusion, separation of species into feeding groups revealed patterns that have not been shown before. Decomposer diversity (but not that of predators and fungivores) was higher in organic fields, but reached similar levels in high-yielding conventional fields. Thus resource quality (purely organic or organic/synthetic fertiliser) and quantity appear to play a major role for this functional group.
The dual occurrence of Pseudomonas‐like and Wolbachia endobacteria has not been investigated in the Pederus beetles yet. We investigated pederin‐producing bacteria (PPB) infection in Paederus fuscipes specimens from the southern margins of the Caspian Sea by designed genus‐specific (OprF) and species‐specific (16S rRNA) primers. Wolbachia infection was studied through a nested‐PCR assay of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene. Of the 125 analyzed beetles, 42 females (82.35%) and 15 males (20.27%) were positive to PPB infection; this is the first study reporting male P. fuscipes infection to PPB. Wolbachia infection was found in 45 female (88.23%) and 50 male (67.57%) analyzed beetles. Surprisingly, a number of 36 females (70.59%) and 13 males (17.57%) were found to be infected with both PPB and Wolbachia endosymbionts. In general, population infection rates to PPB and Wolbachia were determined to be 45.6% and 76%, respectively. The infection rates of female beetles to PPB and PPB‐Wolbachia were significantly higher than males. In Paederus species, only female beetles shelter PPB and the discovery of this bacterium in adult males may reflect their cannibalistic behavior on the contaminated stages. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences of OprF gene were unique among Pseudomonas spp.; however, sequences of 16S rRNA gene were related to the PPB of Pederus species. The co‐occurrence and random distribution of these endobacteria may imply putative tripartite interactions among PPB, Wolbachia, and Paederus. In order to elucidate these possible tripartite interactions, further studies are required even at gender level. The coinfection of Pseudomonas‐like and Wolbachia endobacteria was investigated in Paederus fuscipes beetles using designed genus‐specific (OprF) and species‐specific (16S rRNA) primers. The co‐occurrence and random distribution of these endobacteria may imply putative tripartite interactions among bacteria and insect host.
Most beetles (Coleoptera) fly with their forewings (elytra) opened in front, with most of the lift being provided by the laterally orientated hindwings behind (four-winged fliers: 4WFs), but some beetles, such as flower chafers (Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), fly using only their hindwings while their elytra are nearly closed (two-winged fliers: 2WFs). Although 2WFs are reported to display greater flight ability than 4WFs, the adaptive significance of this type of flight is largely unknown. Herein, we tested if two-winged flight has evolved in relation to diurnality throughout Coleoptera. We found that two-winged flight has evolved several times throughout the order and that most 2WFs are diurnal. The correlation between two-winged flight and diurnality has also been supported by a phylogenetic comparative analysis in Scarabaeinae (dung beetles, Scarabaeidae). Two-winged flight is probably advantageous in escaping predation, reducing water loss from spiracles and blocking the heat of sunlight during the day.
This document is EENY-115 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular No. 343), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: October 1999. Revised: December 2002. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in272
The family Staphylinidae is second family belonging to the Order Coleóptera, with most (47 744) described species. The rove beetles are insect ecologically significant, carrying out different roles in agroecosystems; in many cases as predators of agricultural pest. Between March of 2007 and October of 2008, samples of these coleopterans were carried out in six coffee agroecosystems belonging to Central Valley of Costa Rica. The sampling consisted in the Quadrat Sampling Method, in this method a wood quadrat (0,5 x 0,5 m) was placed around coffee plants, where litter was collected and subsequent it was sieved and placed into Berless funnels to insect extract. Analyses of the components of biodiversity for the species, were carried out, calculating biological diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), species evenness, Margalef richness, Jaccard similarity index, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) as well.
Four different types of organic mulches were evaluated for their effects on soil surface insects and related arthropods. Field experiments were conducted in fall 2007 and 2008 near Citra, Florida. In both the years, five treatments were compared: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mulch, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) mulch, sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor Moench x S. sudanense ((Piper)] Stapf) mulch, pine bark nuggets, and unmulched control. Data were collected on insects and other arthropods using pitfall traps. Results indicate that organic mulches can affect a wide range of different insects. Diptera, dominated by Asyndetus spp. (Dolichopodidae), were most dense in pine bark plots in both years. Populations of small plant-feeding insects such as Aphididae, Thripidae, and Aleyrodidae were most dense in cowpea and unmulched control plots in one season. It is possible that these insects were affected by weed growth in cowpea and control plots. Ants, which tend or feed on small plant feeders, were fairly abundant in these plots as well, as were predatory beetles. Some groups, such as Collembola (mainly Isotomidae), spiders, and Orthoptera (Acrididae and Gryllidae) were unaffected by mulches.
