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Background
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fascioliasis and to perform a climatological analysis of different regions of Iran based on the current situation of the parasite and its intermediate host using Geographical Information System (GIS).
Methods
Meteorological data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization. Risk m...
Context in source publication
Citations
... For several decades, fascioliasis was considered a secondary disease in humans until 1990, when many cases were reported, and it was considered a regional disease in many countries 7 . Currently, about 17 million human cases have been reported as positive fascioliasis while about 91 million cases are suspected to be at risk of infection mainly in the Middle East, Asia, many parts of the USA, South Africa, and parts of Europe [8][9][10][11][12][13] . ...
Hepatic fascioliasis is an important parasitic disease responsible for morbidity and mortality in many domestic ruminants, especially sheep, goats, and cattle, due to Fasciola (F.) hepatica and F. gigantica. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis in sheep slaughtered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to describe the morphological and histopathological changes in the liver. A total of 109,253 sheep slaughtered between July 2017 and July 2018 were screened to assess the prevalence of fascioliasis. The livers were grossly investigated for Fasciola infection and morphological changes. Tissue samples were collected for proper histopathological examinations. Livers of local and imported sheep represented infection rates of 0.67% and 2.12%, respectively, and the highest infection rate was in the spring season. Macroscopically, the affected liver showed hepatomegaly, thickened capsule and discoloration with necrosis, fibrosis, dilation of the bile duct, engorgement of the gallbladder and enlargement of the portal lymph nodes. Microscopic examination showed fibrotic thickening, calcification and hyperplasia of the bile ducts filled with debris, as well as massive hemorrhagic foci. Histopathological examinations of the infected liver showed a central vein region with disturbed parenchyma cells, focal lymphocytic infiltration, elongated endothelial cells, blood sinusoids that showed enlarged Kupffer cells, patches of lysed or necrotic hepatocytes, eosinophil infiltration, lymphocytes and proliferating fibroblast, thickening of hepatic artery and arteriolar walls. We concluded that fascioliasis among sheep slaughtered in Jeddah is not uncommon. The identified histopathological changes in the liver of infected sheep reflect tissue damage, which can lead to significant economic losses for the animals.
... Systematic analysis for the period of 1999-2019 showed that the Fasciola infection in Iran was 6.2 % (Khademvatan et al., 2019). A lot of studies have shown that fascioliasis is more common in cattle (Garg, 2009;Abdulhakim et al., 2012;Adediran et al., 2014;Abdolali et al., 2016;Mehmood, 2017;Ghanimatdan et al., 2019;Kusumarini et al., 2020), and in some regions it is found only in cattle (Kruchynenko et al., 2020), but this has not been previously statistically proven. ...
Among the gastrointestinal parasitoses, fascioliasis is one of the most common diseases in ruminants. Fasciola spp. is recorded on five continents of the globe, in more than 50 countries. The parasitizing trematode causes economic losses associated with a decrease in milk yield, body weight, and culling of affected carcasses and organs. In this study, we aimed to quantify the prevalence of fascioliasis among ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) of the world in terms of the odds ratio according to the Mantel–Haenszel test (M–H). Online databases in English, Russian and Ukrainian languages were searched for publications from January 2002 to September 2020. This meta-analysis included 42 studies with ruminant hosts. Data on the spread of fascioliasis were collected from different continents of the globe: North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The results of the study found that the overall prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle was 6.41 %, while in small ruminants it was only 2.03 %. The disease in cattle was recorded 1.48 times more often than in sheep and goats. Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.265). The results of the meta-analysis confirm that the causative agent of fascioliasis circulates mainly in the emerging countries. The updated data on fascioliasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain the health of farm ruminants and reduce economic losses.
... 11 The Middle East, Asia, many parts of the United States, South Africa, and parts of Europe are considered geographic areas of concerns for the spread of Fasciola species. [12][13] Metacercariae are the infective stage of Fasciola species, and humans can harbor the infection through eating contaminated watercress or drinking contaminated water. 14 16 Human fascioliasis has been recorded in many countries, with Bolivia, Peru, Cuba, China, Spain, the Nile Delta in Egypt, and central areas of Vietnam and Northern Iran being considered as endemic regions. ...
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are two trematodes (liver flukes) that cause water- and food-borne disease Fasciolosis. Many animals are involved in the life cycle of the Fasciola spp., such as sheep, cattle, and camels, and humans are the definitive host. This work investigated the prevalence of Fasciola among imported and local slaughtered sheep and the relation between infection rate and seasons of the year. A total of 720,290 local and imported sheep (251,701 and 468,489, respectively) were slaughtered in a Jeddah slaughterhouse (Western region of Saudi Arabia) over the periods of 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. In the three years of inspection, the infection rate at slaughter was higher among imported than local sheep. In 2017-2018, both local and imported sheep had the highest level of infection in the spring and the lowest in the winter. However, in 2018-2019, the highest rate of infection for both was documented in the summer and the lowest in the winter. Lastly, in 2019-2020, the highest rate of infection for local sheep was observed in the summer of 2020 and the lowest rate of infection was observed in the spring of 2020. Among imported sheep, the highest rate of infection was in the summer and the lowest was in winter for both 2019 and 2020. To control this disease, there is the need to apply for successful integrated programs and practice adaptive management techniques.
... But in 1988 and 1989, two large epidemics occurred in northern Iran [10,11]. Fars province (Jahrom, Nourabad Mamasani, and Kazeroun) is one of the best hotspots for fascioliasis in Iran [12]. Two species of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica have their own special life cycles in different regions of Iran, and to complete the parasite's life cycle, the presence of the main species of vector snails as the intermediate hosts is required [6]. ...
Background:
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are flatworms that infect animals and humans. Fasciola is the parasite of the liver or bile ducts and intestines of mammals, where such animals are known as their "definite hosts." The study aims to detect the genotype of Fasciola spp. from the livers of meat animals by using RFLP-PCR in samples collected from Fars province.
Methods:
Sixty Fasciola spp. samples were collected from infected slaughtered animals in three counties of Fars province, Iran (Jahrom, Nourabad Mamasani, and Kazeroun).Genomic DNA was extracted by the conventional phenol-chloroform method. For the study, PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of the first nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region from Fasciola species were used to conduct the study.
Results:
The fragment of about 700 bp in all the Fasciola samples was amplified. In total, 43 samples of Fasciola gigantica and 17 samples of Fasciola hepatica were identified.
Conclusion:
The dominant Fasciola species in this region is Fasciola gigantica. Hence, it seems that hygienic policies should be developed to prevent and control fascioliasis because of the dominant species, Fasciola gigantica.
... The highest rates of Fasciola spp. infection, 10.8%, is reported in slaughter animals of the province of Gilan (Ghanimatdan et al., 2019). Recent molecular genetic studies have not found any hybrid forms of Fasciola in southeastern Iran (Mirahmadi et al., 2018). ...
The production of environmentally friendly livestock products is currently receiving much attention, especially in the European Union. The problem of monitoring the quality and safety of meat and milk in modern conditions is relevant not only for Ukraine but also for the world community. The scientific substantiation of the methods of research on meat for sale subject to invasive diseases is especially important, as the product may pose risks to the consumer. One of the criteria for assessing the welfare of a herd is the prevalence of helminthiases in cattle. Ruminant parasitoses in Ukraine have always been and remain a separate, often significant, problem for veterinary specialists. Helminths have evolved to use a wide range of ecological niches. In this study, we tried to quantify the prevalence of helminthiases among ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) in Ukraine. The relevant studies were searched for in the online databases. The meta-analysis included 15 publications from January 2015 to December 2020 which reported the spread of parasites in Ukraine. The research results show that the infestation of ruminants with gastrointestinal helminths on the territory of Ukraine is 56.7%. Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias. During the period of pastured farming, stable parasitocenoses are formed in the body of ruminants. The parasitoses are caused by helminths (gastrointestinal strongyles, liver flukes, paramphistomas, dicrocelia). They are recorded in monoinvasions or mixed invasions. Ruminants, according to helminthological examination in different climatic zones, are constantly infested with trematodes. In Ukraine, the presence of three species of flukes has been confirmed in ruminants: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi. Parasitization by those species negatively affects the profitability of dairy farming. Trematodes cause significant economic losses: reduced milk productivity of cows, reduced live weight gain of young animals, negative impact on reproduction. At the same time, fascioliasis is socially significant and dangerous to humans. According to the analyzed literature sources, two types of cestodes have been registered in Ukraine: Moniezia benedeni and M. expansa. The epizootic situation regarding nematodes is just as fraught. That is the most numerous group of helminths, their fauna is represented by the following species: Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spathiger, Bunostomum spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus contortus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichuris skrjabini, T. ovis and T. globulosa. It is proven that in cattle parasitocenoses are recorded more often than monoinvasions. The highest rates of prevalence of infection were observed when polyinvasion included gastrointestinal strongyles, namely from the order Strongylida. Strongyloides papillosus is the most common taxonomic representative, while Fasciola hepatica has the lowest prevalence of infection, especially in sheep. Updated data on helminthiasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain the health of farm ruminants and reduce economic losses.
... Studies related to assessment of trends in bioclimatic precipitation indicators are still very limited in Iran. However, precipitation is one of the major determinants of the spatial distribution of different species in Iran (Ghanimatdan et al. 2019;Noroozi et al. 2018). For example, the bioclimatic indicators like precipitation in the highest month or quarter determines the agriculture potential and hazard susceptibility. ...
Although a significant number of studies have evaluated the trends in different characteristics of precipitation in Iran, the trends in precipitation indicators related to bioclimate are still not explored. The 0.5° spatial resolution gauge-based gridded monthly precipitation data of global precipitation climatology centre (GPCC) for the period 1901–2016 was used in this study for the evaluation of the geographical distribution of the trends of bioclimatic precipitation indicators of Iran. The trends in the indicators due to global warming were estimated using modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) trend test which can estimate unidirectional trend by separating the natural variability in climate. Obtained results were compared with that found using classical Mann-Kendall (MK) test. Besides, gridded temperature data of climate research unit (CRU) was used to identify the warm/cold periods at each grid point to assess the trends in precipitation during warm/cold periods, considering a wide spatial variation in the onset time of different seasons in Iran. The results revealed that many of the trends in some of the precipitation indicators obtained in earlier studies were due to natural fluctuation of climate. Annual precipitation in Iran was found decreasing only in the northwest semi-arid region at a rate of − 12.1 to − 14.05 mm/decade, while the precipitation in the wettest month was found increasing in a large area in the southwest semi-arid region at a rate of 3.1 to 5.3 mm/decade. The most significant changes were observed in precipitation seasonality, which was found to increase in 22.4% area, mostly in the central dry and northeast semi-dry regions and decrease in 11.3% area, mostly in the northern wetter region. The study indicates that the long-term natural variability in large-scale atmospheric phenomena that influences the precipitation of Iran may be the cause of many significant changes observed in precipitation in previous studies.
... Provinces in the center, southeast, and northwest of the country are regions with low risk. The effect of environmental factors on a wide range of parasitic diseases has been investigated by geographical information system (GIS), including vectorborne diseases such as leishmaniasis (25) and fascioliasis (26). ...
... Additionally, goats were most parasitized by Fasciola spp. in Northwest and Southeast geographical zones. Also, cattle infection was dominant in Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan and Guilan provinces [113]. Globally, the infection prevalence in ruminants has been reported in several continents. ...
... The animal disease have been prevalent in Iran, at least since 50 years ago with a general decreasing trend, primarily because of the taken measures by veterinary authorities such as livestock treatment and public awareness [8]. Albeit, as previously pointed out by Ghanimatdan et al. [113], three coastline provinces located at northern parts of the country and in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea have demonstrated elevated prevalence rates, which may originate from increased rainfall (four to five folds than the country average), devouring on fresh plant-based food spices, optimum moisture and temperature for both parasite and invertebrate intermediate host, existence of abundant ponds and irrigation canals enriched by aquatic plants, presence of rice culture fields with livestock pasturing around and finally the presence of appropriate snail intermediate host [8]. It is recommended to revisit control programs especially regarding safe water drainage in agricultural fields and combat snail hosts, routinely medicate livestock using trichlabendazole, determination of Fasciola spp. ...
Fasciolosis is a re-emerging disease of livestock and rarely human, being endemic in Iran. Herein, we aimed to quantitatively assess the human seropositivity and prevalence of animal fasciolosis in our country. English and Persian databases were searched for online literature. In total, 10 human seroprevalence studies and 49 animal investigations were obtained from January 1999 to March 2019. Only animal studies were included in meta-analysis. The highest human seroprevalence was detected in Guilan province (326/452; 50%). The pooled prevalence of the animal infections was calculated as 6.2% (95% CI = 5.8% - 6.5%). In detail, the prevalence ranges in three hosts included as 4.2% (95% CI = 3.8% - 4.5%) in sheep, 9% (95% CI = 8.0% - 9.9%) in cattle and 3.1% (95% CI = 2.4% - 3.7%) in goat. The highest prevalence rate was observed in the north, 11.8% (95% CI = 8.4% - 15.1%), while the lowest prevalence was detected in the central Iran with 1.8% (95% CI = 1.3% - 2.3%). Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.307). Also, there was no remarkable correlation between weighted prevalence and sample size (P = 0.249) as well as year of study (P = 0.172). These findings would be necessary for better preventive strategies in case of human and animal Fasciola infections as well as snail intermediate hosts.
... Additionally, goats were most parasitized by Fasciola spp. in Northwest and Southeast geographical zones. Also, cattle infection was dominant in Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Khuzestan and Guilan provinces [113]. Globally, the infection prevalence in ruminants has been reported in several continents. ...
The aim of this study was to identify Fasciola isolates collected from natural livers of livestock by RFLP and sequencing in southwest of Iran. Morphological examination and biologic characters cannot cause a certainty in the accurate and precise identification and intra and inter-specific differences of Fasciola spp. In this study, we identified Fasciola species using 28S marker in isolates from Khuzestan slaughterhouse in south-western Iran. A number of 502 adult Fasciola worms were isolated from the natural infected livers of buffalo, cattle, sheep and goat in local slaughterhouses. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 70% ethanol stored flukes by extraction kit with some modification. The results indicated three hundred fourteen isolates out of 502(62.5%) identified as F.gigantica and 188(37.5%) as F. hepatica. All sequences of the different isolates showed high identity (99-100%) indicating no significant genetic variations in 28S rDNA. In conclusion, using 28S marker through PCR-RFLP method, without need to sequencing could discriminate easily between F. hepatica and F. gigantica and therefore could be very useful method to identify the causal of fasciolosis especially in areas where both F. hepatica and F. gigantica are coexist.
Fascioliasis is a plant- and waterborne zoonotic parasitic disease caused by two trematode species: (i) Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania and (ii) F. gigantica, which is restricted to Africa and Asia. Fasciolid liver flukes infect mainly herbivores as ruminants, equids, and camelids but also omnivore mammals as humans and swine and are transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snail vectors. Two phases may be distinguished in fasciolid evolution. The long predomestication period includes the F. gigantica origin in east-southern Africa around the mid-Miocene, the F. hepatica origin in the Near-Middle East of Asia around the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene, and their subsequent local spread. The short postdomestication period includes the worldwide spread by human-guided movements of animals in the last 12,000 years and the more recent transoceanic anthropogenic introductions of F. hepatica into the Americas and Oceania and of F. gigantica into several large islands of the Pacific with ships transporting livestock in the last 500 years. The routes and chronology of the spreading waves followed by both fasciolids into the five continents are redefined on the basis of recently generated knowledge of human-guided movements of domesticated hosts. No local, zonal, or regional situation showing disagreement with historical records was found, although in a few world zones the available knowledge is still insufficient. The anthropogenically accelerated evolution of fasciolids allows us to call them "peridomestic endoparasites." The multidisciplinary implications for crucial aspects of the disease should therefore lead the present baseline update to be taken into account in future research studies.
