Figure 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Representative scheme of the action of taurine in skeletal muscle fiber. It is shown the TauT carrier which works to maintain high intracellular taurine level, along with the actions that taurine exerts on membrane channels, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitocondria and possibly gene expression. Putative binding sites for taurine are shown (1) on ClC-1 channel and (2) as local anesthetic drug binding site. Arrows indicate a general stimulating action while dotted lines are for inhibitory effects or yet undefined pathways. A pathway for taurine efflux under stress conditions (ischemia, osmotic stress, etc.) likely via the volume-sensitive organic anion channel (VSOAC) is also shown.
Source publication
Taurine is a natural amino acid present as free form in many mammalian tissues and in particular in skeletal muscle. Taurine exerts many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, osmoregulation and cytoprotective effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions as well as modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and ion...
Citations
... White matter losses, particularly in the corpus callosum, exhibited a scattered distribution. Integration of neuropsychological assessments highlighted a discernible correlation between compromised neuropsychological function and diminished gray matter volume in specific cerebral regions, including the frontal lobe, insula, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum [8]. Concurrently, chronic alcohol consumption induced a reduction in white matter throughout the brain. ...
... Animal studies have demonstrated that chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial apoptosis mediated by neuroimmune responses facilitated by cross-talk between neurons and glial cells [11]. The proinflammatory cytokines produced cross the BBB and enhance the effect of ethanol on the CNS, increasing cell death, which may be linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson [8,12]. ...
... Taurine can inhibit peripheral inflammation by decreasing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transporter of inflammatory cytokines to the brain, increasing neuroprotection. Kamal et al. [8] review alcohol use disorder, neurodegeneration, and diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson. Prolonged and excessive alcohol intake increases ROS, LPO, protein and DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated cytokine production, and ultimately neuronal cell death, with potential links to neurodegenerative diseases. ...
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a non-protein β-amino acid essential for cellular homeostasis, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties that are crucial for life maintenance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of taurine administration on hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal preservation, or reverse damage in rats exposed to forced ethanol consumption in an animal model. Wistar rats were treated with ethanol (EtOH) for a 28-day period (5% in the 1st week, 10% in the 2nd week, and 20% in the 3rd and 4th weeks). Two taurine treatment protocols (300 mg/kg i.p.) were implemented: one during ethanol consumption to analyze neuroprotection, and another after ethanol consumption to assess the reversal of ethanol-induced damage. Overall, the results demonstrated that taurine treatment was effective in protecting against deficits induced by ethanol consumption in the dentate gyrus. The EtOH+TAU group showed a significant increase in cell proliferation (145.8%) and cell survival (54.0%) compared to the EtOH+Sal group. The results also indicated similar effects regarding the reversal of ethanol-induced damage 28 days after the cessation of ethanol consumption. The EtOH+TAU group exhibited a significant increase (41.3%) in the number of DCX-immunoreactive cells compared to the EtOH+Sal group. However, this amino acid did not induce neurogenesis in the tissues of healthy rats, implying that its activity may be contingent upon post-injury stimuli.
... 3d and S7j). Low taurine and hydroxyproline levels have been reported in aging mice 22,23 . Taurine also acts as an organic osmolyte 22 , suggesting that maintaining adequate levels of taurine is important in preserving osmotic balance, particularly during GPC accumulation. ...
... Low taurine and hydroxyproline levels have been reported in aging mice 22,23 . Taurine also acts as an organic osmolyte 22 , suggesting that maintaining adequate levels of taurine is important in preserving osmotic balance, particularly during GPC accumulation. In addition, reduced serine and glycine levels reportedly impair muscle regeneration 24 , whereas increased glutamic acid was observed in an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mdx mice) 25 . ...
Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is an important precursor for intracellular choline supply in phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism. GDE5/Gpcpd1 hydrolyzes GPC into choline and glycerol 3-phosphate; this study aimed to elucidate its physiological function in vivo. Heterozygous whole-body GDE5-deficient mice reveal a significant GPC accumulation across tissues, while homozygous whole-body knockout results in embryonic lethality. Skeletal muscle-specific GDE5 deletion (Gde5 skKO) exhibits reduced passive force and improved fatigue resistance in electrically stimulated gastrocnemius muscles in vivo. GDE5 deficiency also results in higher glycolytic metabolites and glycogen levels, and glycerophospholipids alteration, including reduced levels of phospholipids that bind polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as DHA. Interestingly, this PC fatty acid compositional change is similar to that observed in skeletal muscles of denervated and Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models. These are accompanied by decrease of GDE5 expression, suggesting a regulatory role of GDE5 activity for glycerophospholipid profiles. Furthermore, a DHA-rich diet enhances contractile force and lowers fatigue resistance, suggesting a functional relationship between PC fatty acid composition and muscle function. Finally, skinned fiber experiments show that GDE5 loss increases the probability of the ryanodine receptor opening and lowers the maximum Ca²⁺-activated force. Collectively, GDE5 activity plays roles in PC and glucose/glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle.
... While taurine is commonly found in animal foods, it is not in plant foods. Taurine biosynthesis varies according to tissue type and species, and although it is mainly synthesized in brain tissue and the liver, it is also synthesized in the mammary glands, placenta, lungs, kidneys, and adipose tissue (SHIMADA et al., 1998;HU et al., 2000a;HIRSCHBERGER et al., 2001;IDE et al., 2002;STIPANUK et al., 2002;De LUCA et al., 2015). While taurine has a high concentration at birth, it decreases during the aging process (STURMAN et al., 1977). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether taurine has any role in bovine subclinical mastitis, and the relationship between milk taurine concentration and somatic cell count. Forty milk samples from dairy cows aged 3 to 6 during lactation were used for this research. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. The subclinical mastitis group consisted of 20 milk specimens positive for CMT and SCC>200.000/ml of milk. The control group consisted of 20 milk specimens negative for CMT and SCC<200.000/ml of milk. A bovine-specific taurine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the taurine concentration in the milk. The milk serum taurine concentrations were determined as 232.1±89.8 pg/ml in the control group and 158.0±55.6 pg/ml in the subclinical mastitis group. These results determined that the taurine concentration in milk with subclinical mastitis decreased approximately 1.5 times compared to healthy milk (P<0.05). A significant negative correlation was determined between the taurine concentration in cow’s milk with subclinical mastitis and the number of somatic cells (r= -0.933; P<0.001). From the findings of this study, it was concluded that both somatic cell counts and the measurement of taurine in cow’s milk could be used to monitor mammary health.
... Taurine has antioxidant effects, stabilizes cell membranes, and is involved in lipid homeostasis (Wang et al., 2023). Taurine enhances both the nutritional value and flavor of lamb meat (Purchas et al., 2004). De. et al. (2015) reported that 0.5% taurine reduced the proportion of type Ⅱb muscle fibers in the thigh muscle of broilers and decreased glycolysis, suggesting that protein denaturation decreased, thereby contributing to improved meat quality. Proline is mainly synthesized from arginine in animals (Wu et al., 2008). High proline concentrations are corr ...
The aim of this research was to explore the effects of ellagic acid (EA) on growth performance, meat quality, and metabolomics profile of broiler chickens. 240 healthy yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 replicates/group and 10 broilers /replicate): 1) a standard diet (CON); 2) CON+0.01% EA; 3) CON+0.02% EA; 4) CON+0.04% EA. Compared with the CON group, dietary 0.02% EA increased linearly and quadratically the ADG and lowered F/G ratio from 29 to 56 d and from 1 to 56 d of age (P < 0.05). The EA groups had higher spleen index and showed linear and quadratic improve thymus index (P < 0.05). A total of 0.02% EA linearly and quadratically increased the leg muscle percentage and quadratically increased the breast muscle percentage (P < 0.05). Compared to the control diet, 0.02% EA decreased quadratically the L* and increased a* of breast muscle at 45 min postslaughter (P < 0.05), and quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) the b* and increased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) drip loss. Additionally, EA improved linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) serum total protein concentration and reduced linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) serum blood urea nitrogen concentration. A total of 0.02% EA quadratically increased catalase activity and decreased malondialdehyde concentration in breast muscle compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). 0.02% and 0.04% EA could linearly and quadratically increase (P < 0.05) the concentrations of histidine, leucine and essential amino acids (EAA), 0.02% EA could linearly and quadratically increase (P < 0.05) the concentrations of threonine, glutamate, and flavored amino acids in breast muscle. 0.02% EA linearly and quadratically improved the C20:3n6, C22:6n3, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids (SFA), but reduced the C16:0 and the SFA concentrations in breast muscle than the CON group (P < 0.05). The EA diet linearly increased (P = 0.035) and quadratically tended (P = 0.068) to regulate the C18:2n6c concentration of breast muscle. Metabolomics showed that alanine metabolism, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most differentially abundant. These results showed that EA supported moderate positive effects on growth performance, meat quality, and metabolomics profile of broilers.
... Previous evidence has suggested that the taurine intake from daily food consumption is approximately 58 mg [65], aligning with the taurine concentration (30 to 160 mg) found in a standard 100 g taurine-rich food like fish, beef, or pork [66]. However, high-dose taurine has been demonstrated as nontoxic to humans [67] and has been applied in different pathophysiological conditions such as skeletal muscle disorders and heart failure [21,68]. For the clinical treatment of congestive heart failure [69], hypertension [70], and dystrophic myotonia [71], taurine is used at doses as high as 6 g per day or more. ...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children with unknown etiology. Impaired learning ability was commonly reported in ADHD patients and has been associated with dopamine uptake in the striatum of an animal model. Another evidence also indicated that micro-RNA (miR)-200b-3p is associated with learning ability in various animal models. However, the association between miR-200b-3p and ADHD–related symptoms remains unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of miR-200b-3p in ADHD-related symptoms such as inattention and striatal inflammatory cytokines. To verify the influence of miR-200b-3p in ADHD-related symptoms, striatal stereotaxic injection of miR-200b-3p antagomir (AT) was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The antioxidant activity and expressions of miR-200b-3p, slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2), and inflammatory cytokines in the striatum of SHR were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spontaneous alternation of SHR was tested using a three-arm Y-shaped maze. The administration of miR-200b-3p AT or taurine significantly decreased striatal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in SHR, along with increased super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and significantly higher spontaneous alternation. In this paper, we show that miR-200b-3p AT and taurine alleviates ADHD-related symptoms in SHR. These findings provide insights into ADHD’s molecular basis and suggest miR-200b-3p as a potential therapeutic target. Concurrently, this study also suggests broad implications for treating neurodevelopmental disorders affecting learning activity such as ADHD.
... Согласно последним исследованиям, таурин активно участвует в метаболизме гамма-аминомасляной кислоты (ГАМК), действует как цитопротектор при избыточном оксидативном стрессе, защищая нейроны головного мозга и другие клетки от повреждающего воздействия свободных радикалов [31][32][33]. ...
Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic has also greatly impacted people's psychological well-being, increasing stress levels, as well as their lifestyle and well-being. Therefore, to maintain health, men should take multicomponent complexes that have a beneficial effect on various organs and systems (including reproductive), have an antioxidant effect and help normalize basic physiological processes in the body. In particular, such supplements can be used as a preconception preparation of a man for conception in a couple. Objective. To evaluate the action of the antioxidant complex «AndroDoz Light» in a group of men in the framework of preconceptional preparation (for conception of a child by a sexual partner). Materials and methods. The data of 30 men aged 23 to 48 years (the average age was 26.3 ± 5.4 years) preparing for conception with a sexual partner were analyzed in this paper. AndroDoz Light was used by men for 1 month: effervescent tablet dissolved in a glass of water (200 ml) once a day during or after meals. To everyone in addition to the spermogram, microbiological examination of the ejaculate, finger rectal examination of the prostate gland (pancreas), ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the scrotum organs, microscopic examination of the pancreatic secretion (SPH), microscopic examination of the urethral smear and PCR diagnostics of sexually transmitted diseases (androflor) were performed. The concentration of testosterone in the blood, the level of zinc in the sperm plasma were determined. The assessment of the quality of life and sexual function of men was carried out on the IIEF-15 scale (International Index of Erectile Function) and on the NIH-CPSI scale. Results. The multicomponent complex AndroDoz Light helps not only to increase male fertility, improving the functional state of the male reproductive system (qualitative and quantitative spermogram indicators) and morphological indicators: reduces the percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation, but also improves copulatory function, and is an additional source of necessary nutrients for the male body. Conclusion. The use of the multicomponent complex AndroDoz Light in men as part of the preconceptional preparation of a married couple for conception is accompanied by an improvement in both general well-being and the quality of men's sexual life in general, positively affects the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the spermogram and sperm DNA fragmentation. The results obtained allow us to recommend the use of the multicomponent complex AndroDoz Light in men in the absence of pronounced reproductive problems as part of the preconceptional preparation of a married couple for conception.
... Although it has been suggested that the BCAA content of perch flesh is not high [24], in our study we of protein in skeletal muscle and suppress proteolysis [25][26][27]. Taurine, classified as conditionally essential amino acids, reverses muscle function under conditions of overuse in a number of ways, including the control of mitochondrial ROS production, the regulation of membrane potential and the induction of muscle regulatory proteins [28]. It is thought that taurine supplementation may help to reduce inflammation and improve muscle strength [29]. ...
Background:Fish protein supplementation may maintain muscle strength and prevent sarcopenia as it contains a complex array of macro- and micronutrients essential for building the skeletal muscle. Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of perch essence (PE) supplementation on muscle mass and muscle function of through human and cell model. Methods:The open label clinical trial was conducted to assess the therapeutic effect of PE on muscle mass improvement. The mouse skeletal muscle cell (C2C12) model of muscle atrophy was analyzed for cell viability. Results:Our results showed PE contained abundant branched chain amino acid, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen. After one month of supplementation with PE in our human model, there was a significant increase in muscle mass in the whole body and all parts of the body, with an increase of 1.55 % in the whole body, 1.79% in the trunk, 1.64% in the arms and 1.38% in the legs. The percentage of subcutaneous fat in the trunk, arms and legs also decreased significantly by 2.49%, 3.21% and 3.40% respectively. PE supplementation also improves muscle grip strength, especially with the dominant hand. The cell model results demonstrated that PE could effectively prevent skeletal muscle cell from death induced by dexamethasone. Conclusion:This study suggests that the branched chain amino acids, taurine, hydroxyproline and collagen in PE have the potential to serve as a good source of dietary supplements for the improvement of skeletal muscle mass and strength through cell protection.Keywords:branched chain amino acid, collagen, perch, skeletal muscle, sarcopenia
... Later on, in 1846, the English chemist Edmund Ronalds confirmed the presence of taurine in human bile [2]. Taurine is detected in high concentrations in oxidative tissues, characterized by a high number of mitochondria, and in lower concentrations in glycolytic tissues [3][4][5][6]. The taurine content in various human tissues is reported in Table 1; over the years, researchers have explored its role in various physiological processes, leading to an increased understanding of its significance in human health. ...
... chemist Edmund Ronalds confirmed the presence of taurine in human bile [2]. Taurine is detected in high concentrations in oxidative tissues, characterized by a high number of mitochondria, and in lower concentrations in glycolytic tissues [3][4][5][6]. The taurine content in various human tissues is reported in Table 1; over the years, researchers have explored its role in various physiological processes, leading to an increased understanding of its significance in human health. ...
Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on aging and cardiovascular pathophysiology, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it also an intriguing candidate for potential anti-aging strategies.
... Later on, in 1846, the English chemist Edmund Ronalds confirmed the presence of taurine in human bile [2]. Taurine is detected in high concentrations in oxidative tissues, characterized by a high number of mitochondria, and in lower concentrations in glycolytic tissues [3][4][5][6]. The taurine content in various human tissues is reported in Table 1; over the years, researchers have explored its role in various physiological processes, leading to an increased understanding of its significance in human health. ...
... chemist Edmund Ronalds confirmed the presence of taurine in human bile [2]. Taurine is detected in high concentrations in oxidative tissues, characterized by a high number of mitochondria, and in lower concentrations in glycolytic tissues [3][4][5][6]. The taurine content in various human tissues is reported in Table 1; over the years, researchers have explored its role in various physiological processes, leading to an increased understanding of its significance in human health. ...
Taurine, a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid, has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. Found in various foods and often used in energy drinks and supplements, Taurine has been studied extensively to understand its impact on human physiology. Determining its exact functional roles represents a complex and multifaceted topic. We provide an overview of the scientific literature and present an analysis of the effects of Taurine on various aspects of human health, focusing on cardiovascular pathophysiology and aging, but also including athletic performance, metabolic regulation, and neurological function. Additionally, our report summarizes the current recommendations for taurine intake and addresses potential safety concerns. Evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that Taurine may have beneficial cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure regulation, improved cardiac fitness, and enhanced vascular health. Its mechanisms of action and antioxidant properties make it an intriguing candidate for potential cardioprotective therapies.
... In addition, the metabolite taurine involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism was upregulated at 12 WPI. Taurine, one of the most abundant amino acids, possesses anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties [62] and protects against various types of hepatic damage [63,64]. However, the role of taurine in the VL process and whether its upregulation is related to the self-limitation of pathological lesions in liver in this study are unknown. ...
Background
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases and is spread mainly in impoverished regions of the world. Although many studies have focused on the host’s response to Leishmania invasion, relatively less is known about the complex processes at the metabolic level, especially the metabolic alterations in the infected hosts.
Methods
In this study, we conducted metabolomics analysis on the urine of golden hamsters in the presence or absence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system tandem high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). The metabolic characteristics of urine samples, along with the histopathological change and the parasite burden of liver and spleen tissues, were detected at 4 and 12 weeks post infection (WPI), respectively.
Results
Amino acid metabolism was extensively affected at both stages of VL progression. Meanwhile, there were also distinct metabolic features at different stages. At 4 WPI, the significantly affected metabolic pathways involved alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), histidine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. At 12 WPI, the markedly enriched metabolic pathways were almost concentrated on amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism. The dysregulated metabolites and metabolic pathways at 12 WPI were obviously less than those at 4 WPI. In addition, seven metabolites that were dysregulated at both stages through partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) tests were screened to be of diagnostic potential. The combination of these metabolites as a potential biomarker panel showed satisfactory performance in distinguishing infection groups from control groups as well as among different stages of infection.
Conclusion
Our findings could provide valuable information for further understanding of the host response to Leishmania infection from the aspect of the urine metabolome. The proposed urine biomarker panel could help in the development of a novel approach for the diagnosis and prognosis of VL.
Graphical Abstract
