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Rosmarinus officinalis.
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An evidence-based systematic review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Medicinal plants are of great importance in traditional medicine, in which in most part, the antioxidant activity of the plant-derived compounds is imagined responsible for treating various diseases. Rosmarinus officinalis L, contains several polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity; However, to elicit the anti-proliferative activity of R....
Citations
... Concerns regarding the safety of medical plants are becoming more generally acknowledged as the global market for herbal therapeutic products grows. Severe Acute psychosis [256] Cerebral haemorrhage [259][260][261] Coma [262,263] Loss of consciousness [264] Hallucinations [256] Seizures and epilepsy [251,253,254] Even though they are extensively consumed, many herbal-based products have not yet been scientifically confirmed to be effective. Herbal products' safety is further compromised by the absence of standards, inadequate labelling, and lack of information [272]. ...
Globally, the most frequent cause of serious and prolonged impairment of bodily function is brain disease. Specifically, people with brain ischemia, which alters the physiological functions of the central nervous system (CNS), display irreversible behavioural, cognitive, and emotional alterations. Furthermore, progressive neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and multiple sclerosis (MS) culminate in the loss of cognitive abilities. These illnesses have been linked to numerous economic and social issues. A growing body of research shows that herbal medicines can improve brain performance and treat neurological conditions. In addition, traditional medicines around the world have all historically used medicinal herbs to enhance brain function. We conducted a thorough search of numerous databases indexing published literature related to herbal medicines and brain functions. In this chapter, we present recent evidence that plant extracts, by preserving the appropriate level of neurotransmitters in the brain, can enhance memory and brain functions. Formulations of poly-herbal supplements have also been reported to exhibit positive effects on the CNS. In addition to preclinical research, some clinical trials are also being conducted to treat several brain diseases in humans. However, comprehensive research dissecting the mechanisms of action and suitable clinical doses of brain-enhancing phytochemicals is still limited. Importantly, there is a significant debate in the literature regarding the effectiveness of herbal extracts in enhancing brain function due to observed withdrawal symptoms and limited studies in humans. Therefore, to ensure repeatable and accurate clinical data, research using standardized herbal medicines must be encouraged.
... There is increasing scientific evidence supporting its efficacy in preclinical models in which the OS is involved, such as inflammation (Gonçalves et al. 2022), neurodegeneration (Capatina et al. 2020), cancer (Pérez-Sánchez et al. 2019) and DM (Bao et al. 2020;Hassani et al. 2016;Naimi et al. 2017). Its wide range of bioactivities can be due to the synergism of antioxidant phytochemicals such as diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and volatile compounds (Ulbricht et al. 2010;Yashin et al. 2017). ...
We report on the systematic review and meta-analysis concerning the efficacy of R. officinalis in treating diabetes mellitus (DM) in animals. This study followed the PRISMA guideline and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021250556). The research was duplicated in the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases until December 31st, 2022. No restrictions have been set for language publication. Twenty-three (23) experimental studies of type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, whereas eighteen (18) underwent a meta-analysis. The R. officinalis derivatives significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (MD: −120.84 [95% CI; −157.09, −84.59]); increased insulin release (MD; +3.73 [95% CI; +3.17, +4.29]); dwindled blood urea nitrogen (MD: −24.84 [95% CI; −34.78, −14.90]) and creatinine (MD: −0.40 [95% CI; −0.74, −0.06]) levels; and ameliorated liver function or repaired liver damage by decreasing ALT (MD: −36.42; [95% CI; −55.69, −17.14]) and AST (MD: −24.05 [95% CI; −37.84, −10.27]) enzyme levels compared to vehicle control group. Moreover, R. officinalis derivatives improved the lipid profile of diabetic animals by reducing LDL-c levels (MD: −11.74 [95% CI; −21.27, −2.21]). R. officinalis is a nutraceutical that may help in the management of T1DM and its complications. However, some gaps need to be taken into account for this evidence. Greater attention is needed for an analytical standardization of Rosemary extracts besides the demand for high-quality clinical studies dealing with the efficacy of this phytomedicine.
... Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an herbal plant categorized within the Lamiaceae botanical family. Numerous bioactive constituents, including camphor, caffeine, ursolic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid, are present in it (Ulbricht et al., 2010). According to earlier research, rosemary has a range of pharmacological properties, including, antibacterial (Bozin et al., 2007) and anti-diabetic action (Bakırel et al., 2008). ...
The growing interest in countering the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry using phytogenic feed additives
has garnered considerable attention in recent times, this research sought to examine the impact of rosemary
leaves extract (RLE) and oregano leaves extract (OLE) on the growth performance, physiological responses, and
hepatic mRNA expression of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. A total of 150 male
Indian River chicks, aged one day, were randomly allocated into five equally sized groups, each consisting of six
replicates. The initial group was designated as the control and was provided with the basal diet. The second and
third groups (R1 and R2) were administered the basal diet enriched with 50 and 100 mg/kg of rosemary leaves
extract (RLE), respectively. The fourth and fifth groups (O1 and O2) were fed the basal diet supplemented with
50 and 100 mg/kg of oregano leaves extract (OLE), respectively. These chicks were reared in a controlled
environmental chamber maintained at a temperature of 32±2 ◦C and relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %. Ferruginol
was the leading component in RLE, whereas thymol was the prevalent constituent in OLE. RLE and OLE both
have high DPPH• and ABTS•+ antioxidant potential. Among the experimental groups, the fourth group (O1)
showed the heaviest live body weight and the lowest feed conversion ratio, indicating improved growth per�formance. There was a significant reduction in plasma total lipids and LDL-cholesterol levels within the R2 and
O2 groups, respectively. Enhanced total antioxidant capacity and an improvement in the T3 hormone were
observed in the R1 and R2 groups. In the second and fourth groups, the mRNA expression of hsp70 and 90A were
both found to be significantly downregulated, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of 50 mg/kg of oregano
leaves extract (OLE) to the diets of heat-stressed broilers resulted in improved hepatic heat shock proteins, along
with certain physiological responses, ultimately contributing to enhanced growth performance.
... Flowers -Its flowers are white, pink, purple or dark blue. 12,13 Phytochemicals -The main constituents of the rosemary essential oil are camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, borneol, camphene, β-pinene and limonene. 14 B) Ethanol extraction: After completely evaporating the petroleum ether, the herb were extracted with semi polar solvent (ethanol) then packed in soxhlet apparatus at 60⁰C temperature for 36 hours and completion of extraction was confirmed by poured a drop of extract from the thimble on a filter paper, which does not show the presence of any oil spot on that. ...
The present study evaluation of effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on ethylene glycol induced kidney stone in rats showed that the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis possess the diuretic activity and effective in the treatment of kidney stone. The activity was evaluated against ethylene glycol (0.75%) induced kidney stone in albino rats. Animals were divided into five groups, containing six animals in each. Group I serve as normal control and received regular rat food and drinking water ad libitum. Ethylene glycol (0.75%) in drinking water was feed to Groups II to V for induction of renal calculi for 28 days. Group III received standard anti-urolithiasis drug, cystone (750mg/kg body weight) from 15th to till 35th day. Group IV and V received ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis at dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively from 15th to till 35th day. The serum creatinine level, serum urea level, urine calcium level, protein level in urine, serum uric acid was increased and serum calcium level, protein level in serum was decreased in all experimental groups except normal control group after ethylene glycol administration till day 14. The animals treated on the day 14th with standard drug (Cystone 750mg/kg) and Rosmarinus officinalis extract (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg), were observed significant decreased serum creatinine level, serum urea level, urine calcium level, protein level in urine and serum uric acid and increased serum calcium level, protein level in serum compared to normal control group on the day 28th and 35th. This indicates that the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (200mg/kg) have protective role against kidney stone. Keywords: Kidney Stone, Ethanolic extract, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ethylene glycol, uric acid, creatinine.
... Its traditional medicinal applications encompass the amelioration of renal colic and dysmenorrhea. Additionally, it has found employment in mitigating symptoms associated with respiratory disorders and fostering hair growth; it is also used for anxiety and to enhance alertness [147]. The chemical composition analysis unveiled the substantial presence of rosmarinic acid as the principal compound in rosemary. ...
Throughout history, spices have been employed for their pharmaceutical attributes and as a culinary enhancement. The food industry widely employs artificial preservatives to retard the deterioration induced by microbial proliferation, enzymatic processes, and oxidative reactions. Nevertheless, the utilization of these synthetic preservatives in food products has given rise to significant apprehension among consumers, primarily stemming from the potential health risks that they pose. These risks encompass a spectrum of adverse effects, including but not limited to gastro-intestinal disorders, the disruption of gut microbiota, allergic reactions, respiratory complications, and concerns regarding their carcinogenic properties. Consequently, consumers are displaying an increasing reluctance to purchase preserved food items that contain such additives. Spices, known for their antimicrobial value, are investigated for their potential as food preservatives. The review assesses 25 spice types for their inherent antimicrobial properties and their applicability in inhibiting various foodborne microorganisms and suggests further future investigations regarding their use as possible natural food preservatives that could offer safer, more sustainable methods for extending shelf life. Future research should delve deeper into the use of natural antimicrobials, such as spices, to not only replace synthetic preservatives but also optimize their application in food safety and shelf-life extension. Moreover, there is a need for continuous innovation in encapsulation technologies for antimicrobial agents. Developing cost-effective and efficient methods, along with scaling up production processes, will be crucial to competing with traditional antimicrobial options in terms of both efficacy and affordability.
... Several researchers have reported the multiple therapeutic benefits of the Mediterranean grown Rosmarinus officinalis such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral and even anti-cancer potential among many other benefits 40,[42][43][44][45] . Moreover, researchers have reported the ability of rosemary to remineralize initial caries lesions while others have reported the ability of rosemary to inhibit glucosyltransferase and subsequent glucan production of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbinus respectively 20,46-50 . ...
... The capsule is an essential part of the thymus and provides support to the organ [8]. The cortex is the peripheral part of the gland and is darkly stained and densely packed compared to different cells, while the medulla is ingredients may cause asthma and dermatitis [38]. Thyme oil, when taken internally, may cause vomiting, and high-blood-pressure patients must avoid it [39]. ...
Humanity has an ancient history of consuming medicinal plants for prophylaxis. Within hours, and even months, embryonic cells undergo several processes to form an organism. This study aimed to prove the positive or negative effects of using rosemary and thyme extract on the thymus gland and level of IL-10, IgM, and IgG in serum of chick embryos. The immunological effect was measured by histological and immunological studies. A total of 160 fertilized eggs were randomly distributed into 8 groups; on the 0 and 8th day of incubation, all treated groups received a dose of 0.1 mL/egg. On the 14th and 20th days of incubation, the embryos were sacrificed and the samples were collected (serum and thymus gland). The data were analyzed using ANOVA. Simple damage in thymic tissue with a low cell density in the embryos was treated with high concentrations of rosemary and thyme extracts, as well as in the mixed group. A significant decrease in IgM levels in the group treated by a high concentration of thyme. A decrease in IgG levels was found in the group treated with a high concentration of rosemary and in the mixed group, while the group treated with a high concentration of thyme and the mixed group showed decreases on the 14th day. A significant decrease in IL-10 levels was found on the 14th day, followed by an increase on the 20th day. Despite the benefits of rosemary and thyme, inflammation signs appeared on embryos treated with these herbs.
... Rosmarinus officinalis L. exhibits many pharmacological activities that have been clinically proven, including antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiinflammatory [29][30][31][32]. Several studies have reported the antiviral potential of rosemary extracts against HSV-1 and HIV-1 viruses; besides, various active components isolated from rosemary, such as carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol display anti-HIV properties [33][34][35]. The criterion required to develop antiviral drugs to combat COVID-19 infection are bioavailability, high binding affinity toward target, cost-effectiveness, and minimum side effects [36]. ...
Context:
The persistent spread of highly contagious COVID-19 disease is one of the deadliest occurrences in the history of mankind. Despite the distribution of numerous efficacious vaccines and their extensive usage, the perpetual effectiveness of immunization is being catechized. Therefore, discovering an alternative therapy to control and prevent COVID-19 infections has become a top priority. The main protease (Mpro) plays a key role in viral replication, making it an intriguing pharmacological target for SARS-CoV-2.
Methods:
In this context, virtual screening of thirteen bioactive polyphenols and terpenoids of Rosmarinus officinalis L. was performed using several computational modules including molecular docking, ADMET, drug-likeness characteristics, and molecular dynamic simulation to predict the potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (PDB: 6LU7). The results suggest that apigenin, betulinic acid, luteolin, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid may emerge as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 with acceptable drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, ADMET characteristics, and binding interactions comparable with remdesivir and favipiravir. These findings imply that some of the active components of Rosmarinus officinalis L. can serve as an effective antiviral source for the development of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
... This plant family includes aromatic basil, oregano, lemon balm, mint, salvia, rosemary, thyme and others. Since the mid-1990s, there have been limited reports of allergy or allergy-like reactions to basil [3], oregano and salvia [16], oregano and thyme [17], rosemary [2,18,19] and mint [1,4,6]. Nevertheless, the descriptive study of Meincke and Pokladnikova based on extracts of WHO's VigiBase® highlighted the potential of herbal medicines to cause serious immediate allergic reactions, including those life-threatening adverse drug reactions, such as anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions [1,5]. ...
... Although, herbs of Lamiaceae family, such as aromatic basil, oregano, lemon balm, mint, salvia, rosemary and thyme, represent the most popular plants and spices used in the South European and Mediterranean cuisine, there are limited reports indicating allergy to these spices. There have been isolated reports of allergic reactions to mint [1,[4][5][6], salvia [15], oregano [15,16] or skin irritation (contact dermatitis) to rosemary [2,18,19]. Since popular spices from Lamiaceae, Apiaceae and Brassicaceae share cross-reactive allergens and are commonly used in cuisine, it is suspected that their role in development of allergic reactions might be underestimated. ...
Background:
According to recent findings, mugwort and birch pollen-allergic patients represent a high-risk group for developing adverse allergic reactions to herbal spices due to cross-reacting allergens found in both pollen and raw herbs. Such associations are known as a pollen-plant food allergy syndrome.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the extent of sensitization to commonly consumed herb species representing Lamiaceae, Apiaceae and Brassicaceae families in Polish patients with suspected birch, mugwort or grass pollen allergy.
Materials and methods:
Data were obtained from 180 patients, adults and children with suspected allergy to aeroallergens. Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed with standard birch, mugwort, grass mixture or dust mite extracts. Prick by prick tests were performed with fresh extracts of popular herbs: basil, oregano, lemon balm, mint, salvia, rosemary, thyme, anise, caraway and mustard.
Results:
Twenty-nine percent of patients were characterized by concomitant positive skin prick reactions to both herbs and pollens extracts. The concomitant pollinosis significantly increased the risk of SPT reaction to all tested herbs in adults (odds ratio, OR = 2.15-7.35) and children (OR = 5.3-28). The extent of SPT responses to herbs from Lamiaceae + Apiaceae were strongly correlated with SPT responses to pollens in the pediatric group (r = 0.685/p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
The study demonstrates that youngsters suffering from pollinosis are at high risk of developing allergic reactions to herbs and highlights the importance of including native skin prick tests with herbs in the diagnostic work-up for suspected food allergy.
... Rosemary has been reported to be of potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment and/or prevention of several illnesses, such as: asthma; spasmogenic disorders; peptic ulcer; inflammatory diseases; hepatotoxicity; atherosclerosis; ischemic heart disease; cataract; and poor sperm motility (De Oliveira et al. 2019, Ulbricht et al. 2010. These different biological properties can be related to the rosemary's appreciable content of polyphenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid (Couto et al. 2012, Erkan et al. 2008, carnosic acid and carnosol (Arranz et al. 2015) which are considered chemical markers of this species. ...
Abstract UVB-irradiation increases the risk of various skin disorders, therefore leading to inflammation and oxidative stress. In this sense, antioxidant-rich herbs such as Rosmarinus officinalis may be useful in minimizing the damage promoted by reactive oxygen species. In this work, we report the efficacy of a R. officinalis hydroethanolic extract (ROe)-loaded emulgel in preventing UVB-related skin damage. Total phenols were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and the main phytocomponents in the extract were identified by UHPLC-HRMS. Moreover, in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) value of ROe was also assessed, and we investigated the in vivo protective effect of an emulgel containing ROe against UVB-induced damage in an animal model. The ROe exhibited commercially viable SPF activity (7.56 ± 0.16) and remarkable polyphenolic content (24.15 ± 0.11 mg (Eq.GA)/g). HPLC-MS and UHPLC-HRMS results showcased that the main compounds in ROe were: rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol. The evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of ROe against several radicals and the capacity to reduce iron. Therefore, we demonstrated that topical application of the formulation containing ROe inhibited edema formation, myeloperoxidase activity, GSH depletion and maintained ferric reducing (FRAP) and ABTS scavenging abilities of the skin after UVB exposure.
