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Ten central and eastern European countries, along with Cyprus and Malta, joined the European Union in two waves between 2004 and 2007. This volume presents new research on the patterns of migration that resulted from the EU's enlargement. The contributors identify and analyze several new groups of migrants, notably young people without family oblig...
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... migration is strongly labour-motivated -like the guest worker migration in the 1960s and 1970s -but nowadays workers have more opportunities to come and return as they choose. Table 2.3 shows that Germany is no longer the main destination country for Polish migrants, although it is still very important for seasonal labour. ...Similar publications
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Citations
... One of the main problems of the EUSS is the fact that 'invisible' EU Citizens (Engbersen and Snel 2013) have not kept a footprint of their presence in the UK, because, in contrast to third-country nationals, they did not have to. Indeed, one Chief People's Officer for an NHS Trust also pondered on how the number of EU+ Citizens who needed to apply to the EUSS was unknown even to the employer: 'targeting people when you don't know who they are is quite a challenge' (Chief People's Officer for an NHS Trust). ...
Part of an accelerated trend to integrate algorithms in immigration decision-making, the UK's EU Settlement Scheme relies on automated data checks as an essential and mandatory step in the application for UK residence. In this article, I engage with the literature on datafication and algorithmic accuracy to showcase algorithmic inaccuracy within borders in regard to the allocation of residence statuses and rights. I argue that, while the EUSS uses big data to create a data double of the ‘desirable’ migrant, even applicants within this category experience mismatches. Some EU+ Citizens on linear residence and career trajectories were initially offered pre-settled status and had difficulty proving their entitlement to the full status, while others, who did not qualify for settled status, obtained it nevertheless. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with high skilled applicants, and experts on the EUSS, exposing that footprints are not evidence per se. Instead, the outcomes are decided by an opaque algorithm that is not retained and disappears as easily as footprints in quicksand.
... Unlike earlier perceptions that regarded return migration as the concluding phase in the migration cycle, contemporary literature increasingly portrays migrants as actively maintaining connections between their origin and destination countries while re-evaluating their migration paths and potential re-entry into migratory patterns. Importantly, returnees are not exclusively individuals who had unsuccessful migration experiences in host countries, as some return by choice (Oltean, 2019;Engbersen and Snel, 2013). ...
... Given that EU citizens' mobility often has the form of 'liquid migration' (Engbersen & Snel, 2011), as they enjoy the FOM in their family and professional life, some may not be aware of the relative immobilisation their new status entails . In order to get the right of permanent residence, EU citizens will probably have to demonstrate their continuous residence. ...
Politicians often mention immigration enforcement, and deportation in particular, as a means to assert state sovereignty. This article looks at deportation through exiting the European Union, an event that was interpreted as regaining sovereignty from the supra-national organisation. New immigration regulations in the United Kingdom were meant to end the EU Freedom of Movement and equalise the statuses of EU-and non-EU migrants in the United Kingdom. The research question this article addresses is the following: how do the new immigration regulations and policies affect the possibility of deportations of EU citizens in the United Kingdom? With the lens of Interpretive Policy Analysis, the article analyses primary sources and expert interviews. It concludes that the deportability of EU citizens has increased post-Brexit. It also anticipates that the deportability of EU citizens will be differentiated, as rough sleepers, former convicts and irregular migrants may be first to be targeted with deportation.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
... A vándorlás ma már oda-vissza történő mozgások összessége, és nem feltétlenül jár együtt tartós letelepedéssel. Többek között Ligeti (2019Ligeti ( , 2021 kutatásai hívták fel a figyelmet a magyar migráció likvid (Engbersen-Snel, 2013) jellegére, ami keresztmetszeti helyett longitudinális elemzést igényel (Ligeti, 2021). A migrációs trendek előrejelzésére és a migrációban élő populáció becslésére több módszerrel is próbálkoztak már, közülük fontos kiemelni Sik Endre "migrációs potenciál" fogalmát (2003;, amellyel STATISZTIKAI SZEMLE, 101. ...
Azokra a hagyományos „offline” adatforrásokra, amelyekből meghatározható a vizsgált társadalmi csoport mérete, az adatgyűjtés természetéből adódóan nem jellemző, hogy egyszerre megbízhatóak és időszerűek is. Ezek az adatforrások azonban jól kombinálhatók „online” társaikkal, amelyeken keresztül a digitális térben történő társadalmi interakciók nyomán keletkező és eredetileg nem kutatási célból gyűjtött adatok érhetők el. Az online adatoknak azon része, amely a közösségimédia-portálok használata során keletkezik, könnyen hozzáférhető, időszerű, magas szintű lebontással rendelkezik, és a közösségimédia-portálok kiterjedtségének köszönhetően széles lefedettséggel bír. Tanulmányunkban egy példán keresztül mutatjuk be, hogy a kétféle adatforrás kombinálásával hogyan készíthető valós idejű becslés az Ausztriában élő magyar nők számáról.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
In Chap. 3 we established that increasing ethnic diversity puts pressure on social cohesion. In Chap. 4 we noted the lack of coherence between policies addressing migration and aspects of conviviality. These observations raise the question as to what extent the government could take more account of the issue of social cohesion in the design of Dutch migration policy.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
Migration is leaving its mark on Dutch society. The Netherlands may not be a ‘nation of immigrants’ like Australia, the United States or Canada, where the majority of people are descended from migrants or have a migrant background themselves. But it is a ‘country of immigration’. Approximately one person in four was born abroad or has at least one parent who was. We begin this chapter by sketching four current trends in this respect.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
The increasing diversity of the Dutch population is making conviviality more complicated. Not only in the big cities and their suburbs, but also in medium-sized cities, expat and horticultural municipalities (see Chap. 3 ). Moreover, modern migrants do not stay in the Netherlands as long as they used to; half have left again after 5 years. This places considerable demands upon schools, for example, which have to deal with pupils arriving and leaving throughout the course of the year. For voluntary associations, too, a high turnover of members is not conducive to cohesion. And the same applies to neighbourhoods where much of the population is just ‘passing through’.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
How can the government manage the arrival of large numbers of very different immigrants? Before addressing this question in the next chapter, here we first analyse how Dutch integration policy has developed since 1960. A number of national policy models have been introduced during this period, but for different reasons none is able to deal adequately with contemporary patterns of migration and integration.
... Engbersen and Snel (2013).2 The Netherlands as a Country of Immigration ...
Each year a wide variety of immigrants arrive in the Netherlands, from all parts of the world. Some move on after a short time, others shuttle back and forth to their homeland and others still stay permanently. All these new residents make a home somewhere in the country. For most labour migrants, that is a free choice. Family migrants usually move in with a partner, and asylum migrants are assigned permanent accommodation in a particular municipality once they have been granted official refugee status. For all, however, the local government is the primary authority charged with helping them find their way in Dutch society.
