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Right-side view of a 3D reconstruction of the fetal ventral pancreas and pancreatic arteries. Upper abdominal organ sections of a CRL 155 mm fetus were immunochemically stained for pancreatic polypeptide (PP) expression (i.e., the ventral pancreas), and sections were then used to create a 3D topographical reconstruction. The blue color indicates strong PP expression. a The transverse line marked b–e correspond to the sections of immunostaining shown in b–e, respectively. Note the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) running alongside the neck of the pancreas (arrowhead). AIPDA and PIPDA anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, respectively; ASPDA and PSPDA anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, respectively; CBD common bile duct, CT celiac trunk, D2 and D3 the second and third portions of the duodenum, SMA superior mesenteric artery. Other abbreviations are as for Fig. 1
Source publication
Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of the fetal human pancreas was prepared to reconsider topographical relation between the dorsal/ventral anlagen and the vascular supply.
Tissue sections from the upper abdominal viscera of three fetuses were examined. Sections were immunohistochemically stained to determine pancreatic polypeptide...
Citations
... Fungi are well-known producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, especially short peptides of 30 residues or fewer, with interesting structures and antibiotic properties (Brase et al. 2009;Jia et al. 2015;Li et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2017a, b;Yu et al. 2012). Herein, we focus on fungal cyclodipeptides known as 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs), as well as typical peptides and their analogs, reported since 2000. ...
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are the smallest cyclopeptides and their basic structure includes a six-membered piperazine nucleus. Typical peptides lack a special functional group in the oligopeptide nucleus. Both are produced by at least 35 representative genera of fungi, and possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents. To date, only cyclosporin A has been developed into a commercial product. This review summarises 186 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000. Antibiotic (antibacterial, antifungal, synergistic antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal, nematicidal and antimicroalgal) activities are discussed for 107 of them, including 66 DKPs (14 epipolythiodioxopiperazines, 20 polysulphide bridge-free thiodiketopiperazines, and 32 sulphur-free prenylated indole DKPs), 15 highly N-methylated, and 26 non-highly N-methylated typical peptides. Structure–activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and research methods are covered in detail. Additionally, biosynthases of tardioxopiperazines and neoechinulins are highlighted. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
... As a result, the intrapancreatic bile duct runs between the dorsal and ventral pancreas, neither inside the dorsal pancreas nor the ventral pancreas. This configuration is confirmed in human fetal pancreas as well [9]. Also, the intrapancreatic bile duct is covered by the pancreatic lingula [8], which derives from the ventral pancreas. ...
A double common bile duct is extremely rare among the anatomical variations in the biliary tract system. We report an incidentally encountered case of the double common bile duct and discuss the novel anatomical findings of the accessory common bile duct from the viewpoint of embryology. A unique point of our case is that the accessory common bile duct bifurcated at the level of the intrapancreatic bile duct. There is no similar case in the previous literature among type II double common bile duct in the viewpoint of anatomical findings of the accessory common bile duct. We assume that this asymptomatic anatomical variation may be present more commonly, but not diagnosed.
Lipopeptide antibiotics have linear or cyclic structures with one or more hydrocarbon tails linked to the N-terminus of a short oligopeptide that may be chemically modified and/or contain unusual amino acid residues in their structures. They possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents, and ˜30 representative genera of fungi are known to produce them. Some chemically synthesised derivatives have already been developed into commercial products or subjected to clinical trials, including cilofungin, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, rezafungin, emodepside, fusafungine and destruxins. This review summarizes 200 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000, including 95 cyclic depsipeptides, 67 peptaibiotics (including 35 peptaibols, eight lipoaminopeptides, and five lipopeptaibols), and 38 non-depsipeptide and non-peptaibiotic lipopeptides. Their sources, structural sequences, antibiotic activities (e.g. antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimycoplasmal, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal and nematicidal), structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and specific relevance are discussed. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
Objective:
We investigated and compared the functionality of two 3D visualization software provided by a CT vendor and a third-party vendor, respectively. Using surgical anatomical measurement as baseline, we evaluated the accuracy of 3D visualization and verified their utility in computer-aided anatomical analysis.
Methods:
The study cohort consisted of 50 adult cadavers fixed with the classical formaldehyde method. The computer-aided anatomical analysis was based on CT images (in DICOM format) acquired by helical scan with contrast enhancement, using a CT vendor provided 3D visualization workstation (Syngo) and a third-party 3D visualization software (Mimics) that was installed on a PC. Automated and semi-automated segmentations were utilized in the 3D visualization workstation and software, respectively. The functionality and efficiency of automated and semi-automated segmentation methods were compared. Using surgical anatomical measurement as a baseline, the accuracy of 3D visualization based on automated and semi-automated segmentations was quantitatively compared.
Results:
In semi-automated segmentation, the Mimics 3D visualization software outperformed the Syngo 3D visualization workstation. No significant difference was observed in anatomical data measurement by the Syngo 3D visualization workstation and the Mimics 3D visualization software (P>0.05).
Conclusions:
Both the Syngo 3D visualization workstation provided by a CT vendor and the Mimics 3D visualization software by a third-party vendor possessed the needed functionality, efficiency and accuracy for computer-aided anatomical analysis.
The aim of this study was to evaluate two research hypotheses: H0–the embryonic pancreas in grass snakes develops in the same manner as in all previously investigated amniotes (from three buds) and its topographical localization within the adult body has no relation to its development; H1–the pancreas develops in a different manner and is related to the different topography of internal organs in snakes. For the evaluation of these hypotheses we used histological methods and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the position of the pancreatic buds and surrounding organs at particular developmental stages and of the final position and shape of the pancreatic gland. Our results indicate that the pancreas primordium in the grass snake is formed by only two buds − a dorsal and a ventral one − that are not connected until the end of stage II. This differs from the majority of vertebrates investigated so far. The gall bladder of the grass snake embryos is connected with the liver only by a thin cystic duct, which also differs from many other vertebrates. Our histological study also indicates a different distribution of the endocrine cells in the embryonic pancreas of the grass snake because the first endocrine cells appeared in the dorsal part of the pancreas in a region located close to the spleen. During the entire developmental period no evidence of these cells was found in the ventral part of the pancreas. The endocrine cells form elongated, large and irregular-shaped islets. They can also form structures resembling “inverted acini”. Such an arrangement is characteristic of snakes only. The differentiating pancreas penetrates the ventral part of the developing spleen and divides it into three separate parts at developmental stage IX. This is unique among vertebrates. At the end of the embryonic development (stage XI), the pancreas, the spleen and the gall bladder are located in close proximity and form the so-called triad. Our results suggest that the untypical topography of the organ systems in snakes may determine the unique development of the pancreas in these animals.
This technical note demonstrates the benefits of preoperative planning, involving the use of rapid prototype models and rehearsal of the surgical procedure, using image-guided navigational surgery. Optimum reconstruction of large defects can be achieved with this technique.
To determine the fascial configuration between the superior mesenteric artery and vein and the posterior aspect of the pancreas, we examined histological sections of 10 elderly donated cadavers without pathology in the abdomen. The retropancreatic fascia was absent along the pancreatic parenchyma facing the artery and vein. Abundant nerves along the artery were separated from the pancreas by loose tissue almost 10 mm in thickness. In addition, anterior renal fasciae facing the pancreatic body were not evident in these specimens, possibly due to the degeneration of the left adrenal gland with age. Thus, a definite renal fascia was restricted on the lateral and posterior sides of the left kidney. These findings suggest that interactions between a pancreatic tumor and nerves would require migration of cancer cells over a long distance. Conversely, attachment of the enlarged tumor mass to the nerves may be necessary for the invasion. The anterior renal fascia may fuse with the retropancreatic fascia.
The fetal gallbladder (GB) is embedded in a deep fossa surrounded by the liver parenchyma. Using 15 specimens with intrahepatic GB (crown–rump length 45–92 mm; approximately 9–13 weeks of gestation), we assessed the fetal topographical anatomy of the hepatocystic triangle and the porta hepatis. The cystic duct displayed a long upward course (0.9–4.5 mm along the supero-inferior axis) from the GB, along the duodenum, to the common bile duct in the hepatoduodenal ligament, via an independent mesentery separated from liver parenchyma by a recess of the peritoneal cavity. Notably, the course varied in length among specimens, not among stages. At the porta hepatis, we were able to distinguish the supraportal course of the posterior right hepatic duct overriding a portal vein branch to segment 8 (6/15) from the other, infraportal course (9/15). In the latter type, the portal vein bifurcation was superior to the cystic duct course. Two margins of the hepatocyctic triangle were very long in fetuses because of the inferiorly located intrahepatic GB. Thus, the triangle seems to be difficult to identify in prenatal ultrasound. During changes in location after 9 weeks, the GB fundus remains attached to the liver because the cystic artery was often embedded in the liver parenchyma. A failure in the embedding and re-exposure process of the GB may result in anomalous peritoneal folds around the GB. Clin. Anat. 25:619–627, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
