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Rot incidence (%) of Royal Gala apples treated with DPA, after 6 months of storage plus 10 days at 20°C.
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On the other hand, postharvest fungicides are frequently applied to fruits in order to avoid rotting during storage. Main apple postharvest diseases in Chile are grey mold and calyx end rot (Botrytis cinerea); blue mold (Penicillium expansum); moldy core (Alternaria spp.) and recently Gloeosporium or bitter rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). The...
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Postharvest diseases are a major problem in long storage of apples and pears in The Netherlands. Despite intensive preharvest spraying programs significant losses occur (over 60% of fruit losses are recorded). Over 125 heavily affected lots of apples (mainly 'Elstar') and pears (mainly 'Conference') from packing houses in different regions of The N...
This presentation focuses primarily on recent developments in new technologies that have impacts on decay control. These technologies include 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and new pre-and postharvest fungicides. With the increasing use of 1-MCP in the apple industry, depending on varieties, many apples do not have to be drenched with diphenylamine (...
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... Integrated strategies, using biocontrol agents may also provide options in relation to preventing fungicide resistance (Errampelli and Brubacher 2006). All of the currently used postharvest fungicides are applied as postharvest drenches; however, thermo-fogging is another application approach that may be useful in the future for application of some fungicides (Moggia et al. 2003). Thermo-fogging, a process that converts the fungicide into a fine mist, is currently recommended for application of diphenylamine in storage rooms to control scald in apples, but may be a practical and effective means to apply fungicide repeatedly throughout the storage season (Moggia et al. 2003). ...
... All of the currently used postharvest fungicides are applied as postharvest drenches; however, thermo-fogging is another application approach that may be useful in the future for application of some fungicides (Moggia et al. 2003). Thermo-fogging, a process that converts the fungicide into a fine mist, is currently recommended for application of diphenylamine in storage rooms to control scald in apples, but may be a practical and effective means to apply fungicide repeatedly throughout the storage season (Moggia et al. 2003). These and perhaps other approaches to managing fungal pathogens in storage are an important component in the future of fresh-sliced apples and further research will hopefully provide levels of control such that secondary browning becomes a minor concern to the industry. ...
Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 1361–1368. The fresh-cut apple industry has recently become established in North America. The future looks very bright for this value-added fruit product, however its growth requires improvements in quality and reduction of production costs. The exist-ing industry has grown from concept to reality in response to research activities in anti-browning dips, package technology, sen-sory analysis, postharvest physiology, postharvest pathology and food microbiology. Several examples of how these critical research inputs have impacted and continue to impact on the industry practice are discussed. The next generation of questions and challenges posed by the industry will require some new inputs. Research in several disciplines will be need accessed to resolve the emerging issues. Traditional breeding effort and/or molecular technologies will be needed to provide non-browning fruit, fruit with better processing characteristics such as small cores to reduce waste and improved flavour and nutrition retention after cutting. With new cultivars, further work will be required to understand the commercial handling of each, including selection of harvest maturity and optimization of storage protocols. Also, pre-harvest factors such as phosphorus nutrition will need to be investigat-ed further in terms of their effects on fruit tissue and membrane stability. Management of fungal pathogens is a key issue that needs to be studied from the field through storage and after cutting and packaging of the sliced fruit. The very nature of fresh-cut fruit has and continues to require a coordinated multi-disciplinary research strategy. pommes fraîchement tranchées : difficultés et possibilités pour la recherche multidisciplinaire. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 1361–1368. L'industrie des pommes fraîchement tranchées s'est implantée récemment en Amérique du Nord. Ce produit fruitier à valeur ajoutée semble promis à un brillant avenir, mais l'expansion de l'industrie nécessitera des améliorations au niveau de la qualité et une réduction des coûts de production. Ce secteur est passé du concept à la réalité grâce aux recherches sur les bains anti-brunissement, les techniques d'emballage, l'analyse organoleptique, la physiologie et la patholo-gie post-récolte ainsi que la microbiologie alimentaire. L'auteur donne plusieurs exemples de l'impact que ces recherches capi-tales ont eu et continuent d'avoir sur les pratiques industrielles. La prochaine série de questions et de problèmes que soulèvera l'industrie exigera d'autres travaux. Il faudra entreprendre des recherches dans plusieurs domaines pour aplanir les nouvelles dif-ficultés. On devra recourir à l'hybridation classique ou aux technologies moléculaires, voire aux deux, pour créer des fruits qui ne bruniront pas, qui se prêteront mieux au conditionnement comme un coeur plus petit pour réduire les pertes ou une saveur plus marquée et la rétention des propriétés nutritives après tranchage. Il faudra aussi comprendre comment les nouveaux cultivars devront être manutentionnés, notamment déterminer quand les fruits seront assez mûrs pour être cueillis et établir des protocoles qui optimiseront le stockage. On devra prendre en compte des paramètres antérieurs à la cueillette. Ainsi il faudra déterminer les effets des engrais phosphorés sur les tissus du fruit et la stabilité de la membrane cellulaire. La lutte contre les champignons pathogènes est une question primordiale qu'on devra examiner de la culture à l'entreposage, mais aussi après tranchage et embal-lage des fruits. La nature même des fruits tranchés nécessite et continuera de nécessiter l'adoption d'une approche coordonnée à la recherche multidisciplinaire. Mots clés: Chaîne de valeur, valeur ajoutée, pomme, fraîchement tranché, recherche intégrée
Bull's eye rot is a postharvest disease of pome fruit caused by Neofabraea and Phlyctema species infecting the lenticels of fruit in the orchard with symptoms only becoming apparent after months in storage. Chemical control is a valuable method to manage postharvest diseases on pome fruit. In this study, the efficacy of the fungicides fludioxonil (299 mg/L) and pyrimethanil (500 mg/L) was tested on Phlyctema vagabunda Desmazières, the prevalent bull's eye rot species in South Africa. Although both fungicides are registered on pome fruit against other fungal pathogens, neither are specifically registered against bull's eye rot in South Africa. Fruit trials involved curative dip, drench, and thermofogging applications of the fungicides on P. vagabunda inoculated ‘Cripps Pink’ and ‘Fuji’ apple fruit. Furthermore, the variation of pyrimethanil (500 and 1000 mg/L) sensitivity in planta in a dip application was evaluated on six P. vagabunda isolates from the Western Cape of South Africa. The effect of incubation time before treatment was tested in relation to the efficacy of the fungicides.
Fludioxonil was highly effective in controlling P. vagabunda incidence as a dip application and moderately effective as a drench and thermofog application. Pyrimethanil had moderate efficacy on both cultivars as a thermofog application. The pyrimethanil dip application was ineffective in controlling disease incidence while the drench application had little efficacy on ‘Fuji’ apples and no efficacy on ‘Cripps Pink’ inoculated fruit. There was no variation in the efficacy of pyrimethanil to P. vagabunda isolates. Incubation time had a significant effect on pyrimethanil efficacy. Delaying pyrimethanil application after inoculation significantly decreased the efficacy of the fungicide in controlling P. vagabunda incidence. The longer inoculated fruit was incubated, the less susceptible the fungicide became. As a recommendation, further investigation into the ability of the fungicides to reduce P. vagabunda as a postharvest application should be conducted on pre-harvest, naturally infected, or conidial suspension inoculated fruit.
To study the operation of postharvest storage fungicide fogging systems, a CFD model was used. The
modelling was based on an Eulerian–Lagrangian multiphase flow model. The effect of air circulation rate,
circulation interval, bin design, stacking pattern and room design on deposition of fungicide was investigated.
Air circulation rates of 0 m3 h�1 (no circulation), 2100 and 6800 m3 h�1 were used. Interval circulation
of air was also investigated. The highest fungicide deposition was observed during fogging
without circulation while the lowest deposition corresponded to fogging with the highest circulation
rate. For the considered on/off combination times, the effect of circulation interval on overall average
deposition and uniformity was not significantly different from the case of fogging with continuous air circulation.
Bin with higher vent hole ratio and the presence of air deflector increased the amount and uniformity
of deposition. Good agreement was found between measured and predicted results of deposition
of fungicide particles.
