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In recent decades, global crop production is being threatened by contamination of arable lands with vanadium (V). Among many stress-relief substances, melatonin (ME) is a widely studied biomolecule acting as an antioxidant under stress conditions. The current study was aimed to investigate the response of tomato seedlings towards vanadium stress, a...
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... These effects are not observed when the concentration of 20 mg/L −1 is applied [9]. When melatonin (ME) (100 µM) was applied in the presence of V in tomato seedlings, a notable effect of stress on growth parameters, chlorophyll content, root morphology, mineral nutrient homeostasis was observed, and there was a reduction in the accumulation of V [10]. Future research should be aimed at studying V in various stages of growth in plants, since we demonstrate that it can be stimulated or inhibited during these events. ...
Our study evaluated the effect of vanadium (V) on the behavior of Zinnia elegans
“double variegated”. In this experiment, Zinnia plants grown in a greenhouse were fed with a nutrient solution and two concentrations of vanadium (0, 6, and 10 μm) applied four times during the experiment. The V at its levels of 6 μm and 10 μm increased plant length, number of inflorescences and fresh weight. We observed that during the development and appearance of flower buds, and flowering were earlier with the addition of 6 μm and 10 μm. During harvest the changes in size and shape were homogeneous with the control treatment. With the addition of 6 μm, flowers of different sizes were induced, with non-uniform petals, but with different
shades of color. With 10 μm the shape of the petals, the distance between them and changes in the shades of the flowers were modified. The postharvest life for the flowers of the control treatment was shorter (15 days), the petals, anthers and floral disc at this time were observed in a poor condition. While 6 μm and 10 μm had a longer postharvest life (20 days), the flowers had a good presentation, their colors were more intense compared to the harvest stage. The application of this beneficial element contributed to the development and flowering of Zinnia
in the greenhouse. It is suggested that future research be carried out on the accumulation and/or concentration of vanadium in the different stages of growth or its effect on the concentration of other nutrients.
... The establishment of factories and industries has increased soil pollution by heavy elements, which lowers crop productivity as well as the economy Thao et al., 2015). Stress due to heavy metals like vanadium, arsenic, and cadmium stress significantly decreases tomato growth (Altaf et al., 2021(Altaf et al., , 2023. Heavy metal addition from a variety of sources impairs development, changes nitrogen metabolism, and prevents photosynthesis (Asgher et al., 2018. ...
... An increased Ni amount has a harmful impact on tomatoes and lowers the output (Correia et al., 2018). According to Jahan et al. (2021), under low sulfur conditions, MT effectively increased growth features, pigment molecules, gas exchange elements, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters while dramatically reducing H 2 O 2 , and MDA levels in seedling tomatoes. MT also modifies the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sulfate transport and absorption, which increases its accumulation and absorption. ...
... MT, on the other hand, markedly boosted antioxidant enzyme expression and activity. According to recent research by Jahan et al. (2021), pretreatment with MT boosted tomato seedlings' pigment content, endogenous MT level, and the expression of their biosynthetic genes when the plants were under heat stress. When exposed to high temperatures, MT proved to be beneficial for elevating chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange components, and rubisco activity. ...
... Environmental stresses, such as high light intensity, temperature extremes, heavy metals, and pathogens, can also induce ROS and RNS production in roots. ROS and RNS play dual roles in regulating root growth and elongation (Altaf et al. 2021;Lal et al. 2021bLal et al. , 2022. Low concentrations of ROS and RNS function as signaling molecules, promoting cell elongation and root growth. ...
Plants respond to abiotic stress condition by alterations to their root system architecture, including morphology, topology and distribution patterns. Favourable root-to-shoot ratio, branching angle, root proliferation, topsoil foraging and development of root hairs or specialized structures like cluster roots are commonly observed under abiotic stress conditions. Drought stress and phosphorus (P) deficiency reduced primary root growth but increased length and density of lateral roots and root hairs. Species belonging to the Proteaceae family (like white lupin) develop specialized cluster root structures with dense lateral roots, covered with abundant root hairs. Hence, root system architecture plays an essential role in improving abiotic stress such as nutrient acquisition efficiency. Spatial arrangement, branching, size, density and length of roots profoundly influence nutrient acquisition. Root system architecture responds positively elevated [CO2] as reported in several crops. Elevated [CO2] stimulates lateral root branching, especially in the surface horizons. Elevated [CO2] increased carbon allocation to below-ground processes like root growth, respiration and efflux of organic compounds. Signals from greater carbohydrate availability in plants grown under elevated [CO2] might help stimulate lateral root branching, ultimately leading to shallow and highly branched root architecture. A change in the rhizosphere microenvironment due to nutrient deficiency or altered [CO2] enhances root density and produces more lateral roots.
... In white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), toxic levels of Tl (i.e., 100 and 1000 µg L −1 ) decreased the photochemical activity of the reaction centers of photosystems I and II, causing oxidation of pigments in leaves, smaller chloroplasts, decrease and disorder of grana [21]. In tomato, the application of 40 mg L −1 V reduced gas exchange parameters and decreased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments [22]. Nonetheless, these metals may also result in beneficial responses in plants, in a hormetic manner. ...
... In spruce (Picea abies L.) seedlings exposed to metals (1 µM Cd, 0.1 µM Hg, and 60 µM Zn), a decrease in Ci was also observed [55]. On the contrary, significant increases in Ci were recorded in cucumber plants treated with 50 µM Cu and Cd [22], and in dove-tree (Davidia involucrata Baill) exposed to Cd doses of 1 to 30 mg kg −1 [56]. ...
Photosynthesis is a crucial process supporting life on Earth. However, unfavorable environmental conditions including toxic metals may limit the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, and the responses to those challenges may vary among genotypes. In this study, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters of the chili pepper varieties Jalapeño, Poblano, and Serrano exposed to Cd (0, 5, 10 µM), Tl (0, 6, 12 nM), and V (0, 0.75, 1.5 µM). Metals were added to the nutrient solution for 60 days. Stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (Pn/Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (instWUE), and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) were recorded. Mean Pn increased with 12 nM Tl in Serrano and with 0.75 µM V in Poblano. Tl and V increased mean Tr in all three cultivars, while Cd reduced it in Jalapeño and Serrano. Gs was reduced in Jalapeño and Poblano with 5 µM Cd, and 0.75 µM V increased it in Serrano. Ci increased in Poblano with 6 nM Tl, while 12 nM Tl reduced it in Serrano. Mean instWUE increased in Poblano with 10 µM Cd and 0.75 µM V, and in Serrano with 12 nM Tl, while 6 nM Tl reduced it in Poblano and Serrano. Mean iWUE increased in Jalapeño and Poblano with 5 µM Cd, in Serrano with 12 nM Tl, and in Jalapeño with 1.5 µM V; it was reduced with 6 nM Tl in Poblano and Serrano. Pn/Ci increased in Serrano with 5 µM Cd, in Jalapeño with 6 nM Tl, and in Poblano with 0.75 µM V. Interestingly, Tl stimulated six and inhibited five of the seven photosynthetic variables measured, while Cd enhanced three and decreased two variables, and V stimulated five variables, with none inhibited, all as compared to the respective controls. We conclude that Cd, Tl, and V may inhibit or stimulate photosynthetic parameters depending on the genotype and the doses applied.
... Furthermore, melatonin enhances salt tolerance in many plant species [26][27][28], and its levels increase in plants under waterlogging stress [29,30]. Melatonin treatment was also shown to alleviate heavy metal inhibition on growth [31][32][33] and enhance tomato resistance to pathogenic Phytophthora infestans as well as enhance cherry tomato tolerance [34,35]. These extensive applications of melatonin in agriculture underscore its significant role. ...
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (COMT1) is a key enzyme that is involved in melatonin synthesis, affecting the melatonin content in plants. In this experiment, tomato plants (slcomt1) with silenced SlCOMT1 gene expression were used to investigate the effects of SlCOMT1 deficiency on fruit growth, development, and quality formation. The results show that the slcomt1 plants exhibited prolonged fruit development, with reductions in the relative expression levels of SlCOMT1 by 71.1%, 79.7%, 83.9%, and 90.6% during the green fruit, breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, respectively. The endogenous melatonin content also decreased by 29.4%, 43%, 45%, and 61.4% in the corresponding stages. Furthermore, the slcomt1 plants showed a decrease in the individual fruit weight, seed number per fruit, and fruit set rate by approximately 51.1%, 48.2%, and 30.4%, respectively. The slcomt1 plants exhibited an increase in the titratable acid content by 32.1%, 22.1%, 10.3%, and 24.4% during the green fruit, breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, while the sugar-to-acid ratio decreased by 44.9%, 32.6%, 22.7%, and 36.8%. The slcomt1 plants also displayed increased fruit firmness, along with reductions in the relative expression levels of the cell wall and carotenoid-related genes and carotenoid content. Specifically, the Vc content in the slcomt1 plants decreased by 80.7% during the green fruit stage, and by 11.5%, 17.1%, and 2.6% during the breaker, orange ripening, and red ripening stages, respectively. The soluble protein content exhibited a decreasing trend in the corresponding stages. This study highlights the important role of endogenous melatonin in fruit physiology and quality formation, providing insights for further research and application of melatonin in agriculture.
... Thus, the use of nematodes as indicators of environmental stress caused by xenobiotic substance has caught the interest of researchers worldwide. However, there are several problems that could narrow the scope of use of nematode for environmental biomonitoring, the most important being the masking effect of other environmental factors on the actual effect of contaminants on nematode (Devi et al., 2021;Altaf et al., 2021). This could be avoided by minimizing the e ect of external environmental factors other than the pollutants which could be facilitated by taking reference sites in a study which should be similar to contaminated localities (Sochová, Hofman, & Holoubek, 2006). ...
... In cotton (Gossypium spp.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus), exogenous MT could activate the functions of root-related hormones and transcription factor pathways, maintain root cell integrity, increase root vigor, and induce lateral root formation [25,26]. The exogenous application of MT increased the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity in plants [17,27], and enhanced the content of non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen by upregulating sucrose transporters and nitrogen uptake-related genes, promoting its transport to grains, thereby increasing rice yield under low nitrogen conditions [9]. Under adverse weather conditions, MT treatment improved commercial crop yield and quality traits of sweet cherries [28]. ...
Melatonin (MT) plays a number of key roles in regulating plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. Prunella vulgaris is an important traditional Chinese herbal medicinal plant which is used for the treatment of lymph, goiter, and mastitis. However, the effect of MT on the yield and medicinal component content of P. vulgaris remains still unclear. In this research, we have examined the influence of different concentrations of MT (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μM) on the physiological characteristics, secondary metabolite contents, and yield of P. vulgaris biomass. The results showed that 50–200 μM MT treatment had a positive effect on P. vulgaris. MT treatment at 100 μM greatly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, the contents of soluble sugar and proline, and obviously decreased the relative electrical conductivity, the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide of leaves. Furthermore, it markedly promoted the growth and development of the root system, increased the content of photosynthetic pigments, improved the performance of photosystems I and II and the coordination of both photosystems, and enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of P. vulgaris. In addition, it significantly increased the dry mass of whole plant and spica and promoted the accumulation of total flavonoids, total phenolics, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and hyperoside in the spica of P. vulgaris. These findings demonstrated that the application of MT could effectively activate the antioxidant defense system of P. vulgaris, protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photooxidation damage, and improve the photosynthetic capacity and the root absorption capacity, thereby promoting the yield and accumulation of secondary metabolites in P. vulgaris.
... The future food demand requires an increase of about 60% in agricultural production to accomplish the great challenge of feeding the burgeoning human population, which is predicted increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to 9.7 billion by 2050 [1]. Among the essential nutrients of plants, N primarily affects the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses, metabolism, and resource allocation of the plant and is thus considered the most limiting nutrient for crop production [2][3][4][5][6]. The synthetic N-fertilizer is a crucial input for the agricultural sector, accounting for almost half of the N sources for global food production, and thus, it is critical for fulfilling people's food security, especially in developing countries. ...
Although nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for agricultural production, its over-use is associated with environmental pollution, increased concentration of greenhouse gases, and several human and animal health implications. These implications are greatly affected by biochemical transformations and losses of N such as volatilization, leaching, runoff, and denitrification. Half of the globally produced N fertilizers are used to grow three major cereals-rice, wheat, and maize-and their current level of N recovery is approximately 30-50%. The continuously increasing application of N fertilizers, despite lower recovery of cereals, can further intensify the environmental and health implications of leftover N. To address these implications, the improvement in N use efficiency (NUE) by adopting efficient agronomic practices and modern breeding and biotechnological tools for developing N efficient cultivars requires immediate attention. Conventional and marker-assisted selection methods can be used to map quantitative trait loci, and their introgression in elite germplasm leads to the creation of cultivars with better NUE. Moreover, gene-editing technology gives the opportunity to develop high-yielding cultivars with improved N utilization capacity. The most reliable and cheap methods include agronomic practices such as site-specific N management , enhanced use efficiency fertilizers, resource conservation practices, precision farming, and nano-fertilizers that can help farmers to reduce the environmental losses of N from the soil-plant system, thus improving NUE. Our review illuminates insights into recent advances in local and scientific soil and crop management technologies, along with conventional and modern breeding technologies on how to increase NUE that can help reduce linked N pollution and health implications.
... Several studies have indicated that heavy metals, such as Cd, Ni, Pb, and V, are the primary cause of soil pollution. V used in the steel industries and accumulation in the agricultural land and water gained consideration by researchers in recent years [35][36][37]. V accumulation showed a deleterious effect on living organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. ...
... The concentration, uptake, and translocation of V to the aerial part are reduced by chelation and fixation of V with a polar compound, stimulation of calcium with a stable compound, and root and stem compartmentalization [56]. A previous study reported that tomato plants treated with V have more V in the roots than in the leaves [36]. In the same way, lettuce, tobacco, alfalfa, milkvetch root, and swamp morning glory treated with V also showed the same trend, and they have more V accumulation in roots than the leaves [1,10,35,42]. ...
... The current study also reported that an increase in V stress in sweet potato causes a significant increment in H 2 O 2 level ( Figure 5B). Previous studies also observed a significant increment in the H 2 O 2 level when exposed to V stress in rice, tomato, and watermelon plants [13,20,36]. A review article by Chen et al. also highlighted that many articles followed the same pattern of increasing MDA and H 2 O 2 under V stress [59]. ...
Vanadium (V) is a heavy metal found in trace amounts in many plants and widely distributed in the soil. This study investigated the effects of vanadium concentrations on sweet potato growth, biomass, root morphology, photosynthesis, photosynthetic assimilation, antioxidant defense system, stomatal traits, and V accumulation. Sweet potato plants were grown hydroponically and treated with five levels of V (0, 10, 25, 50, and 75 mg L−1). After 7 days of treatment, V content at low concentration (10 mg L−1) enhanced the plant growth and biomass; in contrast, drastic effects were observed at 25, 50, and 75 mg L−1. Higher V concentrations negatively affect the relative water content, photosynthetic assimilation, photosynthesis, and root growth and reduce tolerance indices. The stomatal traits of sweet potato, such as stomatal length, width, pore length, and pore width, were also decreased under higher V application. Furthermore, V concentration and uptake in the roots were higher than in the shoots. In the same way, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (hydrogen peroxide), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), osmolytes, glutathione, and enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) activities were increased significantly under V stress. In conclusion, V at a low level (10 mg L−1) enhanced sweet potato growth, and a higher level of V treatment (25, 50, and 75 mg L−1) had a deleterious impact on the growth, physiology, and biochemical mechanisms, as well as stomatal traits of sweet potato.
... The modern genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated silencing of a negative regulatory gene such as SlHyPRP1 (tomato hybrid proline-rich protein 1) has shown promising results in developing salt-tolerant genotypes (Tran et al. 2021). The role of hormonal crosstalk involving ABA, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and multifunctional signalling molecule melatonin in saltstressed Solanaceous crops has recently been established and needs exhaustive understanding (Altaf et al. 2021b(Altaf et al. , 2021c(Altaf et al. , 2021dTiwari et al. 2021). Considering the global importance of Solanaceous crops in the agriculture sector, as well as the susceptibility of these crop species to salinity stress, this review is mainly focused on mechanistic insights of salt stress regulation with special emphasis on morphophysiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms and regulation of signal transduction. ...
Solanaceous crops act as a source of food, nutrition and medicine for humans. Soil salinity is a damaging environmental stress, causing significant reductions in cultivated land area, crop productivity and quality, especially under climate change. Solanaceous crops are extremely vulnerable to salinity stress due to high water requirements during the reproductive stage and the succulent nature of fruits and tubers. Salinity stress impedes morphological and anatomical development, which ultimately affect the production and productivity of the economic part of these crops. The morpho-physiological parameters such as root-to-shoot ratio, leaf area, biomass production, photosynthesis, hormonal balance, leaf water content are disturbed under salinity stress in Solanaceous crops. Moreover, the synthesis and signalling of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, accumulation of compatible solutes, and osmoprotectant are significant under salinity stress which might be responsible for providing tolerance in these crops. The regulation at the molecular level is mediated by different genes, transcription factors, and
proteins, which are vital in the tolerance mechanism. The present review aims to redraw the attention of the researchers to explore the mechanistic understanding and potential mitigation strategies against salinity stress in Solanaceous crops, which is an often-neglected commodity.
