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Seasonal changes in the microphytoplankton assemblages were examined in the coastal zone of Bozcaada Island with regard to
some major physical and chemical variables. Samples were collected from May 2000 to December 2001 at four stations. A total
of 108 dinoflagellates, 102 diatoms, 1 chrysophycean, 3 dictyochophycean, and 1 prasinophycean species...
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The State of Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico, possesses 2200 km of littoral, of which 1400 km are on the west coast and 800 km are on the east coast (Gulf of California). The first phytoplankton studies of the Baja California Peninsula were published by W.E. Allen in 1923 and 1924. Although the number of phytoplankton
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The Juan de Fuca eddy is a toxic "hot spot." Domoic acid (DA) was detected in the eddy during each of six cruises over a 4-yr study, although Pseudo-nitzschia abundance and toxin concentrations were highly variable. During the September 2004 eddy bloom, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. exceeded 13 X 10(6) cells L(-1), and particulate DA reached 80 nmol L(-1)....
A study was carried out in the southern Benguela upwelling system in 2006 and 2007 to establish how the nutrient regime determines community succession and the selection of harmful algal bloom species, In March 2006, Pseudo-nitzschia spp, reached concentrations of 13 x 10(6) cells l(-1), representing 80%, of the total estimated phytoplankton biomas...
Phytoplankton community and its relationships with environmental factors were investigated in the surface waters from Malacca Strait (MS) to the connected South China Sea (SCS) in May of 2011. Salinity was significantly lower in MS. No significant spatial variations were found for most of the nutrients (except silicate) between MS and connected SCS...
The effects of high pH and low DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) concentrations on growth rates of the dinoflagellate Ceratium were studied using 2 different approaches: (1) pH drift experiments, in which both pH and DIC change during the experiment, and (2) constant pH and DIC experiments at a range of fixed pH and DIC levels. The upper pH limits f...
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... While there has been considerable research to understand nutrient cycling and biogeochemical changes in the pelagic Eastern Mediterranean sea (EMS) (e.g. Ben Ezra et al., 2021;Djaoudi et al., 2018;Kress and Herut, 2001;Powley et al., 2017;Pujo-Pay et al., 2011;Thingstad et al., 2005), there have been very few studies to understand controls on nutrient cycling on EMS coastal shelves in general (Balkis, 2009;Dogan-Saglamtimur and Tugrul, 2004;Ignatiades et al., 2002;Ounissi et al., 2018;Psarra et al., 2000;Souvermezoglou et al., 2014;Zaafrane et al., 2019) and the Israeli coastal shelf (ICS) in particular (Berman et al., 1986;Christensen et al., 1988;Townsend et al., 1988). Most of the limited studies which do exist on the EMS coastal shelves, have examined the nature and magnitude of specific point sources of pollution such as fish cages, river outflows (Kress and Herut, 1998;Varkitzi et al., 2018) or factory and/or sewage outfalls (Rekik et al., 2020) or to set eutrophication standards for sections of the coastal shelf (Kress et al., 2019;Simboura et al., 2014). ...
... However, in this study carried out in Burgaz Island, Dinophyceae is the dominant group with 49 species (48.5%) and followed by Bacillariophyceae with 47 species (46.5%). Similarly, in a study conducted around Bozcaada in the Aegean Sea (Balkis, 2009), dinoflagellates (50%) were reported as a dominant group over diatoms (47%) in terms of species number. In Villefranche Bay on the north-west coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Gomez & Gorsky, 2003: 52% dinoflagellates, 43% diatoms), in Genoa Bay (Bernhard & Rampi, 1967: 48% dinoflagellates, 31% diatoms) and in the previous studies in the Sea of Marmara (Balkis, 2003: 52% dinoflagellates, 40% diatom;Balcı & Balkis, 2017: 54% dinoflagellates, 42% diatoms;Dursun et al., 2020: 48% dinoflagellates, 42% diatoms;Tas et al., 2020: 48% dinoflagellates, 47% diatoms) it was noted that dinoflagellates showed a greater variety than diatoms. ...
The aim of this study is to determine the phytoplankton species found on the shores of Burgaz Island and the basic ecological variables that affect their seasonal distribution between May 2013 and February 2014. Water samples were collected from four stations at six different depths and plankton samples were gathered horizontally and vertically. The analysis of phytoplankton community composition revealed 101 phytoplankton taxa belonging to five classes. As a result of the study, two taxa belonging to the Dinophyceae ( Corythodinium frenguellii and Gonyaulax scrippsae ) were new records for Turkish coastal waters. Additionally, a taxon belonging to Dinophyceae ( Pronoctiluca pelagica ) and a taxon belonging to Bacillariophyceae ( Nitzschia reversa ) were new records for the Sea of Marmara. Prorocentrum micans , was the dominant species throughout all sampling periods. During the study, the highest phytoplankton abundance was observed at 0.5 m depth in May 2013 (138,500 cells l ⁻¹ ) and February 2014 (52,620 cells l ⁻¹ ). Primary ecological variables, such as temperature (9.0–21.5 °C), salinity (15.23–37.22‰) and dissolved oxygen (4.89–15.84 mg l ⁻¹ ), were recorded on each sampling occasion. In addition, nitrite + nitrate–N (NO 2 + NO 3 –N) (0.01–7.37 μg-at N l ⁻¹ ), phosphate (PO 4 –P) (0.05–51.95 μg-at P l ⁻¹ ) and silicate (SiO 4 –Si) (0.01–0.20 μg-at Si l ⁻¹ ) concentrations were measured. Chlorophyll a and suspended material values ranged between 0.01–3.17 μg l ⁻¹ and 10.0–61.5 mg l ⁻¹ , respectively. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine the relationship between phytoplankton species and ecological variables, and Bray–Curtis analysis and Euclidean distance were applied to bring out the similarity between stations.
... In the second comprehensive check-list study 19 In this study carried out in the Gulf of Erdek, the percentage of dinoflagellate species (64 %) was higher than the percentage of diatom species (30 %). In a study conducted around Bozcaada in the Aegean Sea, dinoflagellates (50 %) were reported to be more dominant than diatoms (47 %) in terms of species number 22 . In a study carried out in the northwest coast of the Mediterranean in Villefranche Bay (Gomez & Gorsky 23 ; dinoflagellates 52 %, diatoms 43 %), in the Gulf of Genoa (Bernhard & Rampi 24 ; 48 % dinoflagellates, 31 % diatoms) and the Sea of Marmara (Balkis 2 ; dinoflagellates 52 %, diatoms 40 %) and Burgaz Island (Kayadelen 21 ; dinoflagellates 49 %, diatoms 47 %), dinoflagellates were reported to be more diverse than diatoms. ...
... Potentially harmful species (HAS) observed in the Gulf of Erdek which have had harmful impacts indicated elsewhere, auto-, hetero-or mixotrophic), PSP: paralytic shellfish poisoning, DSP: diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, ASP: amnesic shellfish poisoning. The effects of HAS were summarized according to previous work22 . ...
Seasonal changes of phytoplankton communities in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Erdek from November 2006 to August 2008 were examined in relation to some environmental variables and 95 species from 6 different algae groups were identified. In addition, two species were recorded for the first time in the Turkish coastal waters and one species for the Sea of Marmara. The maximum total phytoplankton abundance (1.99 × 10 5 cells L-1) were observed in May 2008, with Pseudo-nitzschia sp. being the most dominant species of that month (1.52 × 10 5 cells L-1). Both the Bray-Curtis diversity index and the Euclidean distance indicated that the upper and lower water layers were separated from each other at the stations, and the Spearman's rank-correlation and CCA analyses also showed that environmental variables affected the abundance of species. Furthermore, according to the CCA diagram, especially the temperature and dissolved oxygen had a bigger impact on the distribution of species. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Hʹ) values were low when Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Prorocentrum micans, Gymnodinium sp. and Prorocentrum scutellum were dominant over other species in the sampling period.
... Throughout the study period; low diversity of the epiphytic microalgal species, is related to the dominancy of filamentous cyanobacteria due to their tolerance to high nutrient levels and temperatures (Paerl & Huisman, 2009). According to the previous studies (Turley et al., 2000;Ignatiades et al., 2002;Balkıs, 2009), the North Aegean Sea can be regarded as an oligotrophic system due to low nutrient levels. However, coastal waters of Gökçeada Island (North Aegean) are affected by increasing levels of nutrients and organic compounds as a consequence of agricultural activities and urban discharges in the recent years. ...
Epiphytic microalgae attached to Posidonia oceanica leaves play a significant role through primary production, nutrient cycling and trophic fluxes in benthic ecosystems. Due to their sensitivity, epiphytic microalgae respond to environmental alterations more quickly than their host. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the ecological quality in Gökçeada Underwater Park (North Aegean) using epiphytic microalgal composition and abundance. In this respect, P. oceanica shoots are collected at 6m, 15m and 28m in May, July, October 2009 and January 2010 to estimate the microalgal composition and abundance. Also, P. oceanica descriptors and physico-chemical parameters in the water column of the meadow lower limit are measured. Leaf surface improvement through greater depths, have provided a convenient substratum for epiphytic colonization. A total of 56 taxa belonging to epiphytic microalgae are composed of Bacillariophyceae (91%), Cyanophyceae (7%) and Dinophyceae (2%). Temporal and bathymetric dynamics of the epiphytic community structure and abundance depend on the environmental parameters; such as leaf surface, nutrients and turbidity. Also, a mucilage phenomenon, resulted in a low diversity due to the dominancy of filamentous cyanobacteria. Necessary data is supplied for a less evaluated region affected by agricultural activities and urbanization in the recent years.
... Also we should point out that some of our mesopelagic forms have been reported from shallower waters. For example, Amphisolenia bidentata has been reported in the Bay of Villefranche (Gomez & Gorsky 2003) at 50 m depth and Triplosolenia bicornta also been reported in shallow (< 30m) waters of the Eastern Mediterranean (Balkis 2009). Eutintinnus haslae was described from samples taken a variety of depths in the Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans (Taniguchi & Hada 1981). ...
... Eutrophic conditions were regarded as an incentive for many diatom species to be the dominant species during the process of algal blooms ( Zhang et al., 2009;Li et al., 2010;Zhou et al., 2017). In con- trast, the oligotrophic conditions still resulted in high species numbers of dinoflagellates during the process of algal blooms in the Mediterra- nean ( Gómez and Gorsky, 2003;Balkis, 2009). The present study showed that PO 4 3− concentration was very low (0.23 μM) in the growth phase of P. donghaiense bloom (Table 2). ...
... Eutrophic conditions were regarded as an incentive for many diatom species to be the dominant species during the process of algal blooms (Zhang et al., 2009;Li et al., 2010;Zhou et al., 2017). In contrast, the oligotrophic conditions still resulted in high species numbers of dinoflagellates during the process of algal blooms in the Mediterranean (Gómez and Gorsky, 2003;Balkis, 2009). The present study showed that PO 4 3− concentration was very low (0.23 μM) in the growth phase of P. donghaiense bloom (Table 2). ...
The potential interactions between the bloom-forming dinoflagellates and other phytoplankton during the algal bloom cycle are interesting, while the causes for the phytoplankton community changes were not fully understood. We hypothesized that phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic activities of total phyto-plankton have their special characteristics in different phases of the algal blooms. To test this hypothesis, a survey covering the process of a Prorocentrum donghaiense bloom in coastal waters between Dongtou and Nanji Islands was carried out from 9 to 20 May 2016, and the changes in the phytoplankton community and photo-synthetic activities of total phytoplankton were determined. Surface seawater was sampled for microscopic analysis of phytoplankton composition and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic activities of the total phytoplankton species. A total of 25, 31, and 19 phytoplankton species were identified in its growth (9-12 May), maintenance (13-18 May) and dissipation phases (19-20 May), respectively. Diatoms were dominant in terms of species number while dinoflagellates were predominant at cell abundance. Dinoflagellates were the major dominant species during three phases of the bloom based on the dominance (Y) value, whereas the dominant species extended to dinoflagellates and diatoms including P. don-ghaiense, Coscinodiscus argus, Gonyaulax spinifera, Cyclotella sp. and Scrippsiella trochoidea in the dissipation phase. In the maintenance phase, the average cell abundances of the total phytoplankton and P. donghaiense were consistent with the chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration in the seawater; for the diversity indices of total phy-toplankton species, Simpson index (C) was the highest while Shannon index (H′) and Pielou evenness index (J′) were the lowest. Furthermore, photosynthetic activities of the total phytoplankton species represented by the effective quantum yield (F q '/F m ') and the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR max) in the maintenance phase were higher than those in the growth and dissipation phases. The results indicated that the characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic activities could be regarded as criteria in predicting the phases of algal blooms.
... Barbieux et al. (2018) reported that in these areas, phytoplankton Chl is essentially constant throughout the year. However, field evidence reveals that the eastern Mediterranean is not a stationary system but, instead, it presents significant seasonality with primary production and phytoplankton Chl generally increasing in response to winter phosphate and/or nitrate increase, particularly in coastal areas (Azov, 1986;Balkis, 2009;Ignatiades et al., 2002). ...
of satellite-derived chlorophyll concentration (Chl) are used to analyse the seasonal and non-seasonal patterns of Chl variability and the long-term trends in phytoplankton phenology in the Mediterranean Sea. With marked regional variations, we observe that seasonality dominates variability representing up to 80% of total Chl variance in oceanic areas, whereas in shelf-sea regions high frequency variations may be dominant representing up to 49% of total Chl variance. Seasonal variations are typically characterized by a phytoplankton growing period occurring in spring and spanning on average 170 days in the western basin and 150 days in the eastern basin. The variations in peak Chl concentrations are higher in the western basin (0.88 ± 1.01 mg m −3) compared to the eastern basin (0.35 ± 1.36 mg m −3). Differences in the seasonal cycle of Chl are also observed between open ocean and coastal waters where more than one phyto-plankton growing period are frequent (> 0.8 probability). During the study period, on average in the western Mediterranean basin (based on significant trends observed over ~95% of the basin), we show a positive trend in Chl of +0.015 ± 0.016 mg m −3 decade −1 , and an increase in the amplitude and duration of the phytoplankton growing period by +0.27 ± 0.29 mg m −3 decade −1 and +11 ± 7 days decade −1 respectively. Changes in Chl concentration in the eastern (and more oligotrophic) basin are generally low, with a trend of −0.004 ± 0.024 mg m −3 decade −1 on average (based on observed significant trends over ~70% of the basin). In this basin, the Chl peak has declined by −0.03 ± 0.08 mg m −3 decade −1 and the growing period duration has decreased by −12 ± 7 days decade −1. The trends in phytoplankton Chl and phenology, estimated in this study over the period 1998-2014, do not reveal significant overall decline/increase in Chl concentration or earlier/delayed timings of the seasonal peak on average over the entire Mediterranean Sea basin. However, we observed large regional variations, suggesting that the response of phytoplankton to environmental and climate forcing may be complex and regionally driven.
... Pyramimonadales were recovered everywhere in OSD and were the second most abundant Chlorophyta class as found in the Tara Oceans dataset . They were particularly prevalent in the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, where microplankton microscopy inventories previously recorded the presence of the genera Halosphaera and Pterosperma Kimor and Wood, 1975;Jenkinson, 1986;Sarno et al., 1993;Gomez and Gorsky, 2003;Balkis, 2009). In the OSD dataset Pyramimonadales did not show any environmental preferendum supporting the observation made by that Pyramimonadales were found in almost all metadata categories they sampled in the Mediterranean Sea. ...
The green lineage that dominates on land is represented by Chlorophyta which account in average for 25% of photosynthetic sequences (Dinoflagellates excluded) in global marine molecular inventories. Although Chlorophyta are major keys for ecological understanding of the ocean, as well as the evolutionary story understanding of land plants, their diversity and distribution in marine waters has been understudied. This thesis aims at investigating the environmental diversity of marine Chlorophyta and describing their distributions based on available large scale metabarcoding datasets. First, a reference database of publicly available 18S rRNA sequences of Chlorophyta was assembled and critically curated. Next, the Ocean Sampling Day (OSD) 18S metabarcode datasets were analysed. Chlorophyta diversity was compared for a limited sample set based on two regions of the 18S rRNA: the V4 and V9 regions. Then, Chlorophyta distribution was studied using the full OSD V4 dataset. Careful taxonomic investigations using both automatic and hand checked assignation of OTUs using alignments and phylogenies allowed to confirm the existence of new environmental prasinophytes clades and to confirme, that the Mamiellophyceae were the major group in coastal waters, while prasinophytes Clade VII and IX were dominating the oceanic oligotrophic stations. Comparing V4 and V9 regions illustrated the influence of the reference database on diversity. Moreover, the taxonomic investigation highlighted the diversity gaps between reference databases and environmental datasets. This work emphasizes the neglected importance of Chlorophyta in marine waters and provides some suggestions for future research.
... The NO3 -, NO2and NH4 + concentrations (i.e., DIN) of Nemrut Bay as presented in Table 3, were at eutrophic range in February (0.47-13.09 µM) and at mesotrophic range in July (0.30-2.28 µM) according to criteria provided for Aegean and Mediterranean coastal waters [26] [25]. PO4 3concentrations of February samples were measured in the range of 0.01-4.56 ...
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Direct discharges of domestic and industrial wastewaters to the coastal zone of Aegean Sea are an important concern. Design of an environmental baseline assessment program prior to any coastal development is a crucial part of the feasibility studies due to the complexity of the coastal dynamics. The background biogeochemical status of the Nemrut Bay’s water column was set to assess the impact of a proposed industrial discharge. The seawater samples were collected on seasonal bases representing winter (mixed water column) and summer (stratified) conditions, and were analyzed for dissolved heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Fe, Mg), dissolved and particulate nutrients (NO3⁻, NO2⁻, PO4³⁻, Si, TOC, TPP, POC, PON), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents. The baseline assessment was based on the Turkish regulatory liabilities. The analyses of the samples showed that anthropogenic influence is mostly detected in stations closer to the shoreline. The Nemrut Bay has quite a low level of pollution regarding the impacts of high intensity of industrial and maritime activities in its vicinity are considered.
