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Results of the mediated model for CogState scores. Model fit = Chi-square (156) = 192.55, CFI = .974, RMSEA = .023, SRMR = .033. N = 430. VMI = visual-motor integration. Standard coefficients are shown. Endogenous variables were correlated (coefficients shown in Supplemental Table 1). Model controlled for sex, age, amount of formula intake, infant mental development index, maternal IQ, home environment, and family SES. + p < .06. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
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Objective: This study examined how the lower cognitive skills in children who consumed iron-fortified formula in infancy relate to outcomes in young adulthood.
Methods: Participants were 443 Chilean young adults (M age = 21.2y, 55% female) who took part in a randomized controlled iron-deficiency anemia preventive trial during infancy (6–12 m). Slig...
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Citations
... Through a judicious amalgamation of quantitative performance metrics and the qualitative tapestry of reflections, a multidimensional understanding of educational technology's metamorphic potential is unveiled. Notably conspicuous is the statistically significant amelioration observed in pre-and post-assessment scores, a potent testament to the efficacy of technologyamplified learning in fortifying students' command over intricate nutrition science concepts (Rotz et al., 2019;East et al., 2022;Lotan et al., 2023;Landry et al., 2022). The symbiotic relationship between robust engagement with interactive modules and a resounding mastery of complex subjects casts a luminous spotlight on technology's pivotal role in cultivating profound cognitive assimilation (Dennen & Burner, 2013;Park & Cho, 2022;Baker & Fang, 2021). ...
The field of nutrition science education at Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya is transforming, leveraging educational technology to enhance learning outcomes. This study delves into the innovative utilization of educational technology in optimizing nutrition science education. By employing an approach that melds technology and pedagogy, this research aims to elevate the professional development of students. By exploring cutting-edge educational technologies, the study underscores the potential of innovative approaches to reshaping the landscape of nutrition science education. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on effective pedagogical practices and technology integration in academic settings, explicitly focusing on nutrition science education. The findings offer insights into fostering a dynamic learning environment that nurtures professional growth among students in the field of nutrition science. Keywords: Educational Technology, Professional Development, Innovative Approaches
... In weanling rats, neurobehavioral dysfunctions associated with dietary iron overload were similar to those observed in iron-deficient animals [107], and a review of preclinical data identified a consistent adverse effect of high neonatal iron intake on brain-health-related outcomes in adulthood [108]. In humans, both low and high fetal iron status were associated with poor intelligence at the age of five [109], and administration of high-iron-fortified formula to infants without anemia was associated with poor performance across multiple neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed at childhood [110], adolescence [111] and young adulthood [112]. Finally, while epidemiological and translational data indicate that maternal and perinatal iron deficiency may predispose to schizophrenia [113][114][115], animal data reveal that upon institution of iron-replete diets, early iron deficiency may rapidly turn into excessive iron accumulation in the PFC and other brain regions [116,117]. ...
Despite loss of grey matter volume and emergence of distinct cognitive deficits in young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia, current treatments for schizophrenia do not target disruptions in late maturational reshaping of the prefrontal cortex. Iron, the most abundant transition metal in the brain, is essential to brain development and function, but in excess, it can impair major neurotransmission systems and lead to lipid peroxidation, neuroinflammation and accelerated aging. However, analysis of cortical iron biology in schizophrenia has not been reported in modern literature. Using a combination of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and western blots, we quantified iron and its major-storage protein, ferritin, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex specimens obtained from three independent, well-characterised brain tissue resources. Compared to matched controls (n = 85), among schizophrenia cases (n = 86) we found elevated tissue iron, unlikely to be confounded by demographic and lifestyle variables, by duration, dose and type of antipsychotic medications used or by copper and zinc levels. We further observed a loss of physiologic age-dependent iron accumulation among people with schizophrenia, in that the iron level among cases was already high in young adulthood. Ferritin, which stores iron in a redox-inactive form, was paradoxically decreased in individuals with the disorder. Such iron-ferritin uncoupling could alter free, chemically reactive, tissue iron in key reasoning and planning areas of the young-adult schizophrenia cortex. Using a prediction model based on iron and ferritin, our data provide a pathophysiologic link between perturbed cortical iron biology and schizophrenia and indicate that achievement of optimal cortical iron homeostasis could offer a new therapeutic target.
... Impacts on self-reported emotional health were also observed [71]. However, studies by this group also show that universal iron supplementation in formula may have detrimental effects highlighting the importance of targeting supplements to need [74,75]. Additional long-term studies include a potential association seen between maternal anemia (felt likely to be secondary to iron deficiency) and increased risk of psychiatric disorders in offspring [76,77], though these studies are observational in nature therefore results must be interpreted with caution. ...
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... At follow-up, children exposed to the high-iron formula in infancy had lower cognitive scores at 10 and 16 years of age [32]. A recent follow-up at 21 years of age showed similar results [33]. No clinical studies in humans have yet repeated this finding but the piglet iron overload-model referred above, found that piglets with iron overload had signs of iron overload in their hippocampus but also increased social recognition problems. ...
Purpose of review:
Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency and infants are at particular risk. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies that explored the metabolism of iron in infants as well as the risks and benefits of iron supplementation in different populations.
Recent findings:
The ability of infants to regulate iron homeostasis is not fully known but most likely different from adults. Reducing iron deficiency has beneficial effects on neurodevelopment but iron overload may have adverse functional effects including diarrhea and even poor neurodevelopment. Recent studies have confirmed benefits of delayed cord clamping and supplementation of infants in risk groups while iron supplementation to pregnant women has shown limited effect in the offspring with regard to iron status and neurodevelopment. Further support is given to the recommendation that exclusive breast feeding, without supplementation, is safe for normal birth weight infants until 6 months whereafter an iron-rich diet should be given.
Summary:
Iron deficiency negatively impacts global health but efforts to identify optimal interventions are progressing. Yet, questions remain, particularly regarding long-term risks, benefits and optimal interventions for low birth weight infants as well as the level of iron fortification in infant formula.
Despite loss of grey matter volume and emergence of distinct cognitive deficits in young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia, current treatments for schizophrenia do not target disruptions in late maturational reshaping of the prefrontal cortex. Iron, the most abundant transition metal in the brain, is essential to brain development and function, but in excess, it can impair major neurotransmission systems and lead to lipid peroxidation, neuroinflammation and accelerated aging. However, analysis of cortical iron biology in schizophrenia has not been reported in modern literature. Using a combination of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and western blots, we quantified iron and its major-storage protein, ferritin, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex specimens obtained from three independent, well-characterised brain tissue resources. Compared to matched controls (n=85), among schizophrenia cases (n=86) we found elevated tissue iron, unlikely to be confounded by demographic and lifestyle variables, by duration, dose and type of antipsychotic medications used or by copper levels. We further observed a loss of physiologic age-dependent iron accumulation among people with schizophrenia, in that iron level among cases was already high in young adulthood. Ferritin, which stores iron in a redox-inactive form, was paradoxically decreased in individuals with the disorder. Such iron-ferritin uncoupling would lead to more free, chemically reactive, tissue iron in key reasoning and planning areas of the young-adult schizophrenia cortex. Using a prediction model based on iron and ferritin, our data provide a pathophysiologic link between perturbed cortical iron biology and schizophrenia and indicate that achievement of optimal cortical iron homeostasis could offer a new therapeutic target.
Background
The microbiota plays a key role in early immunity maturation that affects infant health and is associated with the development of non-communicable diseases and allergies in later life.
Objective
The MYBIOTA is a prospective mother-infant cohort study in Malaysia aiming to determine the association between gut microbiota with infant health (temperament, gastrointestinal disorders, eczema, asthma, and developmental delays) in Selangor, Malaysia.
Methods
Pregnant mothers will be enrolled in their first trimester of pregnancy, and follow-ups will be done for infants during their first year of life. Maternal-infant biological samples (blood, feces, saliva, urine, and breast milk), anthropometric, dietary, and clinical information will be collected at different time points from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum.
Discussion
This study could provide a better understanding of the colonization and development of the gut microbiome during early life and its impact on infant health.
Clinical trial registration
https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04919265.
