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![Rokurokubi, illustrated in Toriyama Sekien's Gazu Hyakki Yagyō of 1776. (From Toriyama [2005: p. 42]).](publication/316840622/figure/fig8/AS:668796989739014@1536465036609/Rokurokubi-illustrated-in-Toriyama-Sekiens-Gazu-Hyakki-Yagyo-of-1776-From-Toriyama.png)
Rokurokubi, illustrated in Toriyama Sekien's Gazu Hyakki Yagyō of 1776. (From Toriyama [2005: p. 42]).
Source publication
Hoping to clarify the abundant creative ability that produced Japanese yokai, I have examined depictions and modelings of these supernatural creatures of Japanese folklore. In particular, I have focused on yokai fashioned in the manner of hitotsume kozō, by altering part of the human body. In so doing, I thought that clues to the creation of yokai...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... rokurokubi and hitotsume kozō mentioned above are two examples. The rokurokubi is a yokai with an elongated neck (Figure 1 ...
Context 2
... koema praying for a good supply of milk, there are items that give even clearer expression to that wish. Figure 11 is a koema from Hotei shrine at Shitennōji temple in the city of Osaka, which is widely called the "expressing milk" koema. This has been variously classified as depicting the receiving of milk by a woman whose own supply is deficient and has trouble finding a donor, or as the giving of milk to another by a woman with an excessive flow (Iwai, 1974). ...
Context 3
... ema for "ailments of the lower half of the female body" are expressed Figure 11. A koema related to wishes for a sufficient supply of milk, from Hotei shrine at Shitennōji temple in the city of Osaka. ...
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Citations
... Japan is one of the developed countries in the world that has been maintaining mythological values in society since centuries ago until today. Mythology about supernatural creatures, for example, is a story that cannot be separated from Japanese culture from the classical to popular culture and the digital world (Balgimbayeva, 2019;Yasui, 2017;Shamoon, 2013). The history of Japan creation begins with the myth of two brothers, namely Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto, who descended from the highlands of heaven and gave birth to everything. ...
... The youkai mythology in Japan has been transformed over time, starting from its presence in oral traditions, applied into manga, being made into anime, and then used as narrative materials for video games, and souvenir embellishments on refrigerator doors (Balgimbayeva, 2019;Yasui, 2017;Foster, 2015). Interestingly, the youkai story is favored by its lovers with no age limit, from parents to children, male or female. ...
... Each youkai consists of several types, such as a nation which is consisting of tribes (clans) and their special habitat in mountains where they are believed to live. The Balgimbayeva (2019) and Shamoon (2013) study discussed youkai in their existence as a source of inspiration for the development of popular cultures such as manga, anime, and video games, while Yasui (2017) discussed youkai in the context of requesting a healing gift because youkai are believed to have positive power in addition to their destructive nature (Yoda and Alt, 2013). All of these studies discussed yokai, by giving examples of the form or type of youkai under their objectives. ...
Japan is famous as an advanced manufacturing industrial country as a result of the high rationality in their works, however in daily life Japanese people still highly believe in the existence of Youkai, mythological creatures. This study examined the figures and meanings of Tengu, mythological creatures that are classified as Youkai which one of them is, as described in the Japanese folklore, having long nose and fully-red colored body. The data for this study are the folklore taken from the anthology book Nihon Mukashi Banashi 101 edited by Sayumi Kawauchi (2007). The figures and existence of Tengu in the folklore were practically analyzed using the Peirce's semiotic theory, with the focus on the meaning of icons, indexes, and symbols of Tengu in the folklore and the Japanese belief system. Moreover, this study revealed two figure types of Tengu namely daitengu, is a tengu whose long nose and kotengu whose eagle-like wings. In the Japanese belief system, it is believed that Tengu are mountain guardians, for example the Mount Takao, one of the places which is believed to be a Tengu habitat. Tengu is as well believed to have objects with supernatural powers such as kakuremino (a cloak) and ha uchiwa (a fan). The descriptions in the folklore clearly show that these Tengu actually exist, although the fact in reality is different. Regardless of either the presence or absence of these mythological creatures in the real world, furthermore, the folklore narrative shows that modern Japanese society still has a strong belief in the existence of Tengu. Stories about Tengu along with other mythological creatures continue to be passed on from a generation to another in both oral and written forms that indicates that Japanese people do not ever detach themselves from their old belief system.
