Table 2 - uploaded by Scott W. Phillips
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The purpose of this study is to examine gun buybacks as a policy response to gun-related crime. It improves upon past studies by examining a city that has used multiple gun buy-backs as a standard crime prevention approach, allowing the multiple intervention points to be assessed. Further, the study examined crime data over a longer period and incl...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... an ad hoc solution to prevent the loss of obser- vations. Table 2 indicates which series are seasonally adjusted. ...
Context 2
... the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests, this study formally tested for unit roots in the time series to determine whether a variable is non-stationary (Cromwell, Labys, & Terraza, 1994;Koèenda & Èerny, 2007). As seen in Table 2, all of the dependent vari- ables are stationary and do not need to be differenced. In addition, this study exam- ined the patterns of serial correlation in the ACF and PACF, and identified the follow- ing ARIMIA models: ARIMA (1,0,0) for the seasonally adjusted total gun crime, ARIMA (0,0,0) for the gun homicide, ARIMA (0,0,0) for the seasonally adjusted gun robbery, and ARIMA (3,0,1) for the seasonally adjusted gun assault. ...
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Citations
... The unit of analysis is weekly incidence of shootings at the city level, presenting the number of incidents per week in Buffalo. In prior studies, crime counts, instead of crime rates, were used as an outcome measure given that population data were not available on a weekly or monthly basis (e.g., Kim, Phillips, & Wheeler, 2019;Loftin & McDowall, 1984;Loftin, McDowall, Wiersema, & Cottey, 1991;O'Carroll et al., 1991;Phillips, Kim, & Sobol, 2013;Piquero et al., 2020). ...
Objective: The present study examines the impact of the COVID-19 stay-at-home order on gun violence in Buffalo, New York: fatal shootings, all non-fatal shootings, non-fatal shootings with injury, and non-fatal shootings without injury. It also estimated its impact on gang and non-gang related shootings.
Methods: Weekly crime data are analyzed at the city level using ARIMA and poisson models. Forecasting is used to verify the validity of both ARIMA and poisson models.
Results: The effect of the pandemic was conditional upon the types of gun violence and impact models of intervention. The pandemic caused a temporary increase in fatal shootings while leading to a long-term increase in all non-fatal shootings, non-fatal shootings with injury, non-fatal shootings without injury, and gang related shootings.
Conclusions: The pandemic has changed the volume of gun violence possibly due to increased strain and/or changed routine activities. This study not only promotes further research but also has policy implications for public health and safety. From a public policy perspective, criminal justice agencies should focus more attention and resources on gun violence resulting from a sense of strain and fear among individuals during the pandemic.
... For instance, research shows that voluntary^ gun buyback programs are ineffective at reducing violence because they typically attract weapons that are not used in crime (Kuhn et al. 2002;Romero, Wintemute, and Vernick 1998). Systematic evaluations of gun buyback programs in Argentina (Lenis, Ronconi, and Schargrodsky 2010) and three US cities (Callahan, Rivara, and Koepsell 1995;Phillips, Kim, and Sobel 2013;Rosenfeld 1995) have all found that they had no effect on violent crime. According to Sherman (2001: 19), gun buyback programs fail because the intervention doesn't focus sufficiently on the risk: "Guns are bought from anyone, regardless of where they live or whether the gun was readily accessible to people at high risk for crime ... not all guns are equal risk of being used in crime." ...
Much has been written about how to reduce homicide. Unfortunately, many of these prescriptions are based on anecdotes, opinions, unsupported claims, advocacy, or weak research. However, there is a growing body of rigorous social science research that can provide a useful foundation for making evidence-based policy choices for reducing lethal violence. This chapter provides a brief review of research evidence on preventing homicide.
... Rosenfeld (93) found no association between firearm buyback programs implemented in St. Louis, Missouri (1991 and 1994) and firearm homicides. More recently, Phillips et al. (94) found that yearly firearm buyback programs implemented in Buffalo, New York, from 2007 to 2012 were not associated with reductions in firearm homicides. Leigh and Neill (95) evaluated the 1997 Australian gun buyback program and found no association between the program and firearm homicides but a reduction in suicide rates associated with the number of firearms that were bought back. ...
https://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/10/epirev.mxv012.abstract
Firearms account for a substantial proportion of external causes of death, injury, and disability across the world. Legislation to regulate firearms has often been passed with the intent of reducing problems related to their use. However, lack of clarity around which interventions are effective remains a major challenge for policy development. Aiming to meet this challenge, we systematically reviewed studies exploring the associations between firearm- related laws and firearm homicides, suicides, and unintentional injuries/deaths. We restricted our search to studies published from 1950 to 2014. Evidence from 130 studies in 10 countries suggests that in certain nations the simultaneous implementation of laws targeting multiple firearms restrictions is associated with reductions in firearm deaths. Laws restricting the purchase of (e.g., background checks) and access to (e.g., safer storage) firearms are also associated with lower rates of intimate partner homicides and firearm unintentional deaths in children, respectively. Limitations of studies include challenges inherent to their ecological design, their execution, and the lack of robustness of findings to model specifications. High quality research on the association between the implementation or repeal of firearm legislation (rather than the evaluation of existing laws) and firearm injuries would lead to a better understanding of what interventions are likely to work given local contexts. This information is key to move this field forward and for the development of effective policies that may counteract the burden that firearm injuries pose on populations.
... This not-for-profit organization trained youth in California by training them to become peer educators to reduce the supply and demand for guns. These gun buyback programs, now fairly common in the United States (Goering, 2010), may take years to affect crime rates and are a topic in need of more research (Phillips et al., 2013). ...
The first systematic effort to understand where, how, and why criminals acquire, carry, and use guns was by Wright and Rossi (1986). Key findings were that criminals rarely acquired firearms through conventional retail markets, that much criminal gun possession was self-defensive and not specifically for the purpose of committing crimes, and that criminals were for various reasons adept at finding ways to circumvent stricter gun controls. This article reviews subsequent research on these and a range of related topics.
Gun buyback programs allow individuals to exchange firearms for an incentive. Beyond the simple disposal of unwanted firearms, key objectives of gun buyback programs include reducing firearm availability in the community, providing gun safety education, and mobilizing communities to prevent firearm violence. These programs have been widespread in the United States for the last 50 years; however, they have not been shown to reduce the incidence of firearm violence. Nevertheless, many communities continue implementing buyback programs as a gun violence prevention strategy. This chapter reviews the history of gun buyback programs and considers evidence for their efficacy. The final section provides specific recommendations, in accordance with new research findings, for community leaders seeking to design an effective gun buyback program.
The growing use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) in law enforcement poses ethical and privacy
threats to be considered by policy makers. Law enforcement adoption of surveillance
technology often outpaces the laws and regulations that would ensure their appropriate use,
and the negative consequences are rarely anticipated, particularly as they relate to privacy
concerns. To date, the BWC policy narrative in the United States frames the technology as a
method to increase transparency in police–community interactions and build legitimacy.
However, irrespective of how noble the original intent, technologies tend to morph from
beneficence to overt control in the absence of countervailing friction. This article critiques the
increased transparency brought about by BWCs to broadly explore the impact of increased
exposure on victims, and concludes by proposing ethical policy principles to limit the harms the
new technology could pose to vulnerable victims of domestic and sexual violence.
Police body-worn cameras have been advanced as a solution to disparate perceptions among the citizenry, public officials, community leaders, and the police themselves in the highly contested arena of police-citizen encounters. As with previous innovations in policing it is important that programs or policies developed for street-level application be planned in advance, and the opinions of police officers should be understood prior to implementation. This study provides survey responses from police officers in Buffalo and Rochester regarding their perceptions of body-worn cameras. Survey items were borrowed from prior research in Phoenix and Los Angeles. It also included items intended to measure the officer’s opinions about examining camera images prior to writing a report, an issue that is the subject of some disagreement among policy makers. Findings suggest similar attitudes toward body cameras not only among Buffalo and Rochester police officers, but also with police officers in other agencies. Almost all respondents agree or strongly agree that police officers should have the ability to review body camera images prior to writing a report. The policy implications of this finding are discussed.
This study explores the instrumental function of hot spot policing. Although prior research has examined deterrent effects in crime hot spots, less is known about its citywide effects and varying effects across different types of crime and disorder. Also, there still exist gaps in the literature about what strategies are most likely to deter crime and disorder. Using data on crime and law enforcement in Buffalo, this study uses interrupted time-series models to determine whether symbolic Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) raids have any citywide impacts on drug arrests, calls for service, and different types of crimes. There is no evidence of a deterrent effect on drug arrests and calls for service. However, the SWAT intervention resulted in significant decreases in street crimes involving property (robberies and larcenies). Its crime control effects are mostly abrupt and temporary, but there are lingering effects of the intervention. Finally, implications of the results are discussed.
