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Risk Factors during pregnancy that lead to adverse child outcomes, including birth defects
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Prenatal stress is an overwhelming concern in pregnancy-related care. The mother exposed to prenatal stress poses the fetus at the risk of developing many adverse health conditions. It is estimated that around 10%–20% of pregnant women suffer from mental health concerns during the perinatal period. History dates back to the tragic 1961 Thalidomide...
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... against harmful substances in the mother's system. Thalidomide was licensed in 1957 and used for morning sickness among pregnant women, until 1961 when an epidemic of severe birth defects with missing arms and legs set in. Soon after the Thalidomide disaster in 1961, it was realized that the placenta is not "some sort of impervious barrier" [9]. Fig. 1 represents a set of risk factors during pregnancy that lead to adverse child outcomes including birth defects. During the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, it was found that prenatal and in-utero exposure to nutritional deprivation can lead to obesity during adulthood ...
