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Representative selection of a (a) linear polymer with trehalose in the backbone, (b) linear polymer with trehalose on the side chain, and (c) hydrogel with trehalose as cross-linker.
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Trehalose is a naturally occurring, nonreducing disaccharide that is widely used in the biopharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its stabilizing and cryoprotective properties. Over the years, scientists have developed methodologies to synthesize linear polymers with trehalose units either in the polymer backbone or as pendant groups....
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Context 1
... polymers can be prepared following two different approaches: (a) step-growth polymerization where trehalose is incorporated by polyaddition or polycondensation directly into the backbone of the polymer or (b) chain-growth polymerization where trehalose is linked to unsaturated monomers as side chains and, typically, radical polymerization affords linear chains with trehalose pendant on the side chains. Cross-linked materials can be prepared by (c) curing of trehalose containing multiple olefins to afford insoluble thermoset resins or crosslinking of poly(trehalose) in aqueous conditions to give hydrogels ( Figure 3). ...
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Objectives
Solid biopharmaceutical products can circumvent lower temperature storage and transport and increase remote access with lower carbon emissions and energy consumption. Saccharides are known stabilizers in a solid protein produced via lyophilization and spray drying (SD). Thus, it is essential to understand the interactions between sacchar...
Citations
... Trehalose also interacts directly with nucleic acids to promote the dissolution of double-stranded DNA and stabilizes single-stranded nucleic acids [13]. Combining this hydrogen-bonding characteristic with other cationic functional groups, backbone and side chain trehalose polymers have been applied to deliver plasmid DNA into cells [14]. ...
The rapid development of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines formulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) has contributed to control of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, mRNA vaccines have raised concerns about their potential toxicity and clinical safety, including side effects, such as myocarditis, anaphylaxis, and pericarditis. In this study, we investigated the potential of trehalose glycolipids-containing LNP (LNP S050L) to reduce the risks associated with ionizable lipids. Trehalose glycolipids can form hydrogen bonds with polar biomolecules, allowing the formation of a stable LNP structure by replacing half of the ionizable lipids. The efficacy and safety of LNP S050L were evaluated by encapsulating the mRNA encoding the luciferase reporter gene and measuring gene expression and organ toxicity, respectively. Furthermore, mice immunized with an LNP S050L-formulated mRNA vaccine expressing influenza hemagglutinin exhibited a significant reduction in organ toxicity, including in the heart, spleen, and liver, while sustaining gene expression and immune efficiency, compared to conventional LNPs (Con-LNPs). Our findings suggest that LNP S050L, a trehalose glycolipid-based LNP, could facilitate the development of safe mRNA vaccines with improved clinical safety.
... In the cosmetic industry, trehalose is used as a moisturizing agent to block unpleasant odors. Trehalose and synthetic trehalose analogs are highly effective and versatile stabilizers used to extend the shelf life of vaccines, antibodies, and enzymes and for cryopreservation of stem cells, organs, and tissues [124][125][126][127]. Trehalose has been used in the treatment of dry eye disease as it can stabilize the lipid layer and reduce the osmolarity of the tear film, which prevents evaporation. ...
Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing saccharide widely distributed in nature. Over the years, research on trehalose has revealed that this initially thought simple storage molecule is a multifunctional and multitasking compound protecting cells against various stress factors. This review presents data on the role of trehalose in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions and in the virulence of bacteria and fungi. Numerous studies have demonstrated that trehalose acts in the cell as an osmoprotectant, chemical chaperone, free radical scavenger, carbon source, virulence factor, and metabolic regulator. The increasingly researched medical and therapeutic applications of trehalose are also discussed.
... The necessity to access the risk and monitor their discharge into the environment lead to the establishment of the NORMAN project, which target to create a permanent network between references bodies, researches centres, industries, non-government organisations and other parties, in order to promote more rapid, broad and transparent information and data exchange, standardisation of measuring and monitoring methods for EPs, and the establishment of independent and competent forum for scientific debate on EPs related matters [11]. The original NORMAN list for EPs only consists only around 900 compounds, while in year 2018, the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (SUSDAT) database have included more than 40,000 compounds. ...
... At extreme pH condition, enzyme unfolding happens as the formation of same charges occur due to ionisation of functional groups, causing an increment in electrostatic repulsion. Most enzyme will form molten globule state, which consist of considerable amounts of secondary structure and totally disrupted tertiary structure as the protein denatures gradually [11]. Totally unfold of protein may happened under prolonged extreme condition. ...
... Acidophilic enzyme usually demonstrated large area of negative charge at the active site, and overall have lesser positive charge compare to neutrophilic counter parts. As protonation of the negatively charged group happen more frequently at lower pH, this will balance out the charges of the enzyme and make it stable at lower pH [11,90]. They also showed an increase in the number of hydrogen bond. ...
Emerging pollutants, also referred to as emerging contaminants, are substances that have recently been recognized or are gaining attention due to their potential adverse impacts on the environment, human health, or ecosystems. These pollutants present a significant threat to both environmental and human well-being and are challenging to eliminate using conventional remediation methods. Extremophiles, organisms adapted to extreme environmental conditions like high or low temperatures, high pressure, and elevated salt concentrations, play a crucial role in this context. They produce a diverse array of enzymes capable of breaking down complex organic compounds, some of which remain stable and functional even in harsh environmental conditions, making extremophiles well-suited for use in bioremediation applications. Numerous studies have demonstrated the capability of extremophiles to degrade various pollutants, including toxic solvents, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals. Halophilic archaea, a type of extremophile, have particularly shown promise in degrading emerging contaminants in salt marsh sediments. Despite their potential, there are challenges associated with using extremophiles in bioremediation, such as the limited availability of extremophilic microorganisms capable of degrading specific pollutants and a reduction in enzyme stability when operating outside their optimum range. Nevertheless, ongoing research in this field is anticipated to result in the development of new and innovative bioremediation strategies for effectively removing emerging pollutants from the environment.
... [33] Among saccharides, trehalose has been reported to have unique bioprotective properties against freezing, drying, and other environmental stress factors. [35][36] Often, trehalose has been found to be more efficient at preventing protein denaturation than other saccharides. [37][38][39][40] We became curious whether trehalose also stabilizes collagen more than other carbohydrates. ...
Carbohydrates are common co‐solutes for the stabilization of proteins. The effect of carbohydrate solutions on the stability of collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is, however, underexplored. In this work, we studied the thermal stability of collagen triple helices derived from a molecularly defined collagen model peptide (CMP), Ac‐(Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)7‐NH2, in solutions of six common mono‐ and disaccharides. We show that the carbohydrates stabilize the collagen triple helix in a concentration‐dependent manner, with an increase of the melting temperature of up to 17 °C. In addition, we show that the stabilizing effect is similar for all studied sugars, including trehalose, which is otherwise considered a privileged bioprotectant. The results provided insight into the effects of sugar co‐solutes on collagen triple helices and can aid the selection of storage environments for collagen‐based materials and probes.
... Hence, the process o9 complexation might have modifed the structural confguration o9 CP particles and trehalose, indicating the occurrence o9 enzymatic hydrolysis during digestion. Trehalose has many applications in various industries, which have unique con9ormations and can protect the protein structure 9rom denaturation and aggregation (Vinciguerra et al., 2022). It has hydroxyl groups that are essential 9or the creation o9 non-covalent bonding, particularly hydrogen bonds (Choi et al., 2006). ...
... g., food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. TRE can be found in both crystalline and amorphous forms and it has been hypothesized that TRE is an excellent stabilizer of lipids and proteins [32,33]. A percentage of TRE of 1 % w/w with respect to water weight was found to be a good compromise to avoid a drastic decrease in WCA. ...
The production of electrical and electronic equipment is increasing worldwide with a dramatic increase of electronic waste. Sustainable materials to produce sensors may thus positively impact on the environment. Casein is a milk protein that was used to fabricate a non-cytotoxic and biodegradable capacitive sensor by a green chemical process adding glycerol and trehalose. The casein-based film was characterized by means of thermal (TGA and EGA-MS) and spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR and Dielectric Spectroscopy) techniques. Contact angle, water vapour transmission rate, cytotoxicity and biodegradability were also assessed. A PEDOT:PSS/reduced graphene oxide ink was produced and screen-printed onto the film surface to obtain electrically conductive electrodes. The dielectric properties of the casein-based film allowed for the fabrication of a capacitive sensor that proved sensitive to pH changes.
... After applying TSiNPs to the substrate, the root exudates (presence of amino acids, ascorbic acid, and phenolics) appear to prevent their agglomeration and make them highly available to the root surface (Ahmed et al., 2021;Yang et al., 2022). Moreover, trehalose functionalization helps maintain the stability of the SiNPs by preventing their aggregation and improving their dispersibility in the substrate-water interface (Vinciguerra et al., 2022). The high dissolution of nanoparticles with negatively charged surfaces makes it easier to enter the root epidermis through the cell wall pores (Yang et al., 2022). ...
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) confer better growth and development of plants under salinity stress. Moreover, the surface-functionalization of SiNPs with bioactive molecules is expected to enhance its efficacy. The present study thus aimed to modify the surface of SiNPs, by attaching a bioactive molecule (trehalose) to obtain TSiNPs. The successful surface functionalization was confirmed using FTIR, XRD, and EDS. The spherical shape and amorphous nature of the nanoparticles were confirmed using SEM. The TEM image analysis revealed that the size of SiNPs and TSiNPs ranged between 20-50 nm and 200–250 nm, respectively. A novel bioassay experiment designed to study the release of silica and trehalose from nanoparticles elucidated that the TSiNPs improved the release and uptake of silica. Also, trehalose uptake significantly improved after 72 h of application due to enhanced release of trehalose from TSiNPs. Further, this study also aimed to investigate the potential benefits of SiNPs and TSiNPs in promoting the growth and development of plants under salinity stress. In this context, the nanoparticles were applied to the saline-stressed (0, 200, 300 mM) lentil seedlings for the in-planta experiments. The results revealed that both SiNPs and TSiNPs improved the growth of seedlings (shoot, and root length), ionic balance (K+/Na+ ratio), and osmolyte status (sugars, proline, glycine betaine, trehalose). Additionally, increased antioxidant enzyme activities helped scavenge ROS (H2O2, O2.-) generated in NaCl-stressed seedlings, ultimately improving the membrane integrity (by reducing MDA and EL). However, the TSiNPs exhibited a much-enhanced activity in stress alleviation compared to the SiNPs.
... Trehalose-bearing carriers have been extensively developed for various biomedical applications, e.g., protein and peptide stabilization and delivery, gene delivery, bacteria-targeted applications, cell culture, and cryopreservation. 20,21 However, the field of their utilization to target autophagy induction or inhibition of protein aggregation is still in its infancy, and just over 20 trehalose-bearing carriers have currently been developed for these purposes. Trehalose-bearing carriers targeting these two effects can be categorized into several groups: nanocarriers with physically entrapped trehalose, nanoassemblies, glycopolymers, dendrimers, glycoclusters, and nanoparticles (e.g., solid lipid nanoparticles, inorganic ...
... Trehalose-bearing macromolecules have been extensively developed in the Maynard group, 20 and part of the research has been devoted to the study of various trehalose glycopolymers for stabilization of pharmaceutical proteins/ polypeptides, including human recombinant insulin. Although the studies are not focused directly on the fibrillation and amyloid fibrils formation but rather on general stability against aggregation caused by heating and agitation, the results obtained provide several important conclusions regarding the influence of glycopolymer structure on their stabilization effect. ...
In recent years, trehalose, a natural disaccharide, has attracted growing attention because of the discovery of its potential to induce autophagy. Trehalose has also been demonstrated to preserve the protein’s structural integrity and to limit the aggregation of pathologically misfolded proteins. Both of these properties have made trehalose a promising therapeutic candidate to target autophagy-related disorders and protein aggregation diseases. Unfortunately, trehalose has poor bioavailability due to its hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Recently, trehalose-bearing carriers, in which trehalose is incorporated either by chemical conjugation or physical entrapment, have emerged as an alternative option to free trehalose to improve its efficacy, particularly for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers. In the current Perspective, we discuss all existing literature in this emerging field and try to identify key challenges for researchers intending to develop trehalose-bearing carriers to stimulate autophagy or inhibit protein aggregation.
... To improve the long-term stability and bioactive delivery of proteins, we and others have incorporated multivalent presentation of trehalose into polymers and hydrogels [25][26][27][28] . Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide that is produced by yeast and other extremophile organisms to effectively stabilize intracellular proteins, nucleic acids, and cell membranes under extreme environments 29 . ...
Therapeutic outcomes of local biomolecule delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) using bulk biomaterials are limited by inadequate drug loading, neuropil disruption, and severe foreign body responses. Effective CNS delivery requires addressing these issues and developing well-tolerated, highly-loaded carriers that are dispersible within local neural parenchyma. Here, we synthesized biodegradable trehalose-based polyelectrolyte oligomers using facile A2:B3:AR thiol-ene Michael addition reactions that form complex coacervates upon mixing of oppositely charged oligomers. Coacervates permit high con-centration loading and controlled release of bioactive growth factors, enzymes, and anti-bodies, with modular formulation parameters that confer tunable release kinetics. Coacervates are cytocompatible and readily bind to cultured neural cells in vitro but remain extracellularly. Coacervates serve as effective vehicles for precisely delivering biomolecules, including bioactive neurotrophins, to the mouse striatum following intraparenchymal injection. These results support the use of trehalose-based coacervates as part of therapeutic protein delivery strategies for CNS disorders.
... Exogenous trehalose application to the plant species at the seedling stage induces salinity tolerance by increasing the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid), carbohydrate (sucrose, fructose and trehalose), proline and other osmotic substances (Abdallah et al. 2016, Yang et al. 2022. Trehalose is more effective in inducing salinity tolerance if compared to other sugars because it can protect proteins and cell bilayers from denaturation and degradation (Jain & Roy 2009, Vinciguerra et al. 2022. Moreover, it is easily available due to its use in food, biopharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries. ...
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is globally impacted by salinity stress, since it is a salt-sensitive plant species. This study aimed to determine the effect of exogenous trehalose to reduce the salinity stress at the tillering stage in three lowland rice varieties: Chai Nat 1 (CNT1), Pathum Thani 1 (PT1) and Inpari 35 (IN35). Salinity stress was induced by watering the plants with four concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) of sodium chloride (NaCl). Thereafter, exogenous trehalose with the same concentration was applied through foliar spray to reduce the salinity stress. The induced salinity in the rice plants affected various physiological parameters, such as relative water content, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio. Salinity also affected the levels of soluble sugar, starch content and other eight agronomic traits. At the concentration of 50 mM, the impact of trehalose was significantly observed on the physiological, biochemical and other agronomic traits of the plant. However, the 100-grain weight of the rice did not improve with the use of trehalose, what may have been influenced by the duration of the trehalose exposure during the tillering stage. The physiological, biochemical (excluding starch content) and agronomical traits of the rice plants also varied with the varieties. The salt-tolerant variety (IN35) showed a higher content of relative water (12.98 %), chlorophyll (8.33 %), soluble sugars (12.25 %), reproductive tillers per plant (12.4 %), grains per panicle (18.81 %), 100-grain weight (10.71 %), percentage of filled grains per panicle (22.39 %) and grain yield per plant (23.49 %), in comparison to CNT1 and PT1.
KEYWORDS:
Oryza sativa L.; abiotic stress; lowland rice
