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Representative pictures showing morphological diversity of Solanum species within subgenus Solanum in Egypt. (a) Flowers, (b) Fruits and (c) Leaves.
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A taxonomic revision of the genus Solanum L. in Egypt is presented. Nine native species are recognized, as well as the new recorded species S. diphyllum L. The work is devoted to study the morphological characters of each species, the nomenclature with synonyms, and the taxonomic relationships between the studied species. A key to Solanum species i...
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... the second group, subgenus Solanum, S. diphyllum separated leaving the more related species S. nigrum, S. sinaicum and S. villosum together. Morphologically these species are very much similar. S. diphyllum can easily distinguished by its coriaceous, glabrescent and mostly unequal-paired leaves (Figs. 4 and 5). S. nigrum can be distinguished from S. sinaicum and S. villosum by larger, dark green, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent leaves and black fruits (Figs. 4 and 5). On the otherhand, S. sinaicum and S. villosum characterized by white villous hairs on stems, leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and ...
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... and S. villosum together. Morphologically these species are very much similar. S. diphyllum can easily distinguished by its coriaceous, glabrescent and mostly unequal-paired leaves (Figs. 4 and 5). S. nigrum can be distinguished from S. sinaicum and S. villosum by larger, dark green, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent leaves and black fruits (Figs. 4 and 5). On the otherhand, S. sinaicum and S. villosum characterized by white villous hairs on stems, leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and Lester et al. (2011). S. sinaicum highly similar to S. villosum as showed in cluster analysis and has the lowest morphological variation distance 1.73 (Table 3). S. ...
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... leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and Lester et al. (2011). S. sinaicum highly similar to S. villosum as showed in cluster analysis and has the lowest morphological variation distance 1.73 (Table 3). S. villosum characterized by white petals and S. sinai- cum by white petals with black-violet midrib outside (Fig. 4). This finding suggested that S. sinaicum may turn out to be an ecotype of the S. villosum or generated from it by hybridization. Natural hybridization is probably more widespread in section Solanum producing morphogenetically complex populations (Jennifer and James, 1997). Jaeger (1985) revised the genus Solanum in Africa and totally ...
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... the second group, subgenus Solanum, S. diphyllum separated leaving the more related species S. nigrum, S. sinaicum and S. villosum together. Morphologically these species are very much similar. S. diphyllum can easily distinguished by its coriaceous, glabrescent and mostly unequal-paired leaves (Figs. 4 and 5). S. nigrum can be distinguished from S. sinaicum and S. villosum by larger, dark green, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent leaves and black fruits (Figs. 4 and 5). On the otherhand, S. sinaicum and S. villosum characterized by white villous hairs on stems, leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and ...
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... and S. villosum together. Morphologically these species are very much similar. S. diphyllum can easily distinguished by its coriaceous, glabrescent and mostly unequal-paired leaves (Figs. 4 and 5). S. nigrum can be distinguished from S. sinaicum and S. villosum by larger, dark green, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent leaves and black fruits (Figs. 4 and 5). On the otherhand, S. sinaicum and S. villosum characterized by white villous hairs on stems, leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and Lester et al. (2011). S. sinaicum highly similar to S. villosum as showed in cluster analysis and has the lowest morphological variation distance 1.73 (Table 3). S. ...
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... leaves, petioles and calyx; fruits orange colored Arcy (1972Arcy ( , 1991 and Lester et al. (2011). S. sinaicum highly similar to S. villosum as showed in cluster analysis and has the lowest morphological variation distance 1.73 (Table 3). S. villosum characterized by white petals and S. sinai- cum by white petals with black-violet midrib outside (Fig. 4). This finding suggested that S. sinaicum may turn out to be an ecotype of the S. villosum or generated from it by hybridization. Natural hybridization is probably more widespread in section Solanum producing morphogenetically complex populations (Jennifer and James, 1997). Jaeger (1985) revised the genus Solanum in Africa and totally ...
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... Insects and plants have been living and relationship together for more million years (War et al., 2012). Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae were esteemed important crops of vegetable production, which are widely cultivated in large-scale areas in both old lands and newly reclaimed lands in Egypt (Mohamed, 2012, Fawzi andHabeeb, 2016). The cultivated area of the Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae plantations was 595071 ha, and 18.5 million tons in Egypt (FAO, 2023). ...
... This outcome aligns with the findings of El-Shaboury et al. (2021), where the relationship between S. nigrum and S. villosum was confirmed through the analysis of ISSR markers. Fawzi and Habeeb (2016) also asserted that natural hybridization might be the cause of challenges in distinguishing the morphological Table 2 List of wild edible Solanum species with their morphological quantitative traits with (±) standard deviation of triplicate sample, CD at 5%, SEM(±) and letters in uppercase (a, ab, b, c, abc, d, bcd, ef, cde, de, f, def, g, h, gh and Table 1 for a comprehensive list of species, including their sources and qualitative morphological characters. ...
This study explores the extensive variation in nutritional, anti-nutritional, and morphological characteristics observed among various Solanum species. A thorough investigation was conducted on several Solanum species, including S. torvum, S. nigrum, S. macrocarpon, S. ferox, S. spirale, S. villosum, S. gilo (white), and S. violaceum (spineless). Morphological parameters such as plant height, flower count, fruit length, and girth were measured. Nutritional analysis encompassed total carbohydrates, starch, cellulose, total sugar, reducing sugar, and total soluble protein. Anti-nutritional factors, including phytic acid and cyanogen content, were also assessed. Statistical analyses were employed to identify significant variations among the species. S. torvum stood out with the highest plant height (161.16 ± 5.67 cm) and prolific number of flowers per inflorescence (12.49 ± 1.55), contrasting sharply with S. nigrum, which exhibited the smallest fruit length (6.08 ± 0.43 mm) and girth (6.48 ± 0.55 mm). Notably, S. macrocarpon displayed a unique morphology, characterized by maximal fruit girth (73.65 ± 0.65 mm) and the lowest number of flowers per inflorescence (2.04 ± 0.43). S. nigrum, as a short-period plant, demonstrated the shortest time to first flowering (19.94 ± 3.63 days) and fruit development (31.27 ± 2.99 days). In terms of nutritional composition, S. macrocarpon exhibited the highest total carbohydrates (47.44 ± 1.75 mg/g) and starch (8.76 ± 0.16 mg/g) but the lowest cellulose (0.75 ± 0.007 mg/g). Conversely, S. ferox showcased the highest total sugar (7.33 ± 0.78 mg/g) and reducing sugar (3.86 ± 0.40 mg/g). S. spirale, however, presented the lowest total sugar (2.37 ± 0.12 mg/g) and reducing sugar (0.23 ± 0.03 mg/g), while S. torvum recorded the highest cellulose (2.04 ± 0.08 mg/g). S. villosum exhibited the maximum total soluble protein (1.54 ± 0.03 mg/g), while S. gilo (white) had the lowest (0.74 ± 0.03 mg/g). In terms of anti-nutritional factors, S. spirale displayed the highest phytic acid content (5.34 ± 0.18 mg/g), whereas S. ferox showed the lowest (0.72 ± 0.01 mg/g). Additionally, S. violaceum (spineless) exhibited the highest cyanogen content (54.24 ± 0.59 µg/g), while S. gilo (green) recorded the lowest cyanogen content (12.72 ± 0.56 µg/g). The observed variations in morphological and nutritional traits among Solanum species indicate the potential for selective breeding and cultivation to enhance desirable characteristics for both agricultural and nutritional purposes. Understanding the disparities in anti-nutritional factors is essential for mitigating potential health risks associated with the consumption of certain species.
... Leptostemonum is one of these subgenera, which has been further subdivided into various sections and species (Fawzi and Habeeb, 2016 Hasan and Jansen (1993), it can also grow naturally in areas that meet its growth requirements. S. ferox can thrive in lowlands up to 1,200 asl with welldraining soil that contains organic matter, and a desired soil pH of 5-6 (Kuling, 2011). ...
The eggplant species are currently at risk of extinction due to various factors such as land conversion into plantation areas and transmigration settlements in Palangka Raya. It is essential to conduct a thorough analysis of eggplant vegetation to address this urgent matter. Consequently, the research aimed to determine the diversity of eggplants, their distribution, as well as their morpho-agronomic characters. Field experiments were carried out in each district of Palangka Raya for 7 months. The methods used were survey, exploration, and interview with the key informant. Plant characterization refers to the descriptors for eggplant (IBPGR, 1990). The observed variables were the morphological characterization of eggplant, agronomy, and the distribution of eggplant in Palangka Raya. Results showed that it is found three species of eggplants, namely Solanum melongena (ungu, gelatik, telur, apel hijau eggplant cultivars), Solanum torvum, and Solanum ferox. There was variation in the morpho-agronomic characters of eggplant found.
... Greater majority of the species under the genus Solanum L. have been reported as a food plant such as S. tuberosum L. S. lycopersicum L. and S. melongena L. (Eskandari et al.;. The genus Solanum L. is reported to be found in temperate and tropical region of the world with wide morphological variations and they had often posed taxonomic puzzle due to diversity in their morphology and eco-geographical distribution (Fawzi et al.;2016). They display wide range of growing habits, like annual and perennial herbs, vines, undershrubs, shrubs, and small trees. ...
... Greater majority of the species under the genus Solanum L. have been reported as a food plant such as S. tuberosum L. S. lycopersicum L. and S. melongena L. (Eskandari et al.;. The genus Solanum L. is reported to be found in temperate and tropical region of the world with wide morphological variations and they had often posed taxonomic puzzle due to diversity in their morphology and eco-geographical distribution (Fawzi et al.;2016). They display wide range of growing habits, like annual and perennial herbs, vines, undershrubs, shrubs, and small trees. ...
Arunachal Pradesh, being one of the mega biodiversity hotspots, is blessed with rich flora and fauna among which the species of Solanum L. is abundantly found in the state and has been extensively used by different tribes of the state. The current study reports traditional uses of the genus Solanum L. by the indigenous communities of the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. The study has revealed 10 species of Solanum which are traditionally used for different purposes. Greater majority of the species have been reported to be used as food and medicine while 9 species have been reported to be used as food, 5 species as a medicine and 4 species have been reported to be used as both food and medicine. Fruits were reported to be frequently harvested parts used followed by leaves and tubers. This study revealed economic value of the Solanum species potential to sustain rural food and medicinal security.
... Solanoideae includes about 50 genera and 1742 species distributed in a diversity range of ecological habitats in both tropical and temperate regions Hunziker et al. (2001). The flowers of Solanoideae solitary are as in Physalis and Datura spp. or aggregated in cymose inflorescences as in Hyoscyamus spp.; terminal or axillary (EL-Sayed, (1986) and Fawzi and Habeeb (2016). Flowers, regular or irregular. ...
... Ovary superior, placentation axile or central. They are fruit fleshy as in Solanum lycopersicum or non-fleshy (dry) brown as in Datura stramonium or yellowish as in Solanum elaeagnifolium Kumari, (2004); Landrum et al. (2013) ;Jagatheeswari, (2014); Kadereit and Bittrich, (2016); Fawzi and Habeeb, (2016); Knapp et al. (2017); and Khafagi et al. (2018). ...
... Apex of petals is acute as in Solanum nigrum (Fig.1o) acuminate as in Solanum lycopersicon (Fig.1p) or obtuse as in Physalis peruviana (Fig.1q). Such results are in accordance with those previously reported by Boulos (2002) and Fawzi and Habeeb (2016). ...
... Solanoideae includes about 50 genera and 1742 species distributed in a diversity range of ecological habitats in both tropical and temperate regions Hunziker et al. (2001). The flowers of Solanoideae solitary are as in Physalis and Datura spp. or aggregated in cymose inflorescences as in Hyoscyamus spp.; terminal or axillary (EL-Sayed, (1986) and Fawzi and Habeeb (2016). Flowers, regular or irregular. ...
... Ovary superior, placentation axile or central. They are fruit fleshy as in Solanum lycopersicum or non-fleshy (dry) brown as in Datura stramonium or yellowish as in Solanum elaeagnifolium Kumari, (2004); Landrum et al. (2013) ;Jagatheeswari, (2014); Kadereit and Bittrich, (2016); Fawzi and Habeeb, (2016); Knapp et al. (2017); and Khafagi et al. (2018). ...
... Apex of petals is acute as in Solanum nigrum (Fig.1o) acuminate as in Solanum lycopersicon (Fig.1p) or obtuse as in Physalis peruviana (Fig.1q). Such results are in accordance with those previously reported by Boulos (2002) and Fawzi and Habeeb (2016). ...
This study is conducted on 18 species representing 6 genera belonging to Solanoideae (Solanaceae). These genera are: Capsicum (2 spp.), Datura (3 spp.), Hyoscyamus (2 spp.), Lycium (2 spp.), Physalis (3 spp.) and Solanum (6 spp. (. The plant samples are collected from various floristic regions in Egypt. The study is done on the morphological characters of flowers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds. The results are recorded in the form of comparison between the examined plants. The results showed that the flowers solitary as in Physalis peruviana or in cymes inflorescences as in Hyoscyamus muticus. Calyx consists of 5 sepals as in Solanum nigrum or more as in Solanum lycopersicum; campanulate. They are tubular, cub-shaped or plate-shaped. Corolla rotate, funnel-shaped or stellate shaped; lobes 5 or more usually equal or unequal in length and size. Stamens epipetalous is in all the examined plants. The number of the stamens is as many as the lobes of corolla and it is alternate with them; 5 stamens as in Solanum nigrum or more than 5 as in Solanum lycopersicum; dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Pollen grains spherical as in Physalis angulata or oblate as in Hyocyamus muticus. Tri-colporate in all the studied samples as in Hyoscymus muticus except Physalis angulata which has four apertures. The ovary has various shapes; ovate as in Capsicum annuum, oblong as in Hyoscymus muticus or globular as in Physalis peruviana; glabrous, hairy or spiny. Placentation either axile or free central. Fruit capsule as in Datura stramonium or berry Lycium shawii. Seeds shape ovate, reniform, oblong or globose, testa smooth, curly or hairy.
... and Datura stramonium L. or toxic plants e.g Solanum nigrum. Boulos, (2002); Burrows and Tyrl (2013); Kadereit and Bittrich (2016) and Khafagi et al. (2018).Solanoideae includes about 50 genera and 1742 species; distributed in a diversity range of ecological habitats in both tropical and temperate regions Hunziker et al. (2001).The flowers of Solanoideae solitary as in Physalis and Datura spp. or aggregated in cymose inflorescences as in Hyoscyamus spp.; terminal or axillary (EL-Sayed, (1986) and Fawzi and Habeeb, (2016). Flowers, regular or irregular. ...
... Apex of petals acute as in Solanum nigrum ( Fig.15) acuminate as in Solanum lycopersicon (Fig.16) or obtuse as in Physalis peruviana (Fig.17). Such results are in accordance with those previously reported by Boulos (2002) and Fawzi and Habeeb (2016). ...
This study is conducted on 18 species representing 6 genera belonging to Solanoideae (Solanaceae). These genera are; Capsicum (2 spp.), Datura (3 spp.), Hyoscyamus (2 spp.), Lycium (2 spp.), Physalis (3 spp.) and Solanum (6 spp. (. The plant samples are collected from various floristic regions in Egypt. The study is done on the morphological characters of flowers, inflorescences, fruits and seeds. The results are recorded in the form of comparison between the examined plants. The results showed that the flowers solitary as in Physalis peruviana or in cymes inflorescences as in Hyoscyamus muticus. Calyx consisting of 5 sepals as in Solanum nigrum or more as in Solanum lycopersicum; campanulate, tubular, cub-shaped or plate-shaped. Corolla rotate, funnel-shaped or stellate shaped; lobes 5 or more usually equal or unequall in length and size. Stamens epipetalous in all examined plants. Number of stamens as many as lobes of corolla and alternate with them; 5 stamens as in Solanum nigrum or more than 5 as in Solanum lycopersicum; dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Pollen grains spherical as in Physalis angulata or oblate as in Hyocyamus muticus. Tri-colporate in all the studied samples as in Hyoscymus muticus except Physalis angulata which has four apertures. The ovary have various shapes; ovate as in Capsicum annuum, oblong as in Hyoscymus muticus or globular as in Physalis peruviana; glabrous, hairy or spiny. Placentation either axile or free central. Fruit capsule as in Datura stramonium or berry Lycium shawii. Seeds shape ovate, reniform, oblong or globose, testa smooth, curly or hairy.
... Based on the UPGMA the second group is divided into two clades at distance level 5.9, where the first clad includes S. coagulans and the second clade includes S. glabratum and S. incanum which were separated at distance level 2.4; this agrees with D'Arcy (1972) who classified the four studied taxa into two subgenera: Solanum which includes S. villosum (section solanum); while the three taxa; S. coagulans, S. glabratum, S. incanum where placed under the subgenus Leptostemonum. Moreover; the Statistical analysis; Un-weighted Pair Group Mathematical Average clustering (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) results confirm with Fawzi and Habeeb (2016) where they divided the wild species of the genus Solanum L. grown in Egypt into 2 groups based on their morphological characters, the first group comprises all members of Solanum subgenus grown in Egypt (including S. villosum), while the second group comprises all members of Leptostemonum subgenus (including S. coagulans and S. incanum). Furthermore, S. coagulans, S. glabratum, S. incanum were placed under three different sections: Monodolichopus; Oliganthes, and Melongena respectively (Jaeger, 1985, Bohs, 2005Fawzi and Habeeb, 2016), and this agrees with the Unweighted Pair Group Mathematical Average clustering (UPGMA) results. ...
... Moreover; the Statistical analysis; Un-weighted Pair Group Mathematical Average clustering (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) results confirm with Fawzi and Habeeb (2016) where they divided the wild species of the genus Solanum L. grown in Egypt into 2 groups based on their morphological characters, the first group comprises all members of Solanum subgenus grown in Egypt (including S. villosum), while the second group comprises all members of Leptostemonum subgenus (including S. coagulans and S. incanum). Furthermore, S. coagulans, S. glabratum, S. incanum were placed under three different sections: Monodolichopus; Oliganthes, and Melongena respectively (Jaeger, 1985, Bohs, 2005Fawzi and Habeeb, 2016), and this agrees with the Unweighted Pair Group Mathematical Average clustering (UPGMA) results. ...
Morphological characters of a pollen grain are useful as any other characters in classifying and showing the relationships among different taxonomical groups. Earlier taxonomists declared that the leaf morphological characters show a limited taxonomical value in distinguishing between Solanum spp. This study deals with the Palynological Characters of four Solanum taxa (S. coagulans Forssk., S. glabratum Dunal, S. incanum L. and S. villosum Mill.), belongs to 2 different subgenera (Leptostemonum and Solanum); four sections (Monodolichopus; Oliganthes; Melongena and Solanum) grown in Sana'a University's new campus and its taxonomical significance. A total of 19 Palynological characters (6 qualitative features and 13 quantitative features) were observed in this study. Pollen size shows a high taxonomical significance in distinguishing between S. coagulans and the other three studied taxa; while aperture (Colporus) size shows a highly significant value in distinguishing between S. villosum and the other three studied taxa. On the other hand, the statistical analysis (Un-weighted pair group mathematical average clustering (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA)) demonstrate the taxonomical relationship which agrees with the taxonomical state of the studied Solanum taxa.
... incanum) and three cultivated populations in southern India were highly diverse, by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. More recently, Fawzi and Habeeb (2016) studied the morphological character and taxonomic status of nine Solanum species in Egypt and recognized S. diphyllum L.as a new record. Mahdy et al. (2019) reported that Solanum species may be differentiated and identified by seed shape, seed coat sculpture and pollen grain feature. ...
The wild species of Solanum are important genetic resources for the medicinal and vegetable crop species of the genus and reservoir of genes for developing new economic uses of Solanum species. In this article, the genetic diversity and systematics of 14 Solanum accessions representing 11 species growing in the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia were evaluated using morphological variations and molecular polymorphism generated by 13 ISSR primers. Substantial variations were scored in 26 morphological characters and reflected in the cluster analysis of the examined accessions based on morphological variation. In the cluster trees illustrating the relatedness of the examined accessions based on morphological variation and ISSR polymorphism, the accessions of S. villosum and S. nigrum were differentiated as one cluster and S. dulcamara was associated with S. sisymbriifolium. In the meantime, S. coagulans was clustered with S. macracanthum. The analysis of ISSR data confirms that S. villosum is related to S. nigrum and supports the grouping S. incanum and S. glabratum based on the morphological traits. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) analysis of morphological and ISSR data as a combined set, differentiated the examined species into four groups in a scatter plot. The differentiation of the species/populations in the PCA scatter diagram agrees with their separation in the cluster trees. The four groups are 1. S. macracanthum, S. coagulans and S. schimperianum. 2. S. glabratum and S. incanum. 3. S. dulcamara, S. sisymbriifolium and S. torvum, 4. S. nigrum, S. villosum, and S. villosum ssp. puniceum.
... Cultivated plants are often not collected, so the absence of records of commonly cultivated crops (e.g. S. lycopersicum, S. macrocarpon, S. tuberosum) should not be interpreted as lack of occurrence, merely as lack of collections. Solanum diphyllum was recorded from Eygpt by Fawzi and Habeeb (2016) with a verifiable photograph; this Mexican species is widely cultivated and easily naturalised and is likely to be spreading around the Mediterranean. , americanum, anguivi, campylacanthum, cerasiferum, coagulans, dasyphyllum, forskalii, glabratum, incanum, (lycopersicum), macracanthum, marginatum, melastomoides, (melongena), memphiticum, muricatum, scabrum, schimperianum, somalense, tarderemotum, terminale, villosum Ethiopia (aculeatissimum), adoense, americanum, anguivi, arundo, campylacanthum, capsicoides, cerasiferum, coagulans, cordatum, dennekense, forskalii, giganteum, glabratum, hastifolium, hirtulum, incanum, jubae, lanzae, (lycopersicum), macracanthum, macrocarpon, marginatum, melastomoides, memphiticum, muricatum, pampaninii, runsoriense, schimperianum, somalense, tarderemotum, terminale, tettense, villosum, (wrightii) Gabon aethiopicum, americanum, anguivi, anomalum, dasyphyllum, giganteum, macrocarpon, scabrum, terminale, (torvum) aethiopicum, americanum, anguivi, aureitomentosum, campylacanthum, catombelense, dasyphyllum, giganteum, goetzei, lamprocarpum, lichtensteinii, linnaeanum, litoraneum, retroflexum, richardii, scabrum, stipitatostellatum, tarderemotum, tettense, torreanum, (torvum), usaramense, aculeastrum, adoense, aethiopicum, campylacanthum, cerasiferum, coagulans, forskalii, hastifolium, incanum, macrocarpon, memphiticum, nigrum, scabrum, schimperianum, somalense, tarderemotum, villosum Swaziland aculeastrum, campylacanthum, catombelense, retroflexum, (robustum) Four species have been recorded from this area, for which we have only seen single specimens, all of which are cultivated and not naturalised. ...
Solanum L. (Solanaceae) is one of the largest genera of angiosperms and presents difficulties in identification due to lack of regional keys to all groups. Here we provide keys to all 135 species of Solanum native and naturalised in Africa (as defined by World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions): continental Africa, Madagascar (incl. the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, La Réunion, the Comoros and the Seychelles), Macaronesia and the Cape Verde Islands. Some of these have previously been published in the context of monographic works, but here we include all taxa. The paper is designed to be used in conjunction with the web resource Solanaceae Source (www.solanaceaesource.org) and hyperlinks provide access to online descriptions, synonymy and images (where available) of each species. All taxa treated and specimens seen are included in searchable Suppl. material 1, 2.
