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-Right tibia, fibula, and patella of Solenodon paradoxus, AMNH 212912. A, anterior view; B, posterior view. Close up of distal end of tibia and fibula. C, E, oblique view from ventrolateral; D, F, oblique view from ventromedial. Color key is for joint surfaces in E and F. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral distal tibial process; amp, anteromedial distal tibial process; lat, lateral astragalotibial facet; lm, lateral malleolus of fibula; lp, lateral process of fibula; mat, medial astragalotibial facet; mm, medial malleolus of tibia; plg, groove for peroneus longus muscle; pop, posterior distal tibial process; tpg, groove for tibialis posticus muscle.
Source publication
The osseous elements of the foot and ankle are described and illustrated in detail for the Hispaniolan solenodon, Solenodon paradoxus Brandt, 1833, one of two extant species of the lipotyphlan family Solenodontidae. Comparisons are made with the same elements in representatives of the three remaining extant families of lipotyphlans, the soricid Cro...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... on different contacting bones are shaded the same colors in the figures. Following Szalay (1994) and Salton and Szalay (2004), the upper ankle joint is between the tibia, fibula, astragalus, and calcaneus (Figs. 2-3), the lower ankle joint is between the astragalus and calcaneus (Figs. 3-4), and the transverse tarsal joint is between the proximal tarsals (astragalus and calcaneus) and distal tar- sals (navicular and cuboid, except in S. paradoxus, which includes entocuneiform) (Figs. ...
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... tibia, fibula, and patella are shown in cranial and caudal views in Figures , abuts a small area anterolateral to the medial astragalo- tibial facet on the astragalar neck ("amp" in Fig. 5E). Per- pendicular and medial to the lateral astragalotibial facet on the medial malleolus is the kidney bean-shaped me- dial astragalotibial facet ("mat" in Fig. 2C); it contacts the same named surface on the astragalus ("mat" in Fig. 5F). Perpendicular and lateral to the lateral astragalotibial facet on the anterior half of the lateral malleolus of the fibula is a fingernail-shaped articular surface, the astragalofibular facet, which contacts the same named surface on the as- tragalus (Fig. 5H). ...
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... tibial process de- scribed above. The ventral half of the medial trochlear sur- face has a rounded prominence ("mcl" in Fig. 5F), which likely served as attachment for the medial collateral liga- ment (as in Canis lupus familiaris; Evans 1993). Project- ing ventrally from this prominence is the astragalar medial plantar tuberosity ("ampt" in Fig. 2F). Anterior to that are the sustentactular facet for the calcaneus on the ventral Color key is for joint surfaces in E and F. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral distal tibial process; amp, anteromedial distal tibial process; lat, lateral astragalotibial facet; lm, lateral malleolus of fibula; lp, lateral process of fibula; mat, medial ...
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... individual elements illus- trated in different views. Unfortunately, no lipotyphlans are among those with individual elements so illustrated. However, articulated feet in dorsal view are included for two lipotyphlan genera: Talpa Linnaeus, 1758 (Lessertisseur and Saban 1967: fig. 711C) and Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758 ( Lessertisseur and Saban 1967: fig. 727J). The most noteworthy contribution specific to lipotyphlans is Reed (1951), who studied the osteology and myology of the forelimb and hind limb of the talpids Neurotrichus gibbsii (Baird, 1858), Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Scapanus Pomel, 1848 (three species), and of the soricid Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 (eight species). ...
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... S. paradoxus, AMNH 212912, the tibia and fibula re- main as separate elements both proximally and distally ( Figs. 2A-B). In their comparative figure of the distal end of the tibia and fibula, Salton and Szalay (2004: fig. 10) show that these elements are separate in S. paradoxus, FMNH 165775. Peters' (1863: taf. III, fig. 1) illustration of S. cubanus (Fig. 1) shows the same pattern. In contrast, in the other lipotyphlans studied here, the tibia and ...
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... contrast, in C. luna and E. europaeus, the medial mal- leolus is much weaker than the lateral malleolus and there is an insignificant medial astragalotibial facet. Regarding the two facets on the inner aspect of the lateral malleolus, S. paradoxus has a great size disparity, with the one for the astragalus much larger than that for the calcaneus (Figs. 2D, F). Crocidura luna shows a similar degree of disparity. In contrast, in P. breweri and E. europaeus, CM 89002, the calcaneal facet is much larger than the astragalar facet. So- lenodon paradoxus is the only one with substantial distal tibial processes. Its posterior process projects farther dis- tally than the medial and lateral malleoli ...
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... MuseuM Vol. 83 oriented proximal extensor retinaculum holds the tendons of tibialis anticus and extensor digitorum longus to the flat anterior distal surface of the tibia. In contrast, in S. para- doxus, based on the descriptions in Allen (1910), these ten- dons cross the upper ankle joint in the concavity between the distal tibia and fibula ( Fig. 2A) and then between the anterolateral distal tibial process and the lateral malleolus. Crocidura luna, P. breweri, and E. europaeus show a similar concavity lying between their seamlessly fused tibia and fib- ula. However, C. luna differs in that the proximal extensor retinaculum is ossified to complete a bony canal for these tendons ...
Citations
... Anatomical nomenclature, abbreviations, and measurements Dental and mandibular nomenclature of rodents follows that of Woods (1989a), Silva Taboada et al. (2007, and Radulet (2007), whereas the anatomical nomenclature of solenodons follows that of Silva Taboada et al. (2007), Wible (2008), Wible and Hughes (2016), and Springer et al. (2018) (Online Resource 1: Figs. S1-S3). ...
Analysis of largely unstudied fossil collections recovered from caves and sinkholes from western Hispaniola has resulted in the recognition of a new capromyine rodent (Zagoutomys woodsi, gen. et sp. nov.) and a new solenodontid (Solenodon ottenwalderi sp. nov.). Fossils of Z. woodsi show that it differs from other capromyine rodents in having a mandible with a relatively thin and elongated symphysis, a relatively long diastema between the lower incisor and dp4, a more procumbent incisor, and a more anteriorly positioned masseteric crest. Results from a phylogenetic analysis suggest that Z. woodsi is closely related to the Plagiodontia clade, which includes living P. aedium and two extinct species. While fossils referred to Z. woodsi are rare (n = 18) among the thousands of rodent specimens recovered from the study sites, their geographic distribution suggests it was present across western Hispaniola. In contrast, fossils of S. ottenwalderi are relatively abundant in several localities but restricted to the western portion of the Tiburon Peninsula, like other regionally endemic extinct taxa, including the platyrrhine primate Insulacebus toussaintiana and the capromyine rodent Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei. Fossils of S. ottenwalderi show that it was notably smaller than other species of Solenodontidae, reducing the body size gap between this genus and Nesophontes. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that S. ottenwalderi is sister to the extinct species S. marcanoi and both are sister to extant S. paradoxus, forming a monophyletic clade endemic to Hispaniola. Morphological and body size differences of these two new mammals with respect to their sister taxa might suggest niche differentiation with segregation of available resources in these past island ecosystems.
... Osteological terminology follows MacPhee (1981MacPhee ( , 1994, MacPhee et al. (1988); Asher (2001Asher ( , 2005, Asher et al. (2002), Wible (2008) and Wible and Hughes (2016), with slight modifications illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. The endocranial morphology and brain morphology of Nesophontes major and N. micrus are fully discussed in Orihuela (2014) and will only be only generalized here. Weight estimates follow the methodology and equations in Thewissen and Gingerich (1989), Bloch et al. (1998) and Luo et al. (2001). ...
Nesophontes is an extinct, shrew-like mammal endemic to the Greater Antilles. Within this genus, the Cuban taxa have a challenging taxonomic history. The dichotomy in the interpretation of species limits arises from the ample size variation observed in skeletal remains. Here, I provide a detailed systematic revision of Cuban species through multivariate morphometric and qualitative analyses. These include discrete osteological characteristics of the cranium, dentary, dentition, humerus, femur, pelvis, and endocranial casts from a wide range of specimens, several maturity levels, and radiocarbon-dated paleontological contexts, all of which can help resolve current taxonomic ambiguities and elucidate the species limits of the Cuban taxa. Furthermore, stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were obtained to approximate aspects of diet, habitat, and resource partitioning between the Cuban Nesophontes. Collectively, these analyses support the presence of three species that are divided into two morphotypes. The larger included Nesophontes major and Nesophontes longirostris, whereas Nesophontes micrus is smallest. Morphotypes of N. major and N. micrus showed further intraspecific variation, which could be attributed to sexual dimorphism. Chronologic and geographic variations, at least during the Late Holocene, were quantitatively detected but poorly supported. The isotope signals suggest slight microhabitat segregation between N. major and N. micrus, but overall similar diets. Altogether, these new data provide insights into the morphology and natural history of these peculiar and extinct Antillean land mammals.
Nesophontes es un pequeño mamífero extinto y endémico de las Antillas Mayores. Dentro del género, los taxones cubanos en especial han tenido una historia sistemática desafiante. La fuente de la dicotomía en la interpretación de los límites de las especies deriva de la amplia variación de tamaño observable en los restos óseos. Aquí se proporciona una revisión sistemática detallada de las especies cubana a través del análisis de multivariados datos morfométricos y morfológicos. Estos incluyen caracteres discretos, cualitativos y cuantitativos del cráneo, mandíbula, dentición, húmero, fémur, pelvis y endocráneo; todo lo cual ayuda a dilucidar los límites de especies en los taxones cubanos y resolver ambigüedades taxonómicas. Además, se obtuvieron isótopos estables de carbono y nitrógeno para aproximar aspectos de la dieta, el hábitat y fraccionamiento de recursos entre los Nesophontes en Cuba durante el Holoceno tardío. En conjunto, estos análisis apoyan la presencia de tres especies, divididas en dos morfotipos. El más grande incluye a Nesophontes major y Nesophontes longirostris, mientras que Nesophontes micrus es el más pequeño. Ambos grupos mostraron una mayor variación intraespecífica que podría atribuirse al dimorfismo sexual, pero con una variación cronológica y geográfica insignificante, al menos durante el Holoceno medio-tardío. Las señales isotópicas sugieren una ligera segregación de microhábitats entre las dos especies principales, pero dietas similares durante esta época. En general, estos nuevos datos proporcionan información sobre la morfología y la historia natural de estos peculiares y extintos mamíferos terrestres.
... The preserved remains of the lower leg represent a morphological condition that is present in most recent representatives of the Eulipotyphla, namely that the tibia is coossified with the fibula. In the case of Solenodon a syndesmosis of tibia and fibula is present, the degree of fusion of these two bones is described by Wible and Hughes (2016) as variable. For Talpidae, Erinaceidae, and Soricidae there is evidence of a distinct fusion of the bones (Hooker 2016). ...
From the upper Oligocene (MP 28) of Enspel associated material of a dimylid is described. The find includes the skull and the right mandible; most of the teeth are preserved. In addition, a tibiofibula is described. Thus, this specimen represents the most comprehensive find of a dimylid individual. The specimen can be assigned to the species Exoedaenodus schaubi. For the first time, a reliable assignment of maxilla and mandible for this genus is possible. The dentition confirms the assumed basal position of Exoedaenodus within the Dimylidae based on the dental formula, in which at most one lower incisor position is reduced and M3 and m3 are present. The interrupted zygomatic arch represents a derived condition, as does the fusion of the tibia and fibula.
... Lower case letters are used for lower dentition (dp, for decidious premolar; p, for premolar; m, for molars) and upper case letters for upper dentition (dP, for decidious premolar; P, for premolar; M, for molars). The astragalar nomenclature is based on Ginot et al. [57], Rose & Chinnery [58], and Wible & Hughes [59]. The caviomorph taxa cited in the text and used for dental comparisons are listed in S2 Table. ...
Miocene deposits of South America have yielded several species-rich assemblages of caviomorph rodents. They are mostly situated at high and mid- latitudes of the continent, except for the exceptional Honda Group of La Venta, Colombia, the faunal composition of which allowed to describe the late middle Miocene Laventan South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA). In this paper, we describe a new caviomorph assemblage from TAR-31 locality, recently discovered near Tarapoto in Peruvian Amazonia (San Martín Department). Based on mammalian biostratigraphy, this single-phased locality is unambiguously considered to fall within the Laventan SALMA. TAR-31 yielded rodent species found in La Venta, such as the octodontoid Ricardomys longidens Walton, 1990 ( nom . nud .), the chinchilloids Microscleromys paradoxalis Walton, 1990 ( nom . nud .) and M . cribriphilus Walton, 1990 ( nom . nud .), or closely-related taxa. Given these strong taxonomic affinities, we further seize the opportunity to review the rodent dental material from La Venta described in the Ph.D. volume of Walton in 1990 but referred to as nomina nuda . Here we validate the recognition of these former taxa and provide their formal description. TAR-31 documents nine distinct rodent species documenting the four extant superfamilies of Caviomorpha, including a new erethizontoid: Nuyuyomys chinqaska gen. et sp. nov. These fossils document the most diverse caviomorph fauna for the middle Miocene interval of Peruvian Amazonia to date. This rodent discovery from Peru extends the geographical ranges of Ricardomys longidens , Microscleromys paradoxalis , and M . cribriphilus , 1,100 km to the south. Only one postcranial element of rodent was unearthed in TAR-31 (astragalus). This tiny tarsal bone most likely documents one of the two species of Microscleromys and its morphology indicates terrestrial generalist adaptations for this minute chinchilloid.
