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The aim of this study was to analyze the 12 species which belong to the subgenus Bombus (Thoracobombus) by identifying, collating and testing the applicability of geometrics morphometrics for distinguishing the species. This was carried out on 133 females and 42 males which were collected from various localities in Turkey. After digitizing landmark...
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... photographs were first organized and made compatible to the TPS series by using TPSUTIL 1.44 (Rohlf 2009). Secondly, 20 landmarks were digitized in accordance with Aytekin et al. (2007) (Figure 1) (TPSDIG 2.12; Rohlf 2008) and 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates were obtained. Before starting the analysis, TPSSMALL 1.20 (Rohlf 2003) and TPSSUPER 1.14 (Rohlf 2004) were conducted. ...
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... PCAGen6p, IMP ( Zelditch et al. 2007) the distribution of individuals along the 1 st and 2 nd (PC1 and PC2), on the 2 nd and 3 rd (PC2 and PC3) and on the 1 st and 3 rd (PC1 and PC3) principal components were examined ( Figure 10-12). ...
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... deformations were amplified 2-fold to observe the differences between species with ease. As in females, the deformation grid of only B. sylvarum citrinofasciatus and B. sylvarum daghestanicus are shown in the figure below ( Figure 13). CVA: CVAGen6p, IMP analysis was conducted to decide whether or not there is a significant difference between the groups. ...
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... was conducted in CVAGen6n, IMP and the distribution of individuals on the first two canonical variants was determined (Figure 14). ...
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... mean values were then grouped in NTYSYS using SAHN Clustering Method based on Euclidian distance. Then a dissimilarity tree was constructed using unweight pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) (Figure 15). ...
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... photographs were first organized and made compatible to the TPS series by using TPSUTIL 1.44 (Rohlf 2009). Secondly, 20 landmarks were digitized in accordance with Aytekin et al. (2007) (Figure 1) (TPSDIG 2.12; Rohlf 2008) and 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates were obtained. Before starting the analysis, TPSSMALL 1.20 (Rohlf 2003) and TPSSUPER 1.14 (Rohlf 2004) were conducted. ...
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... PCAGen6p, IMP ( Zelditch et al. 2007) the distribution of individuals along the 1 st and 2 nd (PC1 and PC2), on the 2 nd and 3 rd (PC2 and PC3) and on the 1 st and 3 rd (PC1 and PC3) principal components were examined ( Figure 10-12). ...
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... deformations were amplified 2-fold to observe the differences between species with ease. As in females, the deformation grid of only B. sylvarum citrinofasciatus and B. sylvarum daghestanicus are shown in the figure below ( Figure 13). CVA: CVAGen6p, IMP analysis was conducted to decide whether or not there is a significant difference between the groups. ...
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... was conducted in CVAGen6n, IMP and the distribution of individuals on the first two canonical variants was determined (Figure 14). ...
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A new species of fossil bumble bee (Apinae: Bombini) is described and figured from Early Miocene (Burdigalian) deposits of the Most Basin at the Bílina Mine, Czech Republic. Bombus trophonius sp. n., is placed within the subgenus Cullumanobombus Vogt and distinguished from the several species groups therein. The species is apparently most similar t...
Citations
... Bombus arılarının hangi bitkiler üzerinden beslendiğine dair bilgiler genel anlamda anlık veriler içermektedir. Yapılan faunistik çalışmaların çoğunda, arının bitki üzerinde beslenirken görülmesi, arı ile birlikte bitkinin de örneklenmesi ve müze materyali haline getirilen örneklemin etiket bilgisi içeriğine hangi bitki üzerinden toplandığının da eklenmesiyle oluşmuş bir bilgi birikimi söz konusudur [3,11,12,13,14]. ...
... Although few studies have been conducted in Turkey, up to fifty different Bombus species have been identified. Based on world-species distribution, Turkey is understood to be an important genetic resource in terms of bumblebees (Özbek, 1997;Barkan & Aytekin, 2013;Meydan et al., 2016), but it is not clear whether there is a hybridization between natural populations and commercial ones. Thus, the genetic diversity of Turkey's local B. t. dalmatinus populations must be determined and utilized in protection strategies as the source of genes. ...
... The data revealed by this completed study will be useful for this purpose. The Antalya province is where B. t. dalmatinus is widely found in natural habitats, and many sub-species are also encountered (Barkan & Aytekin, 2013), which is where very intensive greenhouse activities are conducted. Intensive use of commercial B. t. dalmatinus colonies are thought to increase the numbers of escaped bumblebees from greenhouses, but the spread of a large number of commercially produced individuals leads to increased competition with natural populations for nesting and feeding, spread of diseases and uncontrolled crossbreeding with local genotypes (Dafni, 1998;Goka et al., 2001;Whitehorn et al., 2013;Aizen, 2018). ...
Bombus terrestris dalmatinus is naturally common in many countries, including Turkey, and is also used commercially for the pollination of greenhouse plants. Intensive commercial production and international trade in many countries are considered as reasons for the disappearance of some natural populations. Hybridization of native bumble bees with those produced commercially, but having escaped from greenhouses and colonization of these commercial bees in natural habitats are cause for concern. In order to assess this concern, B. t. dalmatinus workers were collected from twelve different populations: five commercial producers, three surrounding greenhouse centers, three natural areas at least 30 km away from greenhouses, and one more recent greenhouse zone in Antalya, Turkey. The genetic variations and relationships among the twelve populations were estimated using SNP haplotypes determined in mitochondrial COI and CytB. Twenty and sixteen haplotypes were obtained for COI and CytB, respectively. A single haplotype, H1, was widespread with a high frequency in all individuals for both genes. Individuals collected from around greenhouse centers and commercial companies had more common haplotypes. The genetic variations of intra-populations were higher than the inter-populations in both COI (65.41%>34.59%) and CytB (72.47%>27.53%). The natural and commercial populations were genetically more distant from each other considering Fst values. However, samples from near the greenhouses had a higher similarity with the commercially produced samples, while the natural populations far away from greenhouses still retained their genetic distinctiveness.
... A number of studies on Bombus fauna of Turkey have been conducted by many foreign and native researchers for the past 35 years. Among the most known of these are works of H. Özbek [11][12][13][14][15][16], P. Rasmont et al. [18] and N. Barkan & A. Aytekin [3]. In addition, during the faunistic studies conducted in recent years some Bombus species were listed from different parts of Turkey by S. Tezcan & E. Yıldırım [20], S. Tezcan et al. [21], S. Anlaş et al. [1], A. Üzüm et al. [22], R. Günalp [5] and B. Özgişi Daşer & F. Dikmen [17]. ...
Background. The article presents the results of the research on bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) housed in the Lodos Entomological Museum (Ege University, Izmir, Turkey). Bumblebees play a key role in ecosystems as pollinators. However, these insects are under threat due to changes in land use and agricultural practices, habitat fragmentation and the effects of pesticides. There are 47 Bombus species occuring on the territory of Turkey. The aim of this study is to present new locality records of the material on the Bombus fauna of Turkey preserved in the Lodos Entomological Museum, Turkey.
Materials and Methods. The objects of our research were bumblebees collected from different localities of Turkey between 1975 and 2016 and housed in the Lodos Entomological Museum. Insects were collected by researchers, students and amateurs. We used stereoscopic microscope MBS-2 and specialized keys for bumblebee identification. The classification of bumblebees follows P. H. Williams.
Results. We analyzed 121 specimens of bumblebees that belong to six species (Bombus terrestris, B. argillaceus, B. hortorum, B. campestris, B. fragrans, B. ruderarius) and Bombus lucorum-complex (including two very similar species Bombus cryptarum and B. lucorum). The information on the specimens’ location and brief notes on the plants on which they were foraging is provided. Five of the analyzed species and Bombus lucorum-complex are listed in the category “Least Concern” of the IUCN Red List. Bombus fragrans is listed as “Endangered” and is under threat from the intensification of agriculture, habitat shifting and alteration, climate change (droughts, temperature extremes), besides this species is also subject to commercial collection.
Conclusions. We found new locality records for three Bombus species: B. campestris recorded from Izmir for the first time, B. terrestris – from Kocaeli and B. hortorum from Antalya, Aydın, Eskişehir and Izmir provinces. Further studies aiming to improve the knowledge on Bombus fauna should focus on collecting in little-known areas and some specific habitats of Turkey.
... This tool is useful in insect taxonomy for discriminating and diagnosing taxa at different levels (e.g., Pretorius 2005;Petit et al. 2006;Francoy et al. 2009Francoy et al. , 2012Sadeghi et al. 2009;Perrard et al. 2014;Van Cann et al. 2015), as well as in paleontology for assessing taxonomic affinities of fossils with contemporary and extinct taxa (e.g., Kennedy et al. 2009;Michez et al. 2009a;De Meulemeester et al. 2012;Wappler et al. 2012;Dehon et al. 2014Dehon et al. , 2017Dewulf et al. 2014;Perrard et al. 2016;Prokop et al. 2017). Several studies have demonstrated the utility of forewing shape analyses for diagnosing subgenera, species, and populations of bumble bees, depending on rearing conditions (e.g., Aytekin et al. 2007;Barkan and Aytekin 2013;Gérard et al. 2018). ...
Bumble bees ( Bombus spp.) are a widespread corbiculate lineage (Apinae: Corbiculata: Bombini), mostly found among temperate and alpine ecosystems. Approximately 260 species have been recognized and grouped recently into a simplified system of 15 subgenera. Most of the species are nest-building and primitively eusocial. Species of Bombus have been more intensely studied than any other lineages of bees with the exception of the honey bees. However, most bumble bee fossils are poorly described and documented, making their placement relative to other Bombus uncertain. A large portion of the known and presumed bumble bee fossils were re-examined in an attempt to better understand their affinities with extant Bombini. The taxonomic affinities of fossil specimens were re-assessed based on morphological features and previous descriptions, and for 13 specimens based on geometric morphometrics of forewing shape. None of the specimens coming from Eocene and Oligocene deposits were assigned within the contemporary shape space of any subgenus of Bombus . It is shown that Calyptapis florissantensis Cockerell, 1906 (Eocene-Oligocene boundary, Florissant shale, Colorado, USA) and Oligobombus cuspidatus Antropov, 2014 (Late Eocene, Bembridge Marls) likely belong to stem-group Bombini. Bombus anacolus Zhang, 1994, B. dilectus Zhang, 1994, B. luianus Zhang, 1990 (Middle Miocene, Shanwang Formation), as well as B. vetustus Rasnitsyn & Michener, 1991 (Miocene, Botchi Formation) are considered as species inquirenda. In the Miocene, affinities of fossils with derived subgenera of Bombus s. l. increased, and some are included in the shape space of contemporary subgenera: Cullumanobombus (i.e., B. pristinus Unger, 1867, B. randeckensis Wappler & Engel, 2012, and B. trophonius Prokop, Dehon, Michez & Engel, 2017), Melanobombus (i.e., B. cerdanyensis Dehon, De Meulemeester & Engel, 2014), and Mendacibombus (i.e., B. beskonakensis (Nel & Petrulevičius, 2003), new combination), agreeing with previous estimates of diversification.
... This tool is useful in insect taxonomy for discriminating and diagnosing taxa at different levels (e.g., Pretorius 2005;Petit et al. 2006;Francoy et al. 2009Francoy et al. , 2012Sadeghi et al. 2009;Perrard et al. 2014;Van Cann et al. 2015), as well as in paleontology for assessing taxonomic affinities of fossils with contemporary and extinct taxa (e.g., Kennedy et al. 2009;Michez et al. 2009a;De Meulemeester et al. 2012;Wappler et al. 2012;Dehon et al. 2014Dehon et al. , 2017Dewulf et al. 2014;Perrard et al. 2016;Prokop et al. 2017). Several studies have demonstrated the utility of forewing shape analyses for diagnosing subgenera, species, and populations of bumble bees, depending on rearing conditions (e.g., Aytekin et al. 2007;Barkan and Aytekin 2013;Gérard et al. 2018). ...
Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are a widespread corbiculate lineage (Apinae: Corbiculata: Bombini), mostly found among temperate and alpine ecosystems. Approximately 260 species have been recognized and grouped recently into a simplified system of 15 subgenera. Most of the species are nest-building and primitively eusocial. Species of Bombus have been more intensely studied than any other lineages of bees with the exception of the honey bees. However, most bumble bee fossils are poorly described and documented, making their placement relative to other Bombus uncertain. A large portion of the known and presumed bumble bee fossils were reexamined in an attempt to better understand their affinities with extant Bombini. The taxonomic affinities of fossil specimens were reassessed based on morphological features and previous descriptions, and for 13 specimens based on geometric morphometrics of forewing shape. None of the specimens coming from Eocene and Oligocene deposits were assigned within the contemporary shape space of any subgenus of Bombus. It is shown that Calyptapis florissantensis Cockerell, 1906 (Eocene-Oligocene boundary, Florissant shale, Colorado, USA) and Oligobombus cuspidatus Antropov, 2014 (Late Eocene, Bembridge Marls) likely belong to stem-group Bombini.
... This is especially true for the Thoracobombus subgenus, which consists of 14 species in Turkey that are morphologically difficult to separate. To overcome this, we have previously used landmark-based geometric morphometrics on their wing structure [28]. Other approaches, such as the use of pheromone analysis [29][30][31][32] and DNA-based molecular techniques [33][34][35][36][37][38][39] have also been used in differentiating bumble bee species. ...
... Turkey is one of the countries with the highest number and diversity of bumble bee species in the in the West-Palearctic region [28]. The main aim of this study is to determine and compare the venom protein profiles of different Thoracobombus species in Turkey using bottom-up proteomic strategies. ...
Venomous animals use venom, a complex biofluid composed of unique mixtures of proteins and peptides, to act on vital systems of the prey or predator. In bees, venom is solely used for defense against predators. However, the venom composition of bumble bees (Bombus sp.) is largely unknown. The Thoracobombus subgenus of Bombus sp. is a diverse subgenus represented by 14 members across Turkey. In this study, we sought out to proteomically characterize the venom of five Thoracobombus species by using bottom-up proteomic techniques. We have obtained two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel (2D-PAGE) images of each species’ venom sample. We have subsequently identified the protein spots by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We have identified 47 proteins for Bombus humilis, 32 for B. pascuorum, 60 for B. ruderarius, 39 for B. sylvarum, and 35 for B. zonatus. Moreover, we illustrated that intensities of 2DE protein spots corresponding to putative venom toxins vary in a species-specific manner. Our analyses provide the primary proteomic characterization of five bumble bee species’ venom composition.
... The method is rather robust at diagnosing and discriminating taxa at different levels (e.g., Pretorius 2005, Petit et al. 2006, Sadeghi et al. 2009, Francoy et al. 2012, Perrard et al. 2014, and has been employed successfully in palaeontological studies for evaluating the taxonomic affini-ties of otherwise difficult to determine fossils (e.g., Kennedy et al. 2009, Michez et al. 2009, Dewulf et al. 2014, Perrard et al. 2016. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the application of forewing shape analyses for discriminating subgenera, species, and populations of bumble bees (e.g., Aytekin et al. 2007, Barkan and Aytekin 2013. ...
A new species of fossil bumble bee (Apinae: Bombini) is described and figured from Early Miocene (Burdigalian) deposits of the Most Basin at the Bílina Mine, Czech Republic. Bombus trophonius sp. n., is placed within the subgenus Cullumanobombus Vogt and distinguished from the several species groups therein. The species is apparently most similar to the Nearctic B. (Cullumanobombus) rufocinctus Cresson, the earliest-diverging species within the clade and the two may be related only by symplesiomorphies. The age of the fossil is in rough accordance with divergence estimations for Cullumanobombus.
... Because they are distinct from discrete characters that are commonly used in typical taxonomy, continuously changing morphological structures are used in geometric morphometrics, which could obtain more morphological information. Use of geometric morphometrics has increased rapidly in insect taxonomy over the past decade (Aytekin et al., 2007;De Meulemeester et al., 2012;Barkan and Aytekin, 2013;Zinetti et al., 2013). ...
To study the intraspecies taxonomy of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera), geometric morphometrics analyses can now replace the standard morphometry method, yet its availability for microtaxonomy of the Asian honeybee (Apis cerana F.) has not been reported. In order to assess effectiveness of geometric morphometrics analyses using the forewing in the microtaxonomy of the Asian honeybee, 180 individual worker bees were sampled from three sample sites, Jilin, Hainan, and Shaanxi, representing different habitats for A. cerana within China. Bees were analyzed by discrimination analysis using three methods: (1) standard morphometry method with 33 traditional characters, (2) simplified standard morphometry method with only 11 wing vein angles, and (3) geometric morphometrics analyses with 18 wing vein junctions. The results revealed that geometric morphometrics analyses could reflect the variability information of the forewing vein structures of A. cerana. Morphological differentiation at the three sample sites was identified. Cross-validation indicated the percentage of individuals falling into each sample site, were 98.3%, 95.0%, and 88.3% for Jilin, Hainan, and Shaanxi, respectively. Geometric morphometrics analyses produced classification results similar to those produced using the standard morphometry method, and it was superior for presenting the wing vein variability information compared to the simplified standard morphometry method. Therefore, we conclude that geometric morphometrics analyses could be efficient and effective in the microtaxonomy of A. cerana. Furthermore, geometric morphometrics is a potential method for resolving A. cerana subspecies classification issues.
... These classification still largely accepted by the authors. However subgeneric classification within this genus is highly controversial (Barkan and Aytekin, 2013). These discussions were also related with the methodologies used to estimate the taxa. ...
... Detailed morphological characters are potentially useful in species recognition and diagnosis (Gonzalez et al., 2013); but with the fact that the decisions are connected with the experience of taxonomist and that is for they are not as objective as they have to. Using semi-automatic taxonomical system integrated with taxonomist's experience, mathematics and statistics (Aytekin et al., 2007; De Meulemeester et al., 2009; Wappler et al., 2012; Barkan and Aytekin, 2013) can give us a simplified and stable classification. In this way, evaluating the characters of the male genitalia of Bombus species by a different methodology can provide us a new point of view. ...
There are several unaddressed problems in the taxonomy of bumblebees which motivate researchers to look for alternative methods. The morphological characters of the male genitalia are reliable and also distinctive for bumblebee taxonomy as in most of the other insect groups. However, it is always used to identify species of bumblebees but not used in its higher classification. Maybe because of the complex morphology, quantitative analysis such as geometric morphometrics on the male genitalia have been neglected so far. The structure of this organ is not proper for 2D-landmark based morphometrics. Therefore, we aimed to make an Elliptic Fourier shape Analysis (EFA) to explore the shape differences of male genitalia among the members of four different subgenera (Megabombus Dalla Torre, Melanobombus Dalla Torre, Subterraneobombus Vogt and Thorachobombus Dalla Torre) of Bombus (s. lato) Latreille distributed in Turkey. Nineteen species were used for analysis and their Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs) for dorsal view were described. Ordination methods, such as Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), were used to discriminate the different subgenera based on the male genitalia shape. As a result of these analyses all the methods gave us promising results in discriminating the subgeneric boundaries between previously assigned groups. This is the first study in which male genitalia of bumblebees were defined quantitatively. The results suggest an alternative methodology in establishing higher classification of bumblebees.
The rapidly increasing world population creates more need for shelter, transportation, energy, and nutrition, leading to the construction of new settlements and agricultural areas, making habitats fragmented, endangering many species and a significant portion of local populations. Biodiversity is adversely affected by the deterioration of the functioning, and the integrity of habitat ecosystems. Insects, which constitute an important part of the animal kingdom, and exist all over the globe, affect human life both directly and indirectly, and are an indispensable part of the food chain; yet insect diversity is also under serious threat. Anatolia is a land where rich habitat and climate diversity are observed, being as rich as the whole of continental Europe in terms of plant and insect diversity on its own. In this review, the origins of, and the contributing factors to, insect diversity in Turkey is examined through data on a few specific insect groups that dwell steppe, aquatic, cave, and mountainous regions.
