Table 3 - uploaded by Witold Nowiński
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This study is focused on the issue of early in ternationalization. Its key research objective was to assess how endogenous and exogenous factors discussed in prior research on SME internationalization affect the speed of internationalization. The study is based on data collected via survey research conducted among small and medium private Polish ex...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... tested if multicollinearity could be a problem by calculating Variance Inflation Factors. Although the maximum VIF value for covariate international business experience of the management team did not exceed 2.5, taking into account its significant correlation with two other covariates we decided to estimate an additional model (no 2) which did not take into account this covariate (see Table 3). Maximum VIF value for this model was below 2. Model 3 was estimated using best-subset regression method based on Akaike Information Criterion in order to explore which covariates were the best predictors of the dependant variable. ...
Citations
... The concept of Entrepreneurship has found a place in studies related to BGs in two ways. The first one of these is the process (Časas et al., 2011;Di Gregorio et al., 2008;Hessels & van Stel, 2011), while the second one is the attitudes and behaviors of the entrepreneur (Belso-Martínez, 2006; Kaur & Sandhu, 2014;Kowalik et al., 2017;Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012). ...
Although scholars have examined the born globals (BGs) literature, extant reviews have not yet provided a dynamic approach to trace the development of literature. In response, the study aims to define the development of BGs literature by a dynamic perspective. The study focused on the network analysis of 609 out of 1034 documents published in the period from 2002 to 2020 about BGs collected from the Web of Science™ (WoS) Core Collection (CC), owing to carrying out that some documents were irrelevant or did not contain the keywords while the manual reading of abstracts. We applied the DPRel method which uses meta-path-based semi-metric measures to examine the longitudinal relatedness between the concepts in the networks, following the relevance path of Keywords (K)-Documents (D)-Keywords (K). According to the findings, 13 concepts in 5 different periods constitute the backbone of the literature at the macro-level. There are 58 concepts feeding the mainstream at the meso-level. At the micro-level, 26 concepts enrich the literature by supporting the backbone.
... This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council's grant PRG 1418 "Export(ers') performance in VUCA and non-VUCA environments". Secondly, several authors have indicated that internationalization success is not determined by a universal set of variables, but, rather, firms operating in different contexts are affected by different external factors, internal motivators and/or actions (Gorton and White, 2009;Nowi nski and Bakinowska, 2012;Putnin š, 2013). Thus, CEE firms' internationalization success could be caused or affected by different motivators, factors and actions than, for example, Latin American or Asian firms' success (Barło_ zewski and Trąpczy nski, 2021b; Koveshnikov et al., 2022). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to give an overview of the literature on Central and Eastern European (CEE) firms’ successful internationalization: different authors’ understanding of success, and, thereafter, these firms’ internationalization processes, external factors, internal motivators and actions that affect successful internationalizers’ initial and subsequent foreign activities, and, finally, internationalization outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a systematic-narrative hybrid literature review paper that focuses on CEE firms’ successful internationalization.
Findings
This paper concludes that CEE firms’ “success” is understood and measured differently, successful internationalizers can experience various internationalization paths, they are affected by a large number of external impact factors, internal motivators or actions and their internationalization outcomes vary considerably. Thus, there is no “ideal” type of successful internationalization: as different CEE firms can be called “successful”, they also follow different trajectories to achieve success.
Originality/value
To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first literature review paper that gives an overview on how success has been defined in studies about CEE firms’ internationalization, if some types of internationalizers have been considered more successful and if there are any important CEE-specific contextual factors or not.
... The international entrepreneurship literature has long focused on the early internationalisation of new ventures and placed a high value on the characteristics of entrepreneurs and managers, especially on their international experience. The international experience of powerful actors is considered a critical contributor to early internationalisation. Accordingly, cross-sectional data have been used and the earliness of internationalisation-the time elapsed between firm inception and its initial internationalisation event-inspected (Acedo and Jones, 2007;Ahmed and Brennan, 2019;Coeurderoy and Murray, 2008;Freixanet et al., 2018;Hsieh et al., 2019;Nowi nski and Bakinowska, 2012;Reuber and Fischer, 1997;Zucchella et al., 2007). However, this operationalisation disregards the post-entry period, when firms realise their present breadth and depth of international expansion (Zahoor and Al-Tabbaa, 2021). ...
... The positive effects of the prior international experience of top managers on the initial speed of internationalisation are generally supported. Several empirical studies have confirmed the role of international sales, work, or business experiences of TMTs in explaining the early internationalisation of SMEs or international new ventures (Coeurderoy and Murray, 2008;Hashai and Zahra, 2022;Luo et al., 2005;Nowi nski and Bakinowska, 2012;Reuber and Fischer, 1997). Some other studies examine the international experience of Chair's functional variety and power in SMEs individual managers. ...
Purpose
Previous research features the international experience of managers in the decisions regarding internationalisation speed. However, the vitality of the role a chairperson plays in shaping the internationalisation decisions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from emerging economies is intriguing. Moreover, the decision-making process and leadership context of SME internationalisation are not fully understood. Drawing upon the upper echelons decision-making theory and the cognitive perspectives of decision, this paper examines the impact of a chairperson's previous experience on the post-entry speed of internationalisation, highlighting the conditioning effects of leadership contingencies – the functional variety and power of the chairperson.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses a panel data set of Chinese SMEs active from 2010 to 2019 to test the research hypotheses. A feasible generalised least-squares estimator was applied to test the hypotheses.
Findings
The results show that the international experience of a chairperson speeds up the depth and breadth of the post-entry speed of internationalisation. However, the strength of these relationships depends on the leadership context. The chairperson's functional variety alleviates the influence of international experience, whilst the power of the chairperson reinforces its impact.
Originality/value
The results show that the international experience of a chairperson speeds up the depth and breadth of the post-entry speed of internationalisation. However, the strength of these relationships depends on the leadership context. The chairperson's functional variety alleviates the influence of international experience, whilst the power of the chairperson reinforces its impact.
... In terms of post-internationalization speed, several scholars have found that international experience driven by the international team is crucial for post-entry internationalization speed (Luo et al., 2005;Coeurderoy & Murray, 2008). However, for other scholars, the team's experience was not relevant (Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012). There is a similar disagreement around the level of education of the team as part of its experiential knowledge. ...
... There is a similar disagreement around the level of education of the team as part of its experiential knowledge. Lamotte and Colovic (2015) found this to be relevant, whereas Acedo and Jones (2007), Nowiński and Bakinowska (2012), and Coeurderoy and Murray (2008) found that entrepreneurial cognition was not relevant in explaining internationalization speed. This lack of consensus implies that an interactive effect may be hidden and may be related to how the entrepreneur thinks and acts (i.e., the entrepreneur's cognition). ...
... Studies of the speed of the entire internationalization process, including the periods of preinternationalization (e.g., Aygoren & Kadakal, 2018;Li et al., 2015;Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012;Teixeira & Coimbra, 2014) and post-internationalization (Casillas & Moreno-Menéndez, 2014;Johanson & Kalinic, 2016;Lin, 2012;Mohr & Batsakis, 2014;Hilmersson et al., 2017), have identified two drivers of the speed of internationalization: internal factors, which are strategic factors such as entering international markets to possess and gain competitive advantage; and external factors, which are networks (Musteen et al., 2010), in other words, the number of relationships established by the company (Silva et al., 2012). Internal factors are crucial in this investigation since these are closely related to action stemming from entrepreneurial cognition (Pla-Barber & Escribá-Esteve, 2006). ...
This study explores the influence that entrepreneurial cognition, in terms of the dichotomy
in human information processing, has on the earliness of internationalization and post-entry speed. Entrepreneurial cognition is investigated through the lens of the dual-process theory, which posits that human information processing is formed of two systems, the experiential cognitive system (System 1) and the rational and analytical cognitive system (System 2). The speed of the entire internationalization process is analyzed in terms of earliness (how soon after inception a company enters its first international market) and post-entry speed (how fast it enters new markets after the first internationalization). Drawing on ten cases, we find that companies that internationalized earlier and faster were managed by entrepreneurs with higher levels of the experiential cognitive system. In contrast, companies that internationalized later and more gradually were managed by entrepreneurs with higher levels of the rational cognitive system. Thus, our study reveals that the speed of the entire process of internationalization is governed, at least partially, by the entrepreneur’s cognition. On the basis of our findings, we introduce three propositions on the moderation that the entrepreneur’s cognition exerts on the well-established relations between environmental signals and both earliness of internationalization and post-internationalization speed.
... The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences between groups with defects and a healthy group for all the studied parameters. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between variables [24]. The probability function of the anomalies in neonates (e.g., birth defects, macrosomia, and newborn disorders) depending on the values of the elements and folate in the AF and MS was analyzed (Figures 1 and 2). ...
Congenital birth defects may result in a critical condition affecting the baby, including severe fetal/neonatal handicap and mortality. Several studies have shown that genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors may have an impact on fetal development and neonatal health. The relevance of essential and toxic elements on fetal development has not yet been fully investigated, and the results of recent research indicate that these elements may be crucial in the assessment of the risk of malformations in neonates. We determined the association between essential and toxic elements and the level of folate in maternal serum (MS) and amniotic fluid (AF), along with neonatal abnormalities. A total of 258 pregnant Polish women in the age group of 17–42 years participated in this study. AF and MS were collected during vaginal delivery or during cesarean section. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique was used to determine the levels of various elements in AF and MS. The results of this exploratory study indicate that the levels of essential and toxic elements are associated with fetal and newborn anatomical abnormalities and growth disorders.
... These experiences are likely connected with the construction of relational capital. In this respect, international networking is a relevant factor influencing internationalization of SMEs, including the speed of internationalization (Johanson & Vahlne, 2009;Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012). It is also worth mentioning that strong domestic ties are not relevant in the case of internationalization (Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012), but they may count at least in some societies/economies (Lin & Chaney, 2007). ...
... In this respect, international networking is a relevant factor influencing internationalization of SMEs, including the speed of internationalization (Johanson & Vahlne, 2009;Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012). It is also worth mentioning that strong domestic ties are not relevant in the case of internationalization (Nowiński & Bakinowska, 2012), but they may count at least in some societies/economies (Lin & Chaney, 2007). Motives of SMEs' internationalization might also differ across sectors and types of business, while the characteristics of entrepreneurs also have a relevant impact on the final internationalization strategy (Ulubaşoğlu, Akdiş, & Kök, 2009). ...
The paper aims to analyze the importance of reinforcing the relational capital of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the context of a globalized market. It elaborates on the influences of competitiveness on online versus offline business networking with a view to achieve effectiveness in the European steel pipe SMEs internationalization process. The results indicate that internationalization effectiveness is indirectly influenced by competitiveness, with online and offline networking mediating the relationship between the two variables.
... Any theoretical assertion on the role of entrepreneurs, and the basis for entrepreneurial action, must implicate the cross-border element of perceiving opportunity. Nowinski and Bakinowska (2012) provided evidence as they identified arbitrage price opportunities as a vital driver of early internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurs may act on their knowledge of markets, and/or is driven by the willingness to explore unknown or unexplored markets. ...
Objective: This paper recounts the historical development of International Entrepreneurship as a study field, and demonstrates how concepts brought forth contribute to a broader understanding of fundamental international business and entrepreneurship theories.
Research Design & Methods: The analytical work makes reference to the existing literature on International Entrepreneurship. Based on the categorisation of themes and sub-themes, the historical development of international entrepreneurship theory is recounted, creating a foundation for the assessment of its relationships and linkages with international business and entrepreneurship theories.
Findings: The findings indicate that International Entrepreneurship is still in a developmental stage. However, the field is rich with novel ideas and concepts that can give an impetus to researchers as they strive to explore themes such as international entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial internationalization.
Implications & Recommendations: The lack of theoretical foundation presents challenges to researchers. Research must be directed at answering the fundamental questions that distinguish International Entrepreneurship from the two related, but more established fields; international business and entrepreneurship.
Contribution & Value Added: The paper provides a point of reference for scholars that want to attain a comprehensive insight into the state of international entrepreneurial research, and distinctions from, and relevance to the fields of international business and entrepreneurship.
... Any theoretical assertion on the role of entrepreneurs, and the basis for entrepreneurial action, must implicate the cross-border element of perceiving opportunity. Nowinski and Bakinowska (2012) provided evidence as they identified arbitrage price opportunities as a vital driver of early internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurs may act on their knowledge of markets, and/or is driven by the willingness to explore un- known or unexplored markets. ...
Mexican SMEs represent the largest productive sector that drives economic development. In contrast, SMEs face several inhibiting factors in their export development, which influences their low participation in the international sector. The objective of the article is to analyze the internationalization strategy as a competitive factor for Mexican SMEs. The study is developed through a qualitative approach, of a documentary type, with a descriptive scope under the analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive methods. The theoretical framework was based on the theories of internationalization, internationalization strategy, competitiveness factors and methods of entering foreign markets, which allowed drawing the conclusions, motivations, barriers and driving factors for the internationalization of Mexican SMEs. SMEs seek to internationalize gradually, evaluating the challenges of the institutional, socio-cultural, and commercial environment so that they can design strategies of total internationalization that generate competitiveness in export markets. The results show that SMEs are more connected in the internationalization process completely familiarized to the development of exports since it implies low investments and is a process that is carried out incrementally and continuously over time.
