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Resprouting regeneration of Populus maximowiczii forest surveyed. Photo taken at November 12, 1990.
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Although the summit of Mount Usu was deforested by the 1977–78 eruptions, vegetative regeneration on the caldera rim was rapid due to the erosion of thick volcanic deposits by snow and rain. To obtain the mechanisms underlying regeneration patterns after the eruptions, we monitored the growth of permanently-marked stems from 1983 to 1990. Regenerat...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Usu is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan (Bullard 1984). This volcano is located on the northernmost island Hokkaido (42°321N, 140°501E), and includes two peaks, O-Usu (727 m) and Ko-Usu (609 m), which are enclosed by a caldera rim and crater basin. At least seven major eruptions occurred during the last 300 years, and the second latest eruptions took place in 1943-1945(Katsui 1988. ...
Context 2
... on the crater basin, there was little vegetation recovery until 1983 because heavy soil erosion washed away seedlings ( Tsuyuzaki 199 I). A 10 x 10 m perman- ent plot was set up in a dense Populus maximowiczii forest on the caldera rim in 1983 (Figure 1), and an 8 x 8 m plot on the crater basin where woody plants had established well. All stems were numbered and their locations were mapped in each plot. ...
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Citations
... Revegetation occurred faster on the caldera rim than in the crater basin, because rain and snow washed away the volcanic deposits from the caldera rim and plant propagules buried in the former topsoil became exposed (Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). Parts of the summit area were subject to aerial seeding and planting for erosion control (Kadomura et al., 1988). ...
... Natural succession was slow on the summit where the tephra was thick because of the lack of vegetative reproduction and dependence on seed dispersal (Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). The Open-broadleaf forest established on thick tephra, and was farther away from the other forest types and far from the surviving forest patches, resulting in no connection to seed sources soon after the eruptions. ...
Evaluating the effects of management on successional trajectories, plant composition, and diversity has been difficult due to the scarcity of long-term studies. This study examined the composition and diversity of species in natural and artificially regenerated forests at two eruption sites of Mount Usu, northern Japan, during 2015–2019, to compare the effects of active and passive management. The two sites are Yosomi, damaged by the 1910 eruptions, and the summit, damaged by the 1977–78 eruptions. Various natural and artificial forests developed at both sites, whose species composition was analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling to measure similarity between the forest types, and whose diversity was compared by the true diversity index, showing the effective number of species, from order 0 (presence-absence) to order 2 (weighted species) for two layers: the canopy (woody species with DBH > 3 cm) and understorey (< 2 m high plants). Canopy diversity was measured by stem density in five 10 m × 10 m plots in each forest type, and understory diversity was measured by shoot density in four 1 m × 1 m quadrats in each plot. The canopy and understorey species compositions were distinct between the forest types, but the canopy was more affected by management than the understorey, indicating that early forest management had long-term effects on species composition. Species composition of the plantations resembled those of the natural forests when the plantations had patchy spatial structure. The naturally regenerated forests showed the highest diversities at both eruption sites, while the plantations displayed low diversities, except in one case, when the plantation showed heterogeneous forest structure. The plantations changed their species composition slowly and did not transform into natural forests. In conclusion, we suggest using a patchy plantation design with some space between patches instead of dense planting, to create resilient, diverse, and native forests after disturbances.
... It is important to bear in mind that there is a difference between species in response and survival and between communities, but this model considers response of communities or part of communites and their ability to recover. However, this relationship may not hold in forests where relatively thick deposition (e.g., >70 cm), but still only a fraction of the height of the forest, can have very detrimental effects to understory vegetation (e.g., Zobel and Antos, 2009) and the trees (e.g., Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). ...
... On Mount St. Helens, 12-15 cm thick tephra from 1980 almost obliterated the herbaceous understory but 20 years later the sites differed in plant composition and had <60% of preeruption vegetation (Antos and Zobel, 2005;Zobel and Antos, 2007). Trees (>20 m height) receiving >1 m thick tephra at the caldera rim of Mount Usu (Japan) in 1977-1978 eruptions were severely affected (Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). However, erosion soon removed a large part of the tephra, which has allowed for relatively rapid tree recovery (years), with the surviving trees feeding on nutrient reserves in the buried topsoils and branches. ...
Volcanic eruptions affect a large proportion of Earth's ecosystems, ranging from subtle dust inputs to thick deposits near the volcanoes. In this chapter, multiple influences of tephra deposition on land are investigated, using examples of recent volcanic eruptions. "Tephra" is the collective term for airborne volcanic materials, while ash is restricted to materials <2mm in grain size. Impacts of tephra is depended on the nature of the tephra, including crystallinity, chemical composition, and grain size. The interaction between vegetation height and the deposition depth has a major influence on impacts, while surface roughness and other factors are also important. Low growing Arctic, alpine, and desert ecosystems are much more sensitive than higher vegetation and forests. Recovery time ranges from few to >1000 years. Alien species can severely interfere with ecosystem recovery. Erosion processes contribute to volcanic impacts by redistributing tephra, thus reducing tephra thicknesses in some places, but can also cause erosion rates exceeding 100,000tkm-2 year-1. Wind erosion of tephra affects ecosystems, agriculture, and health but can provide beneficial dust inputs afar. Thick tephra deposits have pronounced impacts on agriculture, and F toxicity is common in volcanic areas. Soils that form in parent materials dominated by volcanic ash are mostly Andisols with the colloidal fraction dominated by short range order minerals and metal-humus complexes. Andisols are often fertile soils with a high capacity to accumulate carbon. There is a need for multidisciplinary long-term research on impacts and responses to volcanic eruptions.
... 1994;Zimmerman et al . 1994;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996). In addition, plants may resprout in response to disturbances that do not damage above-ground biomass, such as low-level winds and substrate instability that cause stem leaning or partial uprooting (Sakai, Ohsawa & Ohsawa 1995;Del Tredici 2001;Yamada, Kumagawa & Suzuki 2001;Yamada & Suzuki 2004;Nzunda et al . ...
Summary • Resprouting in woody plants is a trait that facilitates persistence in disturbance-prone environments. Patterns of allocation of resources for resprouting may depend on the severity of disturbance to which the plants are adapted. Fire-adapted plants allocate more resources to below-ground structures for resprouting after destruction of above-ground structures. However, plants that resprout in response to disturbances where above-ground structures survive may remobilize above-ground resources for resprouting. • In coastal sand dunes, stem leaning and partial uprooting of trees result in high frequency of resprouting (38·9% of individuals; 90·6% of species). We tested whether ‘good’ and ‘poor’ resprouters differed in allocation to root biomass and root carbohydrate reserves. Species were assigned to categories of resprouting ability based on the frequency of multi-stemmed individuals in the local population. To control for phylogenetic effects, we contrasted poor and good resprouter species pairs from three families. • We tested whether plants stored more reserves in roots or stems and whether above-ground resources were remobilized for resprouting. The latter was measured from the number and dry mass of sprouts produced by trees cut to stump heights of 10 and 150 cm above-ground level. • Good resprouters had larger seedling root:shoot ratios and higher stem and root carbohydrate concentrations than poor resprouters. Both good and poor resprouters maintained higher carbohydrate concentrations in stems than in roots. • For both good and poor resprouters, 150-cm stumps produced more sprouts than 10-cm stumps. At each stump height, good resprouters produced more sprouts than poor resprouters. • Resource allocation in coastal dune trees appears to be a bet-hedging strategy. After low-severity disturbances, resprouting occurs by remobilization of above-ground resources. Below-ground resources may be more costly to remobilize but may allow recovery from occasional more severe disturbances.
... Measurements of recruitment rate, mortality and population growth rate provide useful information to analyze factors affecting population dynamics and species coexistence (Nakashizuka, 1991a). Recently, many long-term studies in various types of forest ecosystems have been published (Manokaran and Kochummen, 1987;Nakashizuka 1991b;Namikawa, 1996;Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996;Bunyavejchewin, 1999;Umeki and Kikuzawa, 1999;Woods, 2000a, b). However, there have been few long-term studies that investigated the spatial distribution of recruits and competition, in relation to species coexistence. ...
The stand structure and regeneration dynamics of trees >2.0m in trunk height were studied during 1982–1998 in a 1ha plot in a sub-boreal conifer–hardwood mixed forest, northern Japan, with a dense dwarf bamboo in the understory. Total density was low in 1982 (651trees/ha), as compared with other forests in Japan. Quercus crispula was dominant in the upper canopy layer but their saplings were rare, while Acer mono, Acer japonicum and Abies sachalinensis were dominant in the sub-canopy and understory layers with many saplings. Mortality of each species was quite low during the census period (average 0.57% per year), and there was no clear difference among the four species. The age structure of Q. crispula was bell-shaped with a peak at ca. 200 years, while that of the other three species was weakly reverse-J-shaped or a rough plateau. In addition, no recruits growing over a height of 2m were observed during the census period in Q. crispula, but many recruits of the other species were observed. These suggest that Q. crispula depended on episodic disturbances for the persistence of its population. Recruits of the three species except for Q. crispula did not concentrate in canopy gaps probably because of the dense dwarf bamboo cover there. They showed a negative spatial association with their own canopy trees, but a positive association with canopy trees of Q. crispula. Most of the crowns of the three species (A. sachalinensis and the two Acer spp.) were lower than that of overtopping Q. crispula. These spatial associations between recruits and canopy trees brought about the competitive effect of Q. crispula on the growth rates of other species and that of itself. However, the low mortality of trees taller than 2m indicates that intra- and interspecific competition was not strong as a structuring force of the tree community. Our long-term study suggests that factors affecting recruitment (disturbances and dwarf bamboo in the forest floor) are more important for species coexistence than intra- and interspecific competition between trees taller than 2m.
... The revegetation on Mt. Usu showed two patterns until 1990: seedling revegetation on the thick ash deposit and vegetative revegetation on the thin ash deposit (< 1 m) (Haruki and Tsuyuzaki, 2001;Tsuyuzaki, 2001;Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). The former was established by trees producing wind-dispersed seeds such as Populus maximowiczii, Betula platyphylla var. ...
Volcanic ash soils begin to form with rapid restoration of vegetation soon after ash deposition and create a productive and comfortable environment. They also have various important functions such as accumulation of large amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen, plentiful storage of water, water quality improvement, and preservation of paleoenvironment and archaeological artifacts. Volcanic ash soils are among the most productive soils in the world. Nowadays they are most extensively utilized for growing high-value horticultural crops in Japan. The properties relating to their soil productivity are comprehensively described. In order to solve the serious problems caused by unsuitable management and to sustain volcanic ash soils, crop rotation, soil improvement, and precision agriculture and pro-grammed fertilization are encouraged. Recommended rotations for with high economic advantages also include crops to control soil-borne diseases and nematodes, gramineous plants to enhance soil organic matter levels and crops having symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhiza that promote plant uptake of soil phosphorus. Some volcanic ash soils have soil horizons that strongly inhibit plant root development. Soil improvements such as deep cultivation and soil mixing are practiced for such soils. Programmed fertilization using controlled-release fertilizers with high performance is recom-mended especially for intensive agriculture on small-scale fields. Correctly programmed fertilization can be conducted at the best site by single basal application for most crops in Japan. With proper management volcanic ash soils are capable of high productivity and long-term agricultural and envi-ronmental sustainability.
... Individual tree species were able to become established on the crater basin Woody plant establishment on fresh volcanic deposits 455 1987 (cm) 1987-1988 1988-1989 1989-1990 1990 (mm in and around 1985 (Tsuyuzaki 1991). In this study, there were few one-and two-year-old seedlings of woody plants, suggesting that seedling emergence had been restricted recently (del Moral & Wood 1993;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996). ...
... Growth of each species was precluded by the effects of density, poor nutrients and/or herbivorous damage. The palatability of tree species for herbivores had an effect on tree growth (Oliver & Larson 1990;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996), for example, Salix hultenii var. angustifolia received heavy herbivore damage, while Betula platyphylla var. ...
... The density effect on tree growth is well-known, although most studies have focused on aboveground competition for light (see Oliver & Larson 1990). Negative density effects on tree height were detected in the crater basin, and took place earlier on the caldera rim where the vegetation recovery was faster (Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996). Total plant cover was very low in the crater in 1984 (Tsuyuzaki 1991) and treecrown overlaps were uncommon in the surveyed plots, while roots did appear to overlap. ...
The establishment patterns of woody plants were investigated on the volcano Usu, 9 years after the 1977–1978 eruptions. The former vegetation was covered by a 1–3 m thick volcanic deposit. Trees producing wind-dispersed seeds capable of long distance dispersal, such as Populus maximowiczii, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Salix hultenii var. angustifolia, and Salix sachalinensis, were dominant. Most trees were only 2–4 years old in 1986, suggesting that chances for seedling establishment were restricted. The tree heights did not differ significantly among the species, while lengths of annual shoots differed due to herbivore preferences. Trees were established at higher densities on gravel-dominated pumice surfaces than on fine-textured surfaces. Tree density was not greatly affected by the nutrient content of deposits. From 1987 to 1990, tree height increments did not differ between the gravel and non-gravel areas. Ground surface texture is an important factor in determining seedling establishment in the early stages of volcanic succession, and nutrient status is unimportant.
... The sprouting capacity of species, i.e. their ability to coppice from root systems after the removal of aboveground part, is related to the pattern of species appearance through succession after disturbance. Species with strong sprouting capacity often come to dominate young secondary stands by vegetative regeneration (Noble and Slatyer, 1980;Tsuyuzaki and Haruki, 1996). We distinguished guilds, i.e. species groups sharing similar ecological traits, based on (a) evergreen or deciduous character, (b) abundance in old-growth vs. secondary forests, and (c) sprouting capacity, to summarize the pattern in species composition. ...
In order to infer successional changes in structure, species composition and diversity of warm-temperate forest, we compared secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling (41–64-years old) with old-growth stands at altitudes between 300 and 800m on Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Stem density and maximum stem diameter differed between secondary and old-growth stands, but basal area and aboveground biomass did not. At lower altitudes, the dominant species in old-growth stands with a strong sprouting capacity (Castanopsiscuspidata) also dominated secondary stands, and species composition of secondary and old-growth stands was similar. At higher altitudes, by contrast, the dominant species in old-growth stands (Distyliumracemosum) had little sprouting capacity and was poorly represented in diverse secondary stands, which were dominated by Castanopsis or other less abundant species. Secondary stands had greater species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) than old-growth stands, particularly at higher altitudes. This was due to greater species richness resulting from higher stem density per area, but not to greater evenness. We grouped the component species that share ecologically similar traits into four guilds (fagaceous, primary evergreen, secondary evergreen and deciduous species). Secondary stands were characterized by greater numbers of deciduous and secondary evergreen species. We concluded that different sprouting capacities of dominant species and different regeneration traits among guilds are responsible for the change in species composition and diversity during succession.
... Resprouting is also found in habitats not associated with recurrent fires but which experience periodic loss of biomass due to disturbance. Many forest tree species resprout from damaged stems after hurricanes and volcanic eruptions, allowing trees to persist after disturbance (Basnet 1993;Bellingham et al. 1994;Boucher et al. 1994;Zimmerman et al. 1994;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996). ...
... In fireprone ecosystems, resprouters allocate more resources to root than shoot biomass and store larger carbohydrate reserves for resprouting after fire than do reseeders (Bowen & Pate 1993; However, resprouting is not restricted to fire-prone systems (Sparrow & Bellingham 2001;Nzunda, Griffiths & Lawes 2007a, b). Plants may persist by resprouting when only part of the above-ground biomass is damaged by disturbances such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions (Basnet 1993;Bellingham, Tanner & Healey 1994;Boucher et al. 1994;Zimmerman et al. 1994;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996). In addition, plants may resprout in response to disturbances that do not damage above-ground biomass, such as low-level winds and substrate instability that cause stem leaning or partial uprooting (Sakai, Ohsawa & Ohsawa 1995;Del Tredici 2001;Yamada, Kumagawa & Suzuki 2001;Yamada & Suzuki 2004;Nzunda et al. 2007a, b). ...
... For example, in fire-prone Australian shrublands, allocation of resources to root biomass and carbohydrate storage enable resprouters to dominate fertile sites . Resprouting has also been recorded in forests in association with catastrophic disturbance such as hurricane or cyclone damage (Bellingham, Tanner & Healey 1994;Boucher et al. 1994;Zimmerman et al. 1994;Tsuyuzaki & Haruki 1996), or low-severity disturbance and low productivity (Sakai, Ohsawa & Ohsawa 1995;Kruger, Midgley & Cowling 1997;Nzunda, Griffiths & Lawes 2007a, b). ...
Comparative Plant Succession among Terrestrial Biomes of the World - by Karel Prach May 2020
Cambridge Core - Ecology and Conservation - Comparative Plant Succession among Terrestrial Biomes of the World - by Karel Prach
