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Rootstock effect on the ratio of minerals in apple fruits (two cultivars, average 2013-2015)
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Nutrient uptake and transport depend on the root system of a tree. Various apple rootstock genotypes may interact fruit tree nutrition. The effect of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) rootstocks (M.9, M.26, B.396, P22, P59, P61, P62, P66, P67, Pure 1 and PB.4) on the mineral nutrition of leaf and fruit was studied in 2013–2015. The leaf and fruit mi...
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... Mg and N ratios to Ca in apple fruits is important for fruit storage and bitter pit incidence. The highest K, N and Mg ratios to Ca were found in fruits from trees grown on rootstocks P67 and M.26, and partially on M.9 and P62 (Table 5). The lowest ratio was in fruits on rootstocks P59, P66 and Pure 1. "0" -no deviation from optimal range for particular mineral, "−" -deficit amount from the lowest value of optimal range Significant differences between red-leaved and green-leaved rootstocks were found investigating accumulation of Ca and K in apple fruits (Table 6). ...
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Citations
... The capacity of the rootstock to absorb water and nutrients varies with the root architecture and/or more efficient intake or transport mechanisms, which are characteristics that regulate plant growth (Hayat et al., 2020;Hayat et al., 2021). This statement is also highlighted by Kviklys et al. (2017), who concluded that the rootstock effect on the leaf mineral composition is related to its ability to absorb nutrients given its specific root morphology. Nutrient uptake and accumulation are related to genetic and phenotypic traits of scions, as well as rootstocks, which may have greater hydraulic conductance, showing a positive correlation with nutrient accumulation in scions (Sharma et al., 2016). ...
... Rootstocks with a high dwarfing capacity had lower stem water potential, lower net CO 2 assimilation, and lower stomatal conductance than the more vigorous rootstocks. Work by Kviklys et al. (2017) found significant differences in leaf and fruit mineral content of trees grafted on various rootstocks and that more vigorous rootstocks accumulated more minerals in leaves and fruits (P, K) than a super-dwarf rootstock. They suggested that rootstock can potentially be used for tolerance to unfavourable soil nutrient conditions. ...
The grafting of apple rootstocks on to scions confers benefits including reduced tree size/dwarfing for trellis based growing systems, increased tolerance to physiological stress, and pest and disease management. The current study investigated the effect of rootstock selection on canker and tree death using eight common rootstocks M9 337, M9 337 with Golden Delicious (GD) interstock, M9 EMLA, MM106, M116, M26, Geneva ® G11 and G41, in addition to six advanced selections from the NIAB East Malling apple breeding programme EMR-001—EMR-006, all grafted with Gala scions. One of the rootstocks, M9 377 was also grafted with a GD interstock. Two locations in England were selected, the first at East Malling, Kent, the second, at Newent, Gloucestershire. Several variables were analysed including cumulative numbers of dead trees per rootstock from 2017 to 2020, number of rootstock ‘A type’ cankers, number of scion mainstem ‘B type’ cankers, and number of peripheral ‘C + D + E’ branch cankers at the Kent and Gloucestershire locations in the fourth and final assessment year of 2020. Kendall’s rank correlation was used to test if trunk circumference (a measure of tree vigour) and canker were statistically dependant. Results showed that in Kent, there were significant differences between rootstocks for scion B cankers and peripheral C + D + E cankers. There were no significant differences found between rootstocks for rootstock A cankers at Kent, or any of the three canker types in Gloucestershire. There were up to 31.25% dead trees in Kent (EMR-004), and 30% in Gloucestershire (M9 337 with GD interstock, M26), but there were no significant differences in number of dead trees due to rootstock type in either Kent or Gloucestershire. The Kendall’s rank correlation analysis indicated there was almost no dependence of trunk circumference on canker. The three rootstocks with the overall lowest susceptibility to canker were M116, EMR-006, and EMR-004. The industry standard rootstocks M9 EMLA and M9 337 were ranked 12 and 14, and with EMR-001 were the three worst performing rootstocks. The Geneva ® rootstocks G11 was ranked 6, and G41 was ranked 11. An interplay of factors are likely involved in the development of canker including location and environmental effects—rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, wind, soil type, topography, aspect, and other seasonal infection processes including pathogen inoculum load, and rainsplash of inoculum between trees and within individual trees, the genetics and physiology of each scion/rootstock combination, water and nutritional status of trees, hormonal and molecular signalling, and orchard management including pruning and removal of cankers.
... This trait is inherited from red-fleshed apple cultivars 'Krasniy Shtandart' ('Red Flag') and 'Rubinovoe' ('Ruby'), derived from M. niedzwetzkyana by I.V. Michurin. Red leaf color is common for the Michurinsk rootstocks; however, it does not seem to provide significant adaptive advantages, though there have been studies of the effect of anthocyanins on heat resistance and tree nutrition [35,36]. Still, it is used in breeding to confirm hybridity and is convenient when removing rootstock shoots from grafted trees in a nursery. ...
The Michurinsk State Agrarian University (Michurinsk SAU) is one of the leading centers for breeding apple clonal rootstocks. A diverse collection of apple rootstocks, founded in 1930s by V.I. Budagovsky, is maintained at the Michurinsk SAU. In the present study, 87 rootstocks from this collection were analyzed using 18 SSR markers to assess their genetic diversity and relatedness. The detected polymorphism level was rather high compared to the previous estimates of apple rootstock genetic variability. A total of 199 alleles were detected with an average of 11.1 alleles per locus. Among the detected alleles, 67 (33.67%) were rare and 43 (21.61%) were unique. The average PIC value was 0.73, and the expected and observed heterozygosity averaged 0.76 and 0.69, respectively. All the studied accessions except two could be identified with the used marker set. Cluster analysis revealed several groups according to the rootstocks’ pedigrees and genetic origin. Furthermore, Structure analysis revealed two main groups of the studied rootstock accessions. No significant differentiation of the studied sample according to dwarfing ability was detected, while weak differentiation was detected according to leaf color. SSR genotyping data can be used for rootstock fingerprinting and pedigree verification and will facilitate collection management. In addition, data on the genetic diversity and structure of the studied collection may be useful for further development of the Michurinsk SAU rootstock breeding program.
... Rootstock-induced physiological and biochemical characteristics to control plant vigor have generally been focused on hormonal regulations (Li et al., 2012), hydraulic properties (Solari and DeJong, 2006), carbohydrates (Foster et al., 2017), phenolic contents (Yıldırım et al., 2016), nutrient uptake (Kviklys et al., 2017), anatomical structures and photosynthetic characteristics and in various crop species evidence exists supporting different mechanisms of scion vigor control. Among them, hormonal regulation has been proposed as a mechanism by which rootstocks influence scion morphology via changing shoot-root chemical signaling (Ghanem et al., 2011;Song et al., 2016). ...
Dwarfing rootstocks are a valuable genetic resource for managing high-density plantations because it decreases the vegetative growth of scion and minimizes labor expenditures. The scion architecture of grafted Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) is affected by various characteristics of the rootstocks. A leaf and root RNA- Sequencing of
the two scion/rootstock combinations (LY/PM and LY/PP) was conducted to explore molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of rootstock on scion vigor and dwarfing related genes. The phenotypic observations showed that size reduction in p. mume (PM) rootstock is due to lower node number, reduced internode length,
and decreased trunk diameter of the scion, while trees grafted with P. persica (PP) rootstock increased all the values of morphological index. After cutoff and pairwise comparison analysis, we retrieved 1827 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LY/PM and LY/PP graft combinations. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the
most DEGs were found predominantly enriched in complex plant hormone transduction networks involving the auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CK), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellic acid (GA) pathways. Several transcription factor families, such as WRKY, NAC, LBD and bZIP, might be involved in the complicated growth induction process. These findings provide a framework for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying differential scion growth mediated by rootstock.
... Optimal tree nutrition is one of the main prerequisites for high yields of good quality fruits and desired vegetative tree growth [12]. Nitrogen (N) is often regarded as the most important mineral nutrient improving production of many agricultural crops worldwide. ...
The total aboveground biomass production, nutritional status, bearing and branching behaviors of the central leader and one year old shoots of young apple trees have been analyzed. The shoots were further characterized according to the length, shoot demography, and the production of terminal and lateral flowers. All the characteristics are described in connection with nitrogen supply and cultivar. Nitrogen represents one of the major macronutrients involved in the growth and development of the fruit trees. The understanding of the effect of nitrogen supply for flower bud formation can be further improved by detailed analyses of tree architecture. While the biomass production was cultivar specific, the trees within particular cultivar were characterized by almost similar growth with respect to the nitrogen supply. Cultivar ´Rubinola´ exhibited similar branching pattern, but higher vigor than ´Topaz´. As a result of higher apical dominance, ´Rubinola´ produced higher proportion of long shoots, but a lower quality of short shoots than ´Topaz´. Consequently, cultivar ´Rubinola´ produced only few terminal flowers on short shoots and lateral flowers dominantly in the distal zone, while ´Topaz´ was characterized by intensive terminal flowering, but the lateral flowers were more abundant in the median zone. Even a lower dose of spring nitrogen improved the flower bud formation on both terminal and lateral positions extending the flowering zone on one-year-old shoots. This further changed the branching and bearing behavior of the apple trees, which particularly allows to optimize their fertilization management. However, this effect appears to be further regulated by mechanism connected with apical dominance.
... The rootstock significantly affects the vegetative and reproductive growth of the scion [32][33][34][35]. Quince is commonly used as a dwarfing rootstock for pear [36], resulting in precocious scion fruit development and increased fruit quality [4]. ...
‘Yunnan’ quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is used as the dwarfing rootstock for pear (Pyrus spp.). Here, we reported that the sugar contents in mature ‘Zaosu’ pear fruit grafted on ‘Yunan’ quince (Z/Q) were higher than that in ‘Zaosu’ pear fruit grafted on ‘Duli’ (Pyrus betulifolia) (Z/D). To investigate the underlying mechanism, the leaf photosynthetic capacity and the leaf-to-fruit assimilate transport capacity were initially analyzed. The leaf photosynthetic capacity was similar between Z/Q and Z/D, but the assimilate transport capacity was greater for Z/Q than for Z/D. Sugar transporters mediate the distribution of assimilates; therefore, changes in PbSWEET transcriptional patterns were examined. PbSWEET6 was highly expressed in Z/Q fruit. Thus, the PbSWEET6 function related to assimilate transport was further verified. Sucrose and glucose contents increased in transgenic tomato fruit and pear fruit calli overexpressing PbSWEET6. Taken together, these results suggest that ‘Yunnan’ quince positively regulated fruit sugar contents by influencing the flow of PbSWEET6-involved assimilates in the scion.
... Leaf mineral nutrient composition of cultivars generally differs as a function of rootstock-scion combination and ecological conditions. Thus, many researchers conducted experiments towards understanding the changes in nutrient uptake of different cultivars at different physiological stages under changing environmental conditions [23][24][25]. ...
The plant pomological characteristics and physiological behaviors of genotypes in modern apple cultivation could be different depending on the use of rootstock, changing growth ecology and application of biological control agents. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents in different apple scion-rootstock combinations. This study was carried out with seven standard cultivars (Scarlet Spur, Red Chief, Fuji, Jeromine, Galaxy Gala, Granny Smith, and Golden Reinders) budded on M.9 and MM.106 root-stocks. In the experiment, trees were sprayed by a nitrogen + phosphorus solvent rhizobacteria three times, with an interval of 15 days in the spring period. The effect of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents was statistically significant and provided generally significant positive contributions, except for leaf Mg content. Comparing both rootstocks, the positive effect of bacterial application was higher on the M.9 rootstock for leaf N and B content and fruit N and Fe content, and on the MM.106 rootstock for other nutrient content. While the effects of bacterial application on the basis of cultivars were generally positive, the highest positive contribution was made in leaf P content (10.7%) and fruit Mn content (32.1%) of the Fuji cultivar. Considering the total increase in nutrients in scion-rootstocks combination, rhizobacteria application had a positive effect on the leaf nutrient contents in Golden Reinders/MM.106, but not leaf K content. The highest increases in leaves of scion-rootstock combinations were determined as 4.0% in N content in Granny Smith/M.9, 14.1% in P content in Scarlet Spur/MM.106, 7.1% in K content in Fuji/MM.106, 4.4% in Ca content in Je-romine/M.9, and 14.0% in Mg content in Granny Smith/MM.106. The highest increase in fruit nutrient contents was between 4.9% (N content) and 13.5% (Ca content) for macro elements, and between 9.5% (Cu content) and 41.8% (Mn content) for microelements. The results of the present study may provide significant leads for further studies on this subject. Citation: Yildiz, E.; Yaman, M.; Ercisli, S.; Sumbul, A.; Sonmez, O.; Gunes, A.; Bozhuyuk, M.R.; Kviklys, D. Effects of Rhizobacteria Application on Leaf and Fruit Nutrient Content of Different Apple Scion-Rootstock Combinations. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 550. https://
... Rootstocks improve tolerance to various environment stresses by producing different types of antioxidants that scavenge or detoxify reactive oxygen species. These antioxidants are health-promoting phytochemicals, and their accumulation increases the health value and quality of fruits [53,54]. ...
Advancements in rootstock breeding and selection have revolutionized the manner in which apples are grown throughout the world. Fruit tree breeding has typically focused on key horticultural characteristics. Even though agents with health benefits have been investigated more frequently during the recent years, information about the effect of different cultivation factors, such as the rootstock, on triterpene concentration is still lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate triterpene profiles and the quantitative composition of different parts of apple fruit that was grown on 17 various origin and vigor rootstocks. HPLC analyses of triterpenes in apple samples were performed. The highest total content of triterpenes (7.72 ± 0.39 mg/g) was found in peel samples of apples grown on the dwarf rootstock 62-396-B10®. Depending on the rootstock, apple peel samples accumulated 3.52 to 4.74 times more triterpene compounds than apple flesh samples. Ursolic acid was the predominant triterpene compound in apple peel and flesh samples. The highest content of ursolic acid (5.84 ± 0.29 mg/g) was found in peel samples of apples grown on the dwarf rootstock 62-396-B10®. Meanwhile, the lowest amount of ursolic acid (3.25 ± 0.16 mg/g) was found in apple peel samples grown on the dwarf rootstock Cepiland-Pajam®2. A proper match of a cultivar and a rootstock can program a fruit tree to grow larger amounts of higher quality, antioxidant-rich, and high-nutrition-value fruit.
... Rootstocks improve tolerance to various environment stresses by producing different types of antioxidants that scavenge or detoxify reactive oxygen species. These antioxidants are health-promoting phytochemicals, and their accumulation increases the health value and quality of fruits [58,59]. Scientific literature provides data on the multifaceted biological effects of individual phenolic compounds. ...
Apple cultivars are one of the main factors setting the composition of bioactive compounds in apples and the quality of the fruit. However, research has been providing increasing amounts of data on the influence of rootstocks on the variations in the composition of bioactive compounds in apples. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of rootstocks on the changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in vitro in apple flesh and peel. HPLC analyses of phenolic compounds in apple samples were performed. The rootstock–scion combination had a significant effect on the composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in apple samples. Depending on the rootstock, the total content of phenolic compounds in apple flesh of the ‘Galaval’ cultivar could vary by 2.9 times, and in the peel by up to 90%. The genotype of the rootstock resulted in the highest variation in total flavan-3-ol content in apple flesh—by as much as 4.3 times—while the total content of flavonols varied by 2.1 times. In apple peel, on the contrary, the greatest variation was recorded for the total flavonol content (by 4.4 times), and the total flavan-3-ol content varied the least (by 1.8 times). A proper match of a cultivar and a rootstock can program a fruit tree to grow larger amounts of higher-quality, antioxidant-rich, and high-nutrition-value fruit.
... Earlier studies on apples' phenolic contents suggested that specific polyphenolics compounds' concentrations depend on genetic composition, cultivar, agro and pedoclimatic conditions, and growing locations (Serni et al., 2020;Vondrakova et al., 2020). In addition, the difference in polyphenoloxidase enzyme activity among the varieties regulate the accumulation of polyphenolic constituents, and the compositional variations in phenolic compounds might also be influenced by other factors such as yield, nutrition and soil management (Kviklys et al., 2017). Several studies suggested that the fruits of different apple varieties, the different parts of the fruit, and factors related to location and time of cultivation and harvest showed significant variation in the content of phenols (Viskelis et al., 2019;Zardo et al., 2015). ...
Low chilling varieties of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) introduced in lower altitude regions of Indian eastern, and western Himalaya were studied for their compositional and phytochemical attributes for the first time. Variety Fuji cultivated in the eastern Himalaya recorded the highest number of fruits plant⁻¹ (234), followed by Dorsett Golden (180) from the western Himalaya, whilst the minimum number of fruits plant⁻¹ (33) was reported by Fuji cultivated in the western Himalaya. The Fuji (168.03 g) recorded significantly higher fruit weight under eastern Himalaya, followed by Anna (154.22 g) from the western Himalaya. In terms of sugars, the maximum fructose (530.49 mg g⁻¹), as well as glucose (117.41 mg g⁻¹), were registered with Fuji cultivated in the eastern Himalaya. In comparison, the minimum fructose (355.50 mg g⁻¹) along with glucose (76.85 mg g⁻¹) was reported from Dorsett Golden cultivated in the western Himalaya. Besides glucose and fructose, the maximum sucrose content was reported in Anna (309.58 mg g⁻¹) cultivated in the eastern Himalaya, while the minimum (187.72 mg g⁻¹) was registered by Fuji cultivated in the western Himalaya. However, all analyzed attributes were comparable and even better than the commercial apple fruits whose maturity period coincide with these low chilling apple fruits and thus suggested that these varieties might be the promising for warm, and lower altitude regions of Indian eastern, and western Himalaya, where traditional varieties fail to produce a regular annual yield. Furthermore, farmers and rural communities of lower altitude regions can strengthen their livelihood and boost their economy by adopting cultivation practices of these low chilling apple varieties, and ultimately contribute in satisfying growing demand of this particular fruit through expansion of apple production into warmer areas.
