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... is a sorediate species. Thus, Roccella arnoldii Vainio is simply regarded as a superfluous name for Roc- cella tinctoria. An alternative interpretation would merely result in Roccella arnoldii being treated as a taxonomical synonym of R. phycopsis. In no way can the name R. arnoldii be used for the species newly described here. Illustration. Fig. ...
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... The latter species was reported to also contain salazinic acid [15]. Furthermore, R. phycopsis is also known to contain lecanoric acid as a major lichen compound [16]. These two acids were not isolated in the samples of both lichens collected in Lampeusa, forming the object of the present work, probably, as present in traces. ...
The antibiotic and nematocidal activities of extracts from two coastal lichen species collected on Lampedusa Island (Sicily), Ramalina implexa Nyl. and Roccella phycopsis Ach., were tested. Methyl orsellinate, orcinol, (+)-montagnetol, and for the first time 4-chlororcinol were isolated from Roccella phycopsis. (+)-Usnic acid was obtained from Ramalina implexa. The crude organic extract of both lichen species showed strong antibiotic activity against some bacterial species and nematocidal activity. Among all the pure metabolites tested against the infective juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloydogine incognita, (+)-usnic acid, orcinol, and (+)-montagnetol had significant nematocidal activity, comparable with that of the commercial nematocide Velum® Prime, and thus they showed potential application in agriculture as a biopesticide. On the contrary, methyl orsellinate and 4-chlororcinol had no nematocidal effect. These results suggest that the substituent pattern at ortho-para-position in respect to both hydroxyl groups of resorcine moiety, which is present in all metabolites, seems very important for nematocidal activity. The organic extracts of both lichens were also tested against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both extracts were active against Gram-positive species. The extract of Ramalina implexa showed, among Gram-negative species, activity against Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, while that from Roccella phycopsis was effective towards all test strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of (+)-usnic acid, methyl orsellinate, and (+)-montagnetol is already known, so tests were focused on orcinol and 4-chlororcinol. The former showed antibacterial activity against all Gram positive and Gram-negative test strains, with the exception of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, while the latter exhibited a potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive test strains and among Gram-negative strains, was effective against A. baumannii and K. pneumonia. These results suggest, for orcinol and 4-chlororcinol, an interesting antibiotic potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
... belongs to family Roccellaceae, found common as epiphytes along the Coromandel Coast, Tamil Nadu, India and it is abundant in Pichavaram mangrove forests. It is a fruticose growth form (Tehler et al., 2004). R. montagnei is a rich source of so many secondary metabolites as T. Mishra et al. / Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia xxx (2017) xxx-xxx -National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, India. ...
Roccella montagnei Bél. belongs to lichen family Roccelleceae growing luxuriantly along the coastal regions of India. As Roccella has been shown to be bioactive, we prepared methanolic extract and assessed its anticancer potential. The methanolic extract showed significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines such as colon (DLD-1, SW-620), breast (MCF-7), head and neck (FaDu). This prompted us to isolate bioactive compounds through column chromatography. Two compounds roccellic acid and everninic acid have been isolated, out of which everninic acid is reported for the first time. Both the compounds have been tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity in which roccellic acid showed strong anticancer activity as compared to the everninic acid. Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK-10) contributes to proliferation of cancer cells, and aberrant activity of these kinases has been reported in a wide variety of human cancers. These kinases therefore constitute biomarkers of proliferation and attractive pharmacological targets for development of anticancer therapeutics. Therefore both the isolated compounds were tested for in silico molecular docking study against Cyclin Dependent Kinase isomer enzyme to support the cytotoxic activity.
... Apothecia and pycnidia absent. Comments-The type specimen of R. elisabethae is from the Canary Islands (Tehler et al. 2004), and the species is also known from other Atlantic Ocean islands and the Atlantic coast of Spain (Aptroot & Schumm 2011, Carballal 2013). Our report from the eastern Mediterranean Sea therefore considerably extends its range and R. elisabethae should be sought in other parts of the Mediterranean. ...
... Roccella phycopsis is morphologically similar to R. elisabethae but differs by its C-soralia and its yellowish medulla (Tehler et al. 2004, Carballal 2013. We note that the Turkish material of R. elisabethae has much shorter branches compared with the 2-10 cm cited in the original description of the species, which we attribute to the age of the specimen. ...
... We note that the Turkish material of R. elisabethae has much shorter branches compared with the 2-10 cm cited in the original description of the species, which we attribute to the age of the specimen. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of R. elisabethae are provided by Tehler et al. (2004), Aptroot & Schumm (2011), and Carballal (2013). Diederich, Flechten Follmann: 180. ...
Roccella elisabethae and the lichenicolous fungus Arthonia follmanniana growing on it are reported for the first time from Turkey. Comments on their habitats, substrata, and key anatomical features are provided for each species along with habit photographs and photographs of microscopic features of the Arthonia that have not previously been illustrated.
... The majority of the compounds responsible for these activities originate from the fungal mycobiont. The lichen species Roccella montagnei (Roccellaceae) is a fruticose growth form, found common as epiphytes along the Coromandel Coast, Tamil Nadu, India and it is abundant in Pichavaram mangrove forests (Tehler et al., 2004). This lichen possesses a wide no. of compounds such as Roccellic acid, Orcinol, Lecanoric acid, Montagnetol, Methyl orsellinate, Meso-erythritol, Erythritol, -carotene and -sitosterol (Neelakantan et al., 1956). ...
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the phytochemical constituents of Roccella montagnei, qualitatively and quantitatively, found commonly in the Coromandel Coast, Tamil Nadu India. In the study we also executed phenolic acids identification by GCMS and more over estimation of their antioxidant potential for the very first time. As the several medicinal values have been reported previously hence this study was to find out the governing factors for these medicinal properties in Roccella montagnei. The Plant material was extracted with different solvent i.e. methanol, Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. Phytochemical screening, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid content were analysed in all the solvent extracts the antioxidant activity was achieved by 2, 2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Some commonly occurring phenolic were identified and quantified by GC-MS. Solvent extracts were phytochemically screened out. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid contents were estimated in different solvents extracts. Phenolic content were found in a higher amount comparative to flavonoids. Similarly comparative Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts were determined in which methanolic extract showed marginally well antioxidant activity. Eight phenolic acids were identified by GC-MS as gallic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid. Overall, present study provides a suitable criterion to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Roccella montagnei lichen sample for new vista for the exploitation of this of Roccella for the development of herbal formulations.
... In other Cladonia groups, it has been found that specimens with sorediate podetia can be present in several lineages, as in the case of Cladonia coccifera (Steinová et al. 2013). In general, it has been shown that the presence of soredia is a poor diagnostic character in some lichen genera (Tehler et al. 2004Tehler et al. , 2009 Ferencova et al. 2010; Lumbsch & Leavitt 2011). The podetium type did not show homoplasy in the C. furcata complex, and solid podetia represent an autapomorphy of C. stereoclada. ...
The Cladonia furcata complex treated here comprises C. farinacea, C. furcata, C. multiformis, C. scabriuscula, C. stereoclada, and C. subrangiformis. The well-known taxonomic complexity of this group is caused by wide phenotypic variation and high morphological similarity among the species, for which reason we investigated the distribution in the phylogeny of the phenotypic characters traditionally used to distinguish the species in this complex. A phylogenetic analysis of the C. furcata complex is presented here, based on three loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and RPB2), representing specimens from a broad geographical range (Europe, North America and New Zealand). The phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In addition, 14 features traditionally used for species delimitation within this complex were mapped onto the Bayesian phylogeny. All the species currently accepted, with the exception of C. stereoclada, turned out to be polyphyletic. Most of the phenotypic characters studied are highly homoplasious with the exception of the podetium type. The solid podetia represent a diagnostic character of C. stereoclada.
... Considerable progress has been done in the phylogeny of the Roccellaceae in recent years. Roccella was the first large genus for which all currently recognised species were sequenced (Tehler et al. 2004(Tehler et al. , 2009a(Tehler et al. , b, 2010. More recently a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Dirina based on data from four molecular markers sequenced for 203 samples revealed nine new cryptic species, often correlated to a distinct geographical distribution (Tehler et al. 2013a). ...
A two-locus phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Roccellaceae is presented based on data from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis includes 341 sequences (166 newly generated) and 180 specimens representing about 114 species. The genera Lecanactis, Roccellina, Schismatomma and Sigridea were found to be paraphyletic/polyphyletic. In order to make these groups monophyletic, the new genera Crocellina, Diromma, Gyrographa, Gyronactis, Ocellomma, Pseudoschismatomma, Psoronactis and Vigneronia are described. The genus Sagenidium is placed in synonymy with Lecanactis. The new species Enterographa incognita, Gyronactis asiatica and Lecanactis submollis are described. Several species of Opegrapha are transferred to the Roccellaceae. Sorediate morphs are recorded for the first time in the genus Syncesia.
... Here, we will incorporate and analyze all new information not previously treated for the genus Dirina by combining data from molecular studies with new and old morphological and chemical evidence. We will also touch upon the biogeography of this exciting group in a phylogenetic context, and discuss it in relation to the recently revised sister genus Roccella and other genera in the family Roccellaceae (Tehler et al. 2004(Tehler et al. , 2009a(Tehler et al. , b, 2010Tehler 2007;Tehler & Irestedt 2007;Ertz & Tehler 2011). ...
Dirina (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) is a monophyletic genus of crustose, saxicolous or corticolous lichenized fungi. Twenty-four species are accepted in the genus, including nine new species: Dirina angolana, D. arabica, D. astridae, D. canariensis, D. indica, D. madagascariensis, D. pacifica, D. pallescens and D. sorocarpa. A phylogenetic hypothesis is presented based on data from four molecular markers, β-tubulin, ITS 1 and 2, nuLSU and RPB2, including all recognized Dirina species worldwide. New combinations proposed include Dirina badia for Roccellina badia, Dirina jamesii for Roccellina jamesii, Dirina candida for Chiodecton candidum and Dirina teichiodes for Lecidea teichiodes. Two species are reinstated: Dirina approximata and D. monothalamia (as a new name of Chiodecton africanum). Asexual morphs described earlier at the rank forma are no longer recognized as taxonomic units viz., Dirina catalinariae f. sorediata, D. insulana f. sorediata, D. massiliensis f. sorediata, D. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa f. sorediata and D. massiliensis f. aponina. One species, Dirina calcicola, is transferred to Fulvophyton and two other species, Dirina insulae-howensis and Dirina neozelandica, are transferred to Schismatomma. Dirina follmannii is not accepted in Dirina and placed as incertae sedis. A key to the species of Dirina is provided. Vicariance through plate tectonics and continental drift versus long distance dispersal to explain biogeographical patterns is discussed.
... It was with much enthusiasm I received Aptroot and Schumm's (A&S) Roccellaceae book. The Roccellaceae is a large and complicated group of lichen fungi, but only in the last decade has much progress been regarding the taxonomy, phylogeny and classification of both the family Roccellaceae and the order Arthoniales (Ertz & Tehler 2011;Tehler et al. 2004;Tehler & Irestedt 2007;Tehler et al. 2009aTehler et al. , 2009bTehler et al. 2010). A well-illustrated field guide would be an excellent complement to these scientific papers, and very useful to the interested lichen collector during field trips in areas where Roccellaceae grow. ...
... However, Darbishire frequently cited specimens and their label names as if they were synonyms, many of which were only herbarium names scribbled on envelopes and sheets by various authors, collectors and curators. Thus, Darbishire's apparent lists of synonyms should actually to a large degree be interpreted as lists of specimens studied, and the names have rightly been ignored ever since Zahlbruckner's Catalogus and onwards (see Tehler et al. 2004). However, A&S have chosen to cite all of these totally irrelevant, never-before-used names as if they were important to the reader. ...
... For the purposes of many North American workers, Tom Nash's Sonoran lichen flora covers the taxa in the present book, but does it much better. Those interested in the genus Roccella (the treatment of which occupies more than half of the present book) would be much better off with the four revisionary publications and keys of Tehler et al. (2004Tehler et al. ( , 2009aTehler et al. ( , 2009bTehler et al. ( , 2010. LITERATURE CITED ...
... Whether these endemic cryptogams arose recently has rarely been tested but it is likely that both neo-and palaeoendemism account for the diversity of the Macaronesian species (Aigoin et al., 2009). Tehler et al. (2004Tehler et al. ( , 2009) established a sound taxonomy of the Macaronesian representatives of the lichen genus Roccella, based on inferences from several loci in a phylogenetic context. They recognized a single endemic species (R. elisabethae, found throughout Macaronesia, including in the Cape Verde archipelago) and demonstrated that all American species form a strongly supported group sister to most species occurring in Macaronesia. ...
Aim: We reconstructed the phylogeny of the lichen genus Nephroma (Peltigerales) to assess the relationships of species endemic to Macaronesia. We estimated dates of divergences to test the hypothesis that the species arose in Macaronesia (neo-endemism) versus the oceanic archipelagos serving as refugia for formerly widespread taxa (palaeo-endemism). Location: Cosmopolitan with a special focus on the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Methods: DNA sequences were obtained from 18 species for three loci and analysed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences. Divergence dates were estimated for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogeny using a relaxed molecular clock. Reconstruction of the ancestral geographical range was conducted using the Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree under a parsimony method. Results: The backbone phylogenetic tree was fully supported, with Nephroma plumbeum as sister to all other species. Four strongly supported clades were detected: the Nephroma helveticum, the N. bellum, the N. laevigatum and the N. parile clades. The latter two share a common ancestor and each includes a widespread Holarctic species (N. laevigatum and N. parile, respectively) and all species endemic to Macaronesia. The data suggest a neo-endemic origin of Macaronesian taxa, a recent range expansion from Macaronesia of both widespread species, a range expansion limited to the Mediteranean Basin and south-western Europe for another taxon, and a long dispersal event that resulted in a speciation event in the western parts of North America. Main conclusions: The Macaronesian endemic species belong to two sister clades and originated from a most recent common ancestor (MRCA) shared with one widely distributed taxon, either N. parile or N. laevigatum. Estimates of the mean divergence dates suggest that the endemics originated in the archipelagos after the rise of the volcanic islands, along with the ancestor to the now widespread species, which probably expanded their range beyond Macaronesia via long-distance dispersal. This study provides the first phylogenetic evidence of Macaronesian neo-endemism in lichenized fungi and provides support for the hypothesis that oceanic islands may serve as a source for the colonization of continents. However, further data are needed to properly assess the alternative hypothesis, namely colonization from western North America.
... In so-called "species pairs" (for a discussion see Tehler 1982;Mattsson and Lumbsch 1989), one of two or three morphologically similar species propagates sexually, while the other(s) use(s) different means of vegetative propagation. Molecular data shows that these presumed species are often not reciprocally monophyletic (Lohtander et al. 1998a(Lohtander et al. , 1998bMyllys et al. 1999bMyllys et al. , 2001Articus et al. 2002;Molina et al. 2002;Ott et al. 2004;Tehler et al. 2004;Buschbom and Barker 2006;Buschbom and Mueller 2006). But in other cases, monophyletic species have been recovered (Tehler and Källersjö 2001) or additional characters have been found to separate lineages within apparently polyphyletic species (Wirtz et al. 2006). ...
... However, hypothecial pigmentation coincides with two major clades within the family. Differences in reproductive strategy (sexual vs. asexual by soredia) that were used to separate several morphologically similar pairs of species of Roccellaceae are not supported by molecular data (Lohtander et al. 1998a(Lohtander et al. , 1998bMyllys et al. 1999b;Tehler et al. 2004). It has long been pointed out that phylogenetic reconstructions of the Roccellaceae based on morphological data (e.g. ...
... Tehler 1990Tehler , 1995aTehler , 1995b are in conflict with molecular data (Myllys et al. 1998). Nevertheless, most species and even clades within the genus could be distinguished by morphological characters in a study on Mediterranean and Macaronesian Roccella-species (Tehler et al. 2004). ...
It took almost a century until Schwendener’s (1867) finding that lichens belong to the fungi finally led mycologists and lichenologists
to include them in the fungal system (Nannfeldt 1932; Santesson 1952). Trying to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships
between lichenized and un-lichenized fungi and among lichen taxa, based solely on morphological and chemical data, has proven
to be a frustrating endeavour. Lichens display few taxonomically useful characters, of which many are widely variable; the
homology of character states within and between groups is difficult to assess. Often, even the interpretation of morphological
characters, e.g. types of ascoma development or ascus type, proved difficult (see e.g. Henssen and Jahns 1974; Lumbsch 2000;
Lumbsch et al. 2001c; Ott and Lumbsch 2001; Stenroos et al. 2002b; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007). In the absence of well-supported
and uncontroversial phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological data, molecular data have, therefore, gained great
importance in lichen systematics. The impact of molecular data on the classification and taxonomy of lichenized ascomycetes
has been summarized regularly in recent years (Lumbsch 2000, 2007; Grube and Winka 2002; DePriest 2004). This review is not
an attempt to update these previous comprehensive reviews. It rather tries to shed light on the relationship between results
based on molecular and morphological studies of lichens. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, morphology-based taxonomy and
systematics and molecular phylogenetics of lichens more or less led their own separate lives. The first studies based on molecular
data often concentrated on reconstructing phylogenetic relationships and were not so much concerned with character evolution
or the reinterpretation of morphological characters in light of molecular results. Likewise, a critical evaluation of the
results in light of morphological data was rarely attempted. This has changed profoundly in recent years. Most phylogenetic
reconstructions of lichenized ascomycetes are now designed to test morphology-based classifications. As a result, the systematic
value of morphological characters in diverse groups is now much better understood than previously and reconstructions of character
evolution exist for many systematic groups. On the other hand, classical taxonomists make increasing use of molecular data
because classical lichen taxonomy is riddled with problems that only independent data from molecular analyses are likely to
solve. One very obvious problem that is relatively easy to solve with molecular data concerns the systematic placement of
obligately sterile lichens (Stenroos and DePriest 1998; Arup and Grube 1999; Platt and Spatafora 2000; Ekman and Tønsberg
2002; Crespo et al. 2004a) or other species with doubtful systematic affinities (Printzen and Kantvilas 2004; Lücking et al.
2007; Spribille et al. 2009). Other such problems arise from the multiple description of morphologically variable species,
doubtful circumscriptions of taxa and erroneous assignment of species to them, or misinterpretation of the systematic value
of characters due to incorrect homology hypotheses. In all these cases, molecular analyses offer promising tools to test traditional
hypotheses.
