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Introduction:
Public Access Defibrillation - the use of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) by lay bystanders before the arrival of Emergency Medical Services - is an important strategy in delivering prompt defibrillation to victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and can greatly improve survival rates. Such public-access AEDs are used rare...
Context in source publication
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Objective
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Citations
... Travellers from 42 countries were able to correctly identify the ILCOR AED sign only 39% of the time, with other research showing a range of recognition from 29.4% to 47.9%. [65][66][67] Furthermore, 26% of Dutch medical professionals were unable to recognise an AED when pointed directly to one. 68 First responders are aware of an AED present only in 4.25% of SCAs outside of a hospital. ...
... 69 In response to these poor outcomes, the Resuscitation Council of the UK compiled more modern imaging and instruction guidelines for AEDs that 83.5% of the public agreed on ( Figure 1B,C). 67 Adequate signage status varies and may be hard to identify given the critical absence of reliable public data. Currently, most UK public AEDs do not have any signage at all, with only 2.5% having accessory signage more than 5 metres away to guide first responders to its location. ...
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) during sports events has a dramatic impact on stadium-goers and the public and is often associated with poor outcomes unless treated with an automated external defibrillator (AED). Despite this, stadiums vary in AED use. This review aims to identify the risks and incidences of SCA, and the use of AEDs in soccer and basketball stadiums. A narrative review of all relevant papers was conducted. Athletes across all sports face an SCA risk of 1:50,000 athlete-years, with the greatest risk of SCA in young male athletes (1:35,000 person-years) and black male athletes (1:18,000 person-years). Africa and South America have the poorest soccer SCA outcomes at 3% and 4% survival. AED use on-site improves survival greater than defibrillation by emergency services. Many stadiums do not have AEDs implemented into medical plans and the AEDs are often unrecognisable or are obstructed. Therefore, AEDs should be used on-site, use clear signalling, have certified trained personnel, and be incorporated into stadiums’ medical plans.
... Even though CPR training at least once before graduating middle school (age [13][14][15][16] became mandatory by law in 2005, less than 30% of students had completed training 8 years after passing the legislation. 9 Further, although CPR training has been required to acquire a driver's license since 2009, a large proportion of the population already had a driver's license by 2009, and 12% of the adult population does not hold a driver's license. ...
... The methodology is well renowned for conducting representative internet-based surveys for research purposes 15 and has previously been used in resuscitation science research. 16,17 The panel members are carefully recruited to represent the Danish adult population. They are selected to participate in surveys, so participants reflect the general population. ...
Aim
Many efforts have been made to train the Danish population in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use. We assessed CPR and AED training levels among the broad Danish population and volunteer responders.
Methods
In November 2018, an electronic cross-sectional survey was sent to (1) a representative sample of the general Danish population (by YouGov) and (2) all volunteer responders in the Capital Region of Denmark.
Results
A total of 2,085 people from the general population and 7,768 volunteer responders (response rate 36%) completed the survey. Comparing the general Danish population with volunteer responders, 81.0% (95% CI 79.2–82.7%) vs. 99.2% (95% CI 99.0–99.4%) p < 0.001 reported CPR training, and 54.0% (95% CI 51.8; 56.2) vs. 89.5% (95% CI 88.9–90.2) p < 0.001 reported AED training, at some point in life.
In the general population, the unemployed and the self-employed had the lowest proportion of training with CPR training at 71.9% (95% CI 68.3–75.4%) and 65.4% (95% CI 53.8–75.8%) and AED training at 39.0% (95% CI 35.2–42.9%) and 34.6% (95% CI 24.2–46.2%), respectively.
Applicable to both populations, the workplace was the most frequent training provider. Among 18–29-year-olds in the general population, most reported training when acquiring a driver's license.
Conclusions
A large majority of the Danish population and volunteer responders reported previous CPR/AED training. Mandatory training when acquiring a driver's license and training through the workplace seems to disseminate CPR/AED training effectively. However, new strategies reaching the unemployed and self-employed are warranted to ensure equal access.
... Less than half of all participants were able to determine that these 3 letters were commonly used to refer to a defibrillator. However, one could reasonably expect that associating the lightning pictograph to the abbreviation might improve identification of these devices [27]. Moreover, most emergency medical dispatchers are now trained to help bystanders or first responders localize, retrieve, and use AEDs [28]. ...
Background: Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation and prompt defibrillation markedly increase the survival rate in the event of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). As future health care professionals, medical students should be trained to efficiently manage an unexpectedly encountered OHCA. Objective: Our aim was to assess basic life support (BLS) knowledge in junior medical students at the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine (UGFM) and to compare it with that of the general population.
... Less than half of all participants were able to determine that these three letters were commonly used to refer to a defibrillator. However, one could reasonably expect that associating the lightning pictograph to the abbreviation might improve identification of these devices [27]. Moreover, most emergency medical dispatchers are now trained to help bystanders or first responders localize, retrieve, and use AEDs [28]. ...
BACKGROUND
Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation and prompt defibrillation markedly increase the survival rate in case of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). As future healthcare professionals, medical students should be trained to efficiently manage an unexpectedly encountered OHCA.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to assess basic life support (BLS) knowledge in junior medical students at the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine (UGFM) and to compare it with that of the general population.
METHODS
Junior UGFM students and lay people who had registered to BLS classes given by a red-cross affiliated center were sent invitation links to complete a web-based questionnaire. The primary outcome was the between-group difference on a 10-question score. Secondary outcomes were the differences in the rate of correct answers for each individual question and in the level of self-assessed confidence in the ability to perform resuscitation.
RESULTS
The mean score was higher in medical students than in lay people (5.8±1.7 vs 4.2±1.7, P<.001). Although the phone number of the emergency medical dispatch center was well known (94% vs 82%, P=.06), most participants were unable to identify the criteria used to recognize OHCA, and almost none were able to correctly reorganize the BLS sequence. Medical students felt more confident than lay people in their ability to perform resuscitation (4.7±2.2 vs 3.1±2.1, P<.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Although junior medical students were more knowledgeable than lay people regarding BLS procedures, the proportion of correct answers was low in both groups, and changes in BLS education policy should be considered.
... Less than half of all participants were able to determine that these three letters were commonly used to refer to a defibrillator. However, one could reasonably expect that associating the lightning pictograph to the abbreviation might improve identification of these devices [27]. Moreover, most emergency medical dispatchers are now trained to help bystanders or first responders localize, retrieve, and use AEDs [28]. ...
Background
Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation and prompt defibrillation markedly increase the survival rate in the event of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). As future health care professionals, medical students should be trained to efficiently manage an unexpectedly encountered OHCA.
Objective
Our aim was to assess basic life support (BLS) knowledge in junior medical students at the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine (UGFM) and to compare it with that of the general population.
Methods
Junior UGFM students and lay people who had registered for BLS classes given by a Red Cross–affiliated center were sent invitation links to complete a web-based questionnaire. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in a 10-question score regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation knowledge. Secondary outcomes were the differences in the rate of correct answers for each individual question, the level of self-assessed confidence in the ability to perform resuscitation, and a 6-question score, “essential BLS knowledge,” which only contains key elements of the chain of survival. Continuous variables were first analyzed using the Student t test, then by multivariable linear regression. Fisher exact test was used for between-groups comparison of binary variables.
Results
The mean score was higher in medical students than in lay people for both the 10-question score (mean 5.8, SD 1.7 vs mean 4.2, SD 1.7; P<.001) and 6-question score (mean 3.0, SD 1.1 vs mean 2.0, SD 1.0; P<.001). Participants who were younger or already trained scored consistently better. Although the phone number of the emergency medical dispatch center was well known in both groups (medical students, 75/80, 94% vs lay people, 51/62, 82%; P=.06), most participants were unable to identify the criteria used to recognize OHCA, and almost none were able to correctly reorganize the BLS sequence. Medical students felt more confident than lay people in their ability to perform resuscitation (mean 4.7, SD 2.2 vs mean 3.1, SD 2.1; P<.001). Female gender and older age were associated with lower confidence, while participants who had already attended a BLS course prior to taking the questionnaire felt more confident.
Conclusions
Although junior medical students were more knowledgeable than lay people regarding BLS procedures, the proportion of correct answers was low in both groups, and changes in BLS education policy should be considered.
... There are approximately 30,000 cases of suspected cardiac arrests that receive a resuscitation attempt by the NHS annually in the United Kingdom [5]. The majority (60.8%) of OHCAs occur at home with only 2.3% of patients being treated with a publicly accessible AED prior to the arrival of emergency medical services [6]. A cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating unexpectedly. ...
... The simulator results show publicly accessible AEDs being used just over 37% of the time in OHCA cases before drones were introduced and just over 19% after the drone network was implemented. However, the Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes (OHCAO) Registry claim publicly accessible AEDs are used only 2.4% of the time [6]. This is likely caused by distance from the nearest AED, the lack of bystanders nearby available to assist, lack of transport option available to reach the nearest publicly accessible AED or being unaware of the nearest one. ...
Objective:
The Internet of Things provide solutions for many societal challenges including the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to assist in emergency situations that are out of immediate reach for traditional emergency services. Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) can result in death with less than 50% of victims receiving the necessary emergency care on time. The aim of this study is to link real world heterogenous datasets to build a system to determine the difference in emergency response times when having aerial ambulance drones available compared to response times when depending solely on traditional ambulance services and lay rescuers who would use nearby publicly accessible defibrillators to treat OHCA victims.
Method:
The system uses the geolocations of public accessible defibrillators and ambulance services along with the times when people are likely to have a cardiac arrest to calculate response times. For comparison, a Genetic Algorithm has been developed to determine the strategic number and positions of drone bases to optimize OHCA emergency response times.
Conclusion:
Implementation of a nationwide aerial drone network may see significant improvements in overall emergency response times for OHCA incidents. However, the expense of implementation must be considered.
... • ILCOR AED sign [13] • Resuscitation Council (UK) 2006 [14]/2017 [15] sign. ...
... This study found that the 2008 ILCOR and 2006 Resuscitation Council (UK) signage was most common. However, some signs did not conform to national or international standards, and the introduction of new Resuscitation Council (UK) signage in 2017 [15] has likely further fragmented the picture. Standardisation of the type of AED sign used is an important aspect of improving the ability to locate the nearest AEDs. ...
... • In the UK, the AED sign should be that recommended by the RC(UK) [15]. In other countries, signage recommended by ILCOR should be used [13]. ...
Background:
Early defibrillation is a critical link in the chain of survival. Public access defibrillation (PAD) programmes utilising automated external defibrillators (AEDs) aim to decrease the time-to-first-shock, and improve survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Effective use of PADs requires rapid location of the device, facilitated by adequate signage. We aimed to therefore assess the quality of signage for PADs in the community.
Method:
From April 2017 to January 2018 we surveyed community PADs available for public use on the 'Save a Life' AED locator mobile application in and around Southampton, UK. Location and signage characteristics were collected, and the distance from the furthest sign to the AED was measured.
Results:
Researchers evaluated 201 separate PADs. All devices visited were included in the final analysis. No signage at all was present for 135 (67.2%) devices. Only 15/201 (7.5%) AEDs had signage at a distance from AED itself. In only 5 of these cases (2.5%) was signage mounted more than 5.0 meters from the AED. When signage was present, 46 used 2008 ILCOR signage and 15 used 2006 Resuscitation Council (UK) signage. Signage visibility was partially or severely obstructed at 27/66 (40.9%) sites. None of the 45 GP surgeries surveyed used exterior signage or an exterior 24/7 access box.
Conclusions:
Current signage of PADs is poor and limits the device effectiveness by impeding public awareness and location of AEDs. Recommendations should promote visible signage within the operational radius of each AED.
... • ILCOR AED sign [13] • Resuscitation Council (UK) 2006 [14]/2017 [15] sign. ...
... This study found that the 2008 ILCOR and 2006 Resuscitation Council (UK) signage was most common. However, some signs did not conform to national or international standards, and the introduction of new Resuscitation Council (UK) signage in 2017 [15] has likely further fragmented the picture. Standardisation of the type of AED sign used is an important aspect of improving the ability to locate the nearest AEDs. ...
... • In the UK, the AED sign should be that recommended by the RC(UK) [15]. In other countries, signage recommended by ILCOR should be used [13]. ...
Background
Swift defibrillation by lay responders using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) increases survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study evaluated newly designed yellow–red vs. commonly used green–white signage for AEDs and cabinets and assessed public attitudes to using AEDs during OHCA.
Methods
New yellow–red signage was designed to enable easy identification of AEDs and cabinets. A prospective, cross-sectional study of the Australian public was conducted using an electronic, anonymised questionnaire between November 2021 and June 2022. The validated net promoter score investigated public engagement with the signage. Likert scales and binary comparisons evaluated preference, comfort and likelihood of using AEDs for OHCA.
Results
The yellow–red signage for AED and cabinet was preferred by 73.0% and 88%, respectively, over the green–white counterparts. Only 32% were uncomfortable with using AEDs, and only 19% indicated a low likelihood of using AEDs in OHCA.
Conclusion
The majority of the Australian public surveyed preferred yellow–red over green–white signage for AED and cabinet and indicated comfort and likelihood of using AEDs in OHCA. Steps are necessary to standardise yellow–red signage of AED and cabinet and enable widespread availability of AEDs for public access defibrillation.
