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Richness of restricted-range species. Richness of the 25% of species with the smallest ranges. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151895.g002
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Understanding the spatial distribution of species sheds light on the group's biogeographical history, offers clues to the drivers of diversity, and helps to guide conservation strategies. Here, we compile geographic range information for South America's diverse rodents, whose 14 families comprise ~50% of the continent's mammalian species. The South...
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... La riqueza de especies de la subfamilia varía latitudinalmente, reduciéndose notablemente hacia el extremo sur de su distribución (e.g. Maestri & Patterson, 2016). De las 13 tribus actualmente reconocidas en Sigmodontinae, siete están presentes en Chile (i.e. ...
Rodentia Bowdich, 1821, constituye el orden más diverso de mamíferos a nivel mundial. De éstos, la subfamilia Sigmodontinae Wagner, 1843 reúne ca. 490 especies, distribuidas mayormente en el Neotrópico. En Chile, el número de especies de sigmodontinos supera ampliamente la diversidad de otros grupos de roedores, pero el número de especies disminuye marcadamente hacia latitudes mayores. La Reserva de Biósfera Cabo de Hornos (RBCH), ubicada en el extremo austral del continente americano, alberga especies de abrotriquinos, euneominos y orizominos y algunas formas nominales pertenecientes a estas tribus, cuya distinción específica no ha sido explorada desde su descripción. Los pocos antecedentes sobre los roedores de la RBCH incluyen información anecdótica de exploradores y naturalistas del siglo XIX e inicios del XX. El presente estudio es un primer acercamiento a la caracterización del ensamble actual de roedores nativos de la RBCH y la variación genética de la especie con mayor abundancia y amplia distribución en los archipiélagos del extremo sur de Chile. Entre el 2002 y el 2023 se han realizado 10 expediciones a los Parques Nacionales Alberto de Agostini, Cabo de Hornos y Yendegaia. Durante las expediciones realizadas en el 2023, se colectaron 106 individuos de Abrothrix lanosa (Thomas, 1897)(n=1), A. olivacea (Waterhouse, 1837)(n= 93) y Oligoryzomys longicaudatus (Bennett, 1832) (n=12). El ratón oliváceo (A. olivacea)no solo fue la especie más abundante, sino que también la única capturada en la porción más austral de la RBCH. Análisis exploratorios de la variación genética de A. olivacea revelan la falta de estructura filogeográfica con bajos niveles de divergencia entre especímenes del sur de Chile continental, Tierra del Fuego y Cabo de Hornos.
... South American rodent faunas comprise the descendants of ancient endemic radiations of caviomorphs (capybaras, agoutis, porcupines, spiny rats, etc.) together with more recent radiations of squirrels and cricetids (Maestri and Patterson, 2016;Abreu et al., 2020a). These species vary greatly in size (from about 10 grams to almost 80 kilograms) and they have disparate ecobehavioral traits: some are terrestrial whereas others are arboreal or semiaquatic; many are granivores, whereas others eat fruit, leaves, or bark; most are nocturnal, but a few are strictly diurnal (Emmons, 1997;. ...
... Yet, they continue to spill over and cause disease annually, often in lower and middle-income countries. Considering the high genetic diversity within numerous New World mammarenaviruses [5,29], the high biodiversity of potential rodent reservoir species [30], and the tendency to neglect these and similar tropical diseases in research and public health discourse, it is likely that New World mammarenaviruses represent an underappreciated public health challenge. Here, we review the New World mammarenaviruses. ...
Despite repeated spillover transmission and their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human hosts, the New World mammarenaviruses remain largely understudied. These viruses are endemic to South America, with animal reservoir hosts covering large geographic areas and whose transmission ecology and spillover potential are driven in part by land use change and agriculture that put humans in regular contact with zoonotic hosts.
We compiled published studies about Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Sabia virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus to review the state of knowledge about the viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by New World mammarenaviruses. We summarize what is known about rodent reservoirs, the conditions of spillover transmission for each of these pathogens, and the characteristics of human populations at greatest risk for hemorrhagic fever diseases. We also review the implications of repeated outbreaks and biosecurity concerns where these diseases are endemic, and steps that countries can take to strengthen surveillance and increase capacity of local healthcare systems. While there are unique risks posed by each of these six viruses, their ecological and epidemiological similarities suggest common steps to mitigate spillover transmission and better contain future outbreaks.
... Vertebrates are commonly the best-known groups of most faunal assemblages globally, but small sized mammals (i.e., rodents and didelphid marsupials) are, still, largely unsampled in vast portions of the Neotropics, including eastern Andean slopes, areas that have been documented as important biodiversity hotspots for these groups (Maestri & Patterson, 2016;Prado et al., 2015;Rengifo et al., 2022). An important factor hindering rapid advances in diversity recognition in these hyperdiverse but poorly studied areas is the difficulty of species identification. ...
... Topography is also the main factor explaining the spatial pattern of species richness of Atlantic Forest marsupials, while temperature seasonality is the most critical driver of endemic species richness (Delciellos et al. 2022). Species richness of South American rodents is correlated with latitude, but also with the existing altitudinal gradient on the continent (Maestri & Patterson 2016). ...
In the core of the Atlantic Forest biome, the Serra da Bocaina National Park (SBNP) is located in the Atlantic Forest Southeast area of endemism for vertebrates. Filling gaps in knowledge about the spatial distribution and occurrence of species in national parks is of fundamental importance to know how many species are protected and to guide conservation initiatives. Here we updated the non-volant small mammal species list of the SBNP, providing new data on species list and abundance, with species identified mainly by karyotype and/or molecular analysis. Twelve sampling sessions with a capture-mark-recapture approach were carried out in four sites in the SBNP from 2013 to 2016, during the paving works of the state highway RJ-165 (Estrada Parque Paraty-Cunha), municipality of Paraty, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Non-volant small mammals (Rodentia and Didelphimorphia) were sampled using Sherman® and Tomahawk® live traps (18,987 trap-nights) and pitfall traps (4,591 trap-nights). Thirty-two species (11 marsupials and 21 rodents) were recorded from 1,185 captured specimens. Species richness ranged from 18 to 28 between sites. Ten and 11 species were exclusively captured in live traps and pitfall traps, respectively. The observed richness (32 species) represented 91.4% of the estimated species richness for the study area. Sites 2 and 4 were the most similar to each other regarding species composition, and site 3 was the most dissimilar. The species with highest relative abundance were Euryoryzomys russatus (14%) and Delomys dorsalis (14%), while six species had relative abundances lower than 1%. Fourteen and 17 species were identified by karyotype and molecular analysis, respectively. The present study added 22 species to the park’s non-volant small mammals list, which now has 37 species with confirmed occurrence. This species richness found in the SBNP is one of the highest ever recorded for the group of non-volant small mammals in protected areas of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, corroborating the Serra da Bocaina region as a biodiversity hotspot.
... The Andean region has been an important scenario in the evolutionary history of small mammals (Hershkovitz 1969;Reig 1981Reig , 1986Marquet 1994;Ojeda et al. 2000;Palma et al. 2005;Maestri and Patterson 2016;Vallejos-Garrido et al. 2023). Among these, rodents are the most diverse of all mammalian groups worldwide (accounting for more than 42% of all species; Burgin et al. 2018;D'Elía 2019) and occupy most terrestrial environments (including subterranean, semiaquatic, arboreal, scansorial, and cursorial forms; Ojeda et al. 2016;D'Elía et al. 2019). ...
... Within the Andes region, rodent species richness and turnover across geographic and elevational gradients (i.e. beta diversity) are among the highest on Earth (Maestri and Patterson 2016;Vallejos-Garrido et al. 2023). Moreover, it is considered one of the regions where the most species ranges overlap, and where several small or restricted-range species coexist (Maestri and Patterson 2016), leading to high levels of local (i.e. ...
... beta diversity) are among the highest on Earth (Maestri and Patterson 2016;Vallejos-Garrido et al. 2023). Moreover, it is considered one of the regions where the most species ranges overlap, and where several small or restricted-range species coexist (Maestri and Patterson 2016), leading to high levels of local (i.e. alpha) diversity. ...
The Andes are known to be one of the most species-rich regions on Earth, with their origination promoting formation of new habitats and acting as climatic barriers. This orogenic event was structured latitudinally with 3 major segments having different formation times and with different environmental and historical conditions. The Andean region has been historically important in the evolutionary history of small mammals and is considered the region of Earth with the highest values of rodent species richness and turnover. Therefore, the region provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate mechanisms involved in structuring rodent assemblages and beta diversity patterns. Here, we assessed spatial patterns of rodent beta diversity along the Andes Mountains, with specific goals of examining patterns of turnover and nestedness as 2 recognized processes that drive species composition. We explored the role of spatial, climate, and historical factors on beta diversity patterns using geographic range maps for 432 rodent species to construct a species presence–absence matrix. We used piecewise regressions to identify latitudinal breakpoints in turnover and nestedness, and conducted multiple regressions and variation-partitioning approaches to assess the contribution of each set of postulated drivers in shaping beta diversity patterns. Beta diversity decreases from north to south. The highest turnover was located at the Northern Andes (5°N and 10°S) and western-central Andes (20°S and 35°S). Nestedness was higher below 40°S and in some areas of the western-central Andes between 15° and 20°S. Turnover and nestedness registered breakpoints coincident with the Central and Southern Andes limit. Turnover explained most of the beta diversity for all segments, although within the Southern Andes there was also some contribution of nestedness. In all segments, beta diversity was mainly explained by spatial factors with minor contributions from spatially structured climate (Northern Andes), interaction of all factors (Central Andes), and the interaction between current climate and history (Southern Andes).
... shelters and nests appropriate for the development of pre-imaginal fleas; Krasnov et al. 2004a). When the majority of small mammal species are taken into account, the latitudinal pattern of their SR conforms to a classical latitudinal gradient (Maestri and Patterson 2016). ...
We studied latitudinal patterns in the species richness (SR), the phylogenetic diversity (PD), and the functional diversity (FD) of fleas and their mammalian hosts. We asked whether these patterns in either fleas, hosts, or both 1) conform to a classical latitudinal gradient; 2) vary geographically; and 3) differ between fleas and hosts. We also asked whether the patterns of PD and FD follow those of SR. We collected data on the latitudinal distribution of 1022 flea and 900 mammal species from literature sources and calculated the SR, PD, and FD of both groups in 1° latitude bands. Then, we used broken-stick regression models to analyse separately the latitudinal variation of 1) each diversity facet and 2) fleas and hosts in each geographic quadrant. The classical latitudinal gradient pattern was not found in either fleas or hosts across any facet of diversity or geographic quadrant, except for the PD of fleas in the southeastern quadrant and the FD of hosts in the southwestern quadrant. Latitudinal patterns of the SR, PD and FD of fleas and hosts differed substantially between geographic quadrants. Furthermore, the latitudinal distributions of flea and host SR were similar in three of four quadrants (except the northeastern quadrant), whereas the latitudinal distributions of flea and host PD were similar in the southwestern quadrant only. No similarity in flea versus host FD was revealed. The latitudinal patterns of flea and host PD and FD mostly did not follow those of their SR. We conclude that latitudinal gradients of species richness and phylogenetic and functional diversity appeared not to be universal phenomena. Instead, the latitudinal distributions of these diversity facets represent an interplay of ecological (current and past) and historical processes. For parasites, the processes acting on hosts add another layer of complexity underlying their latitudinal diversity patterns.
... Among them, small non-volant mammals are a key focus for research due to their remarkable diversity and, generally, limited geographic ranges (do Prado et al., 2015). However, our understanding of this diversity remains incomplete, as indicated by the discovery of new taxa in recent years (Maestri & Patterson, 2016). ...
Desde hace algunos años, investigadores de la Abilene Christian University y del Museo de Zoología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador hemos realizado estudios de campo sistemáticos enfocados en caracterizar la diversidad de pequeños mamíferos en distintas zonas de la Cordillera de los Andes del Ecuador. En 2021 estudiamos la diversidad de mamíferos de la Reserva Tapichalaca, en la provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador. El hábitat corresponde a bosque nublado de los Andes orientales. Las empinadas laderas de las montañas y las altas precipitaciones en este hábitat provocan frecuentes deslizamientos de tierra que dan como resultado densos bosques secundarios. La reserva fue establecida para la protección de la gralaria de Jocotoco (Passeriformes: Grallariidae, Grallaria ridgelyi) que solo se conoce de Tapichalaca y algunos otros bosques de montanos cercanos. Las especies de mamíferos registradas fueron: Didelphis pernigra, Marmosops caucae, Caenolestes condorensis, Syntheosciurus granatensis, Oreoryzomys balneator, Akodon aerosus, Nephelomys albigularis, Thomasomys aureus, T. caudivarius, T. fumeus, T. taczanowskii, Cuniculus tazanowskii, Coendou rufescens, Anoura geoffroyi, Sturnira bidens, S. erythromos, Myotis oxyotus, Leopardus tigrinus y Nasua olivacea.
... Understanding spatial and phylogenetic patterns of species richness is fundamental for assessing threats to species, testing hypotheses about the mechanisms shaping these patterns, and shedding light on the evolutionary history of taxa (Morrone, 2009;Maestri & Patterson, 2016). By incorporating phylogenetic information, we can identify historical patterns and contribute to the development of effective conservation strategies that maximize conservation outcomes while safeguarding evolutionary processes (Zhang et al., 2022). ...
The disparity in species richness among clades of angiosperms is partly explained by differences in evolutionary and biogeographic processes; however, part of this imbalance remains elusive. The relationships between species diversification
and key innovations, as well as the impact of clade age, are also predicted to explain such disparities. This relationship has not been examined using phylogeny-based approaches based on holomorphology, i.e., concatenated morphological
and molecular datasets. Despite some large-scale evolutionary studies that have contributed to the knowledge of Brazilian flora, the evolutionary history of angiosperms endemic to Brazilian provinces has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study had two principal targets. First, we investigated the species richness and distribution patterns of endemic angiosperm genera. Secondly, we perform a phylogenetic analysis based on holomorphology to examine the relationship between species diversification and putative key innovations (by homology assessments) and the effects of clade age on diversification in species-rich genera. We identified the occurrence of 341 exclusive genera (45% monotypic) in 61 families. Our results indicate a positive correlation between diversification and the number of putative key innovations per order but a negative or non-existent one per family. Furthermore, our findings contradict the idea that clade age is associated with species-rich genera, challenging the notion that clade age is a determining factor in species richness. The results showed that 14 traits are closely associated with diversification, and the confluence between biotic and abiotic factors drove the diversification of species-rich genera in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Parana provinces.
... Exploring and understanding the geographical pattern of soil biodiversity is an important and long-standing task for biogeography and macroecology in the context of climate change in the Anthropocene. Patterns across latitudinal, longitudinal, and elevational gradients are of widespread concern for biodiversity, including plants [1], birds [2], mammals [3], and invertebrates [4] at genetic [5], species [6], community [7], and ecosystem [8] levels. ...
Soil biodiversity plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility and agricultural health. Exploring the patterns of soil fauna diversity across geographical gradients is a fundamental and crucial scientific topic for understanding the mechanisms of soil biodiversity in farmlands. However, the spatial pattern of soil fauna diversity across longitudinal gradients has received far less attention. In order to explore the longitudinal pattern (west to east) of the composition and diversity of the soil oribatid mite community in paddy fields along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR), an investigation was carried out in July 2021 at nine sites spanning a longitudinal range of 8.86° (906 km) in southeastern China. In total, 19 taxa and 2392 individuals were observed with a density of 1535.47/m2. Protoribates and Ceratozetes were the most dominant and widely distributed genera along MLYR. The distribution patterns of the richness, abundance, and diversity index were obvious across the longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. The longitudinal pattern showed a quadratic distribution of first increasing and then decreasing, while the latitudinal pattern showed an increasing pattern with the increase in latitude (unimodal pattern). The influence of latitude on the abundance of the soil oribatid mite community was greater than that of longitude, and the influence of longitude on richness and the corresponding diversity index was greater. The dominance index did not show a distribution pattern in the longitudinal and latitudinal directions, while the evenness index showed only the distribution pattern in the longitudinal direction, and the latitudinal pattern was not significant. The results of this study suggest that the diversity of the soil oribatid mite community along MLYR displays both longitudinal and latitudinal patterns in paddy fields. Moreover, we highlighted the importance of integrating longitudinal and latitudinal patterns into spatial patterns of the soil fauna community in farmlands at a regional scale.
