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![Representative phytometabolites of Tibetan medicinal plants, with known pharmacological actions (pharmacological data of these compounds have been reported). 1) 19-α-hydroxyurs-12(13)-ene-28 oic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of Wedelia calendulacea [10]; 2) tropane compounds of Scopolia tangutica [12]; 3) bis-iridoid of Pterocephalus hookeri [13]; 4) tiliroside of Potentilla parvifolia [14]; 5) emblicanin A of Emblica officinalis [15]; 6) anthocyanins of Nitraria tangutorum [16]; 7) isoquinoline alkaloids of Meconopsis [17]; 8) eudesmanolide of Inula [18]; 9) 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid of Erigeron multiradiatus [19]; 10) isoquinoline alkaloids of Corydalis [20]; 11) 6,7,3 -trimethoxy-3,5,4 -trihydroxy flavone of Chrysosplenium nudicaule [21]. Refer to Table 1 for more information.](profile/Da-Cheng-Hao/publication/329330974/figure/fig1/AS:773636134797312@1561460636851/Representative-phytometabolites-of-Tibetan-medicinal-plants-with-known-pharmacological.png)
Representative phytometabolites of Tibetan medicinal plants, with known pharmacological actions (pharmacological data of these compounds have been reported). 1) 19-α-hydroxyurs-12(13)-ene-28 oic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside of Wedelia calendulacea [10]; 2) tropane compounds of Scopolia tangutica [12]; 3) bis-iridoid of Pterocephalus hookeri [13]; 4) tiliroside of Potentilla parvifolia [14]; 5) emblicanin A of Emblica officinalis [15]; 6) anthocyanins of Nitraria tangutorum [16]; 7) isoquinoline alkaloids of Meconopsis [17]; 8) eudesmanolide of Inula [18]; 9) 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid of Erigeron multiradiatus [19]; 10) isoquinoline alkaloids of Corydalis [20]; 11) 6,7,3 -trimethoxy-3,5,4 -trihydroxy flavone of Chrysosplenium nudicaule [21]. Refer to Table 1 for more information.
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Around 70-80% of drugs used in traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) come from Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the majority of which are plants. The biological and medicinal culture diversity on Qinghai Tibet Plateau are amazing and constitute a less tapped resource for innovative drug research and development. Meanwhile, the problem of the exhausting Tibetan...
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... tremendous diversity of ecosystems and climates and the blend of medicinal practices inherited from TTM, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and ayurvedic medicine are well suited to the studies aiming at discovering information about medicinal plants to treat refractory diseases, for example, cancer, coronary heart disease, brain stroke, Parkinson's disease [4], and Alzheimer's disease -among others. Because of its special geography, physiognomy and biodiversity, there are 2500-3000 kinds of medicinal resources on QTP [5,6] and around 70-80% of drugs used in TTM come from QTP, the majority of which are plants (Supplementary Figure 1). For instance, 193 species including 181 plants, seven animals and five minerals were used to treat liver diseases in TTM system. ...
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... example, HimalayanTibetan plateau uplift drives divergence of polyploid Meconopsis (blue poppies) [104], which results in biodiversity and chemodiversity of this typical QTP genus. Meconopsis plants has the effects of clearing heat, reducing swelling and easing pain and is traditionally prescribed for heat syndromes, hepatitis, pneumonia and joint pain (Figure 1) [17]. Correspondingly, modern pharmacological research has demonstrated their antitumor, hepatoprotective, analgestic, antimicrobial, antioxidant [105], antitussive and anti-inflammatory activities. ...
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... antioxidant activities of 20 coldnature Tibetan herbs are significantly stronger than those of 20 hot-nature ones and are associated with their higher levels of total phenolics [106]. Around 428 species of genus Corydalis are distributed worldwide and about 298 are found in China, among which 10 groups and 219 species are endemic in China, especially QTP (Figure 1) [20]. Corydalis plants have been widely employed in TTM, for treatment of fever, hepatitis, edema, gastritis, cholecystitis, hypertension and other diseases [107]. ...
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... S. mussotii extracts induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in gastric cancer cells [112]. A triterpenoid (Figure 1) of Wedelia calendulacea attenuated diethynitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulating oxidative stress, inflammation and pathology via NF-κB pathway [10] (Table 1). 6,7,3'-Trimethoxy-3,5,4'-trihydroxy flavone of Chrysosplenium nudicaule inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of the human stomach cancer cell line SGC-7901 (Figure 1) [21]. ...
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... triterpenoid (Figure 1) of Wedelia calendulacea attenuated diethynitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulating oxidative stress, inflammation and pathology via NF-κB pathway [10] (Table 1). 6,7,3'-Trimethoxy-3,5,4'-trihydroxy flavone of Chrysosplenium nudicaule inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of the human stomach cancer cell line SGC-7901 (Figure 1) [21]. ...
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... anthocyanin fraction of Nitraria tangutorum, consisting of 16 anthocyanins derived from six anthocyanidins, showed an appreciable cardioprotective effect on doxorubicin-induced injured H9c2 cardiomyocytes (Table 1 & future science group www.future-science.com Figure 1) [16]. It could directly scavenge reactive oxygen species, restrict further generation of reactive oxygen species, promote the activity of key antioxidase, enhance glutathione redox cycling, then affect the apoptotic signaling changes in a positive way and finally mediate caspase-dependent cell death pathways. ...
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... could directly scavenge reactive oxygen species, restrict further generation of reactive oxygen species, promote the activity of key antioxidase, enhance glutathione redox cycling, then affect the apoptotic signaling changes in a positive way and finally mediate caspase-dependent cell death pathways. Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives of Erigeron multiradiatus alleviated acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats through inhibiting NF-κB and JNK activations (Figure 1) [19]. Tibetan turnip (Brassica rapa) powder promoted the hypoxiatolerance in healthy humans [32]. ...
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... the other hand, a natural herbal remedy based on a Tibetan recipe, in other words, Padma R 28 (containing essential oils, flavonoids, tannins and D-camphor, etc.), showed no significant effects on microvascular endothelial function, heart rate variability and biomarkers of inflammation, clotting and coagulation in 80 coronary artery disease patients [113]. Flavonoids of Potentilla parvifolia had neuroprotective effects in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro (Figure 1) [14]. In the hippocampus and cortex of Alzheimer's disease rats, tannoids of Emblica officinalis attenuated aluminum chloride induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and tau pathology via Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway (Figure 1) [15]. ...
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... of Potentilla parvifolia had neuroprotective effects in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro (Figure 1) [14]. In the hippocampus and cortex of Alzheimer's disease rats, tannoids of Emblica officinalis attenuated aluminum chloride induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and tau pathology via Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway (Figure 1) [15]. ...
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... tropane compounds of Scopolia tangutica were found to be competitive antagonists of muscarinic receptor 3 (M3), including two new ones 8 and 12 with IC 50 values of 1.97 and 4.47 μM, respectively (Figure 1) [12]. The cinnamic acid amide 17 displayed 15-fold selectivity for M1 (muscarinic receptor 1) over M3 receptors. ...
Citations
... The Qinghai Tibet region is mainly composed of plateaus, and there is very little arable land. The Tibetan medicine produced in this area has unique therapeutic effects [209]. Currently, the relatively mature ecological planting models include the wild imitation planting of Rheum tanguticum and the wild imitation planting of Nardostachys jatamansi [87]. ...
Ecological cultivation is a promising regime for medicinal plant production. For a long time, unreasonable farming methods have threatened soil health and medicinal agriculture and restricted the sustainable development of ecological agriculture for medicinal plants. However, there is a lack of comprehensive discourse and discussion about the pros and cons of different tillage regimes. Here, the research trend and application prospects of no-tillage (NT) are comprehensively reviewed, and the ecological benefits, challenges, and opportunities of the NT system in ecological agriculture of medicinal plants are scrutinized, aiming to call for an about-face in the sustainable conservation and utilization of both phytomedicine resources and agricultural/ecological resources. An exhaustive literature search in PubMed, Bing, Scopus, and CNKI was performed to outline the research trend in conservation tillage and medicinal plants during the recent four decades. The application of NT has a long history and can reduce tillage frequency and intensity and protect soil from erosion and deterioration. NT is often combined with organic mulch to significantly reduce soil disturbance. NT and stover mulching have the advantages of saving manpower and resources and improving soil quality, crop yield, and quality. The ecological and economic benefits of NT in long-term medicinal plant cultivation could be prominent. In developing medicinal plant cultivation, competing with food crops should be avoided as much as possible, and the impact on the production of major grain crops should be minimized. Therefore, the full utilization of soil resources in forests, mountains, and wasteland is advocated, and sustainable soil utilization is the core issue in the process of land reclamation. NT and stover mulching not only inherit the traditional concept of “natural farming”, conform to the basic laws of ecology, as well as the growth characteristics of medicinal plants, but also protect the ecological environment of the production area. It would become the core strategy of ecological agriculture for medicinal plants. Our summary and discussions would help propose countermeasures to popularize NT and organic mulch, promote relevant research and scientific allocation of resources, and adapt to local conditions to achieve precise management and harmonize conservation and production of medicinal plants.
... China is an ideal country to analyze the phylogenetic model of medicinal plants, because of the diversity and good regional phylogeny of Chinese traditional medicinal plants [16][17][18]. Many secondary metabolites of ethnomedicinal plants of Ranunculales, for example, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, have unique functions and biological activities, providing a probability premise for appropriately targeting the dysfunctional organs of the human body [19,20]. For example, berberine extracted from Coptis of Ranunculaceae had a synergistic anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation of esophageal cancer cells [21]. ...
... Analgesia is one of the most important effects of Corydalis components, which are relatively nonaddictive and of low tolerance as compared to other analgesics [49]. Fifty-three out of 126 Papaveraceae species are used by China ethnic minorities against hepatobiliary diseases (Table S2), and Corydalis and Meconopsis species are salient in this treatment [20]. For instance, in Tibetan medicine, the whole plant of Corydalis adunca is used against liver-gallbladder sthenic heat [3], the root tuber is used against cholelithiasis, and the aboveground part is effective against biliary anorexia. ...
The medicinal properties of plants can be evolutionarily predicted by phylogeny-based methods, which, however, have not been used to explore the regularity of therapeutic effects of Chinese plants utilized by ethnic minorities. This study aims at exploring the distribution law of therapeutic efficacy of Ranunculales plants on the phylogenetic tree of Chinese species. We collected therapeutic efficacy data of 551 ethnomedicinal species belonging to five species-rich families of Ranunculales; these therapeutic data were divided into 15 categories according to the impacted tissues and organs. The phylogenetic tree of angiosperm species was used to analyze the phylogenetic signals of ethnomedicinal plants by calculating the net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) in R language. The NRI results revealed a clustered structure for eight medicinal categories (poisoning/intoxication, circulatory, gastrointestinal, eyesight, oral, pediatric, skin, and urinary disorders) and overdispersion for the remaining seven (neurological, general, hepatobiliary, musculoskeletal, otolaryngologic, reproductive, and respiratory disorders), while the NTI metric identified the clustered structure for all. Statistically, NRI and NTI values were significant in 5 and 11 categories, respectively. It was found that Mahonia eurybracteata has therapeutic effects on all categories. iTOL was used to visualize the distribution of treatment efficacy on species phylogenetic trees. By figuring out the distribution of therapeutic effects of Ranunculales medicinal plants, the importance of phylogenetic methods in finding potential medicinal resources is highlighted; NRI, NTI, and similar indices can be calculated to help find taxonomic groups with medicinal efficacy based on the phylogenetic tree of flora in different geographic regions.
... In addition, there are many contiguous regions without a CMM market, most notably in northwestern China (Fig. 2). This region produces most traditional Tibetan medicine (Hao et al., 2018), and many valuable medicinal plants are endemic to this region, such as Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) ...
Medicinal plants are the primary material basis for disease prevention and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The conservation and sustainable utilization of these medicinal plants is critical for the development of the TCM industry. However, wild medicinal plant resources have sharply declined in recent decades. To ameliorate the shortage of medicinal plant resources, it is essential to explore the development potential of the TCM industry in different geographical regions. For this purpose, we examined the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plants in China, the number of Chinese medicinal material markets, and the number of TCM decoction piece enterprises. Specifically, multispecies superimposition analysis and Thiessen polygons were used to reveal the optimal range for planting bulk medicinal plants and the ideal regions for building Chinese medicinal material markets, respectively. Furthermore, we quantitatively analyzed mismatches between the spatial distribution of commonly used medicinal plant richness, Chinese medicinal material markets, and TCM decoction piece enterprises. We found four large areas in China suitable for growing commonly used medicinal plants: the Hengduan Mountain, Nanling Mountain, Wuling Mountain, and Daba Mountain areas. The Thiessen polygon network based on Chinese medicinal material market localities showed there are currently fewer markets in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern China than in central and southern China. TCM decoction piece enterprises are concentrated in a few provinces, such as Hebei and Jiangxi. We found that the distribution of commonly used medicinal plants, Chinese medicinal material markets and TCM decoction piece enterprises are mismatched in Henan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Fujian, Chongqing, and Xizang. We recommend strengthening development of the TCM industry in Henan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Fujian, and Xizang; building more Chinese medicinal material markets in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern China; and establishing medicinal plant nurseries in resource-rich provinces to better protect and domesticate local medicinal plants.
... Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in China showed that TMM has potential benefits for the management of various diseases including diabetes and its complications (Namdul et al., 2001;Luo et al., 2015). Notably, accumulated scientific evidences over the past decades indicate that TMM including herbal extracts, Tibetan prescriptions and patent medicine play essential roles in treating DM and its complications (Hao et al., 2018). However, an updated systematic review for TMM in the treatment of DM from pharmacological perspectives is still lacking. ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications pose a major public health threat which is approaching epidemic proportions globally. Current drug options may not provide good efficacy and even cause serious adverse effects. Seeking safe and effective agents for DM treatment has been an area of intensive interest. As a healing system originating in Tibet, Traditional Tibetan Medicine (TTM) has been widely used by Tibetan people for the prevention and treatment of DM and its complications for hundreds of years. Tibetan Materia Medica (TMM) including the flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn., Phyllanthi Fructus, Chebulae Fructus, Huidouba, and Berberidis Cortex are most frequently used and studied. These TMMs possess hypoglycemic, anti-insulin resistant, anti-glycation, lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. The underlying mechanisms of these actions may be related to their α-glucosidase inhibitory, insulin signaling promoting, PPARs-activating, gut microbiota modulation, islet β cell-preserving, and TNF-α signaling suppressive properties. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mode and mechanisms of action of various active constituents, extracts, preparations, and formulas from TMM. The dynamic beneficial effects of the products prepared from TMM for the management of DM and its complications are summarized. These TMMs are valuable materia medica which have the potential to be developed as safe and effective anti-DM agents.
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, known as the “Third Pole of the World,” has a rich variety of medicinal plants that play an important role in the field of medicine due to its unique geographical environment. However, due to the limited resources of Tibetan medicinal plants and the fragility of the ecological environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, more and more Tibetan medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction. As a reservoir of biologically active metabolites, endophytes of medicinal plants produce a large number of compounds with potential applications in modern medicine (including antibacterial, immunosuppressive, antiviral, and anticancer) and are expected to be substitutes for Tibetan medicinal plants. This paper reviews 12 Tibetan medicinal plants from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, highlighting the diversity of their endophytes, the diversity of their metabolites and their applications. The results show that the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants are remarkably diverse, and the efficacy of their metabolites involves various aspects, such as antioxidant, anti-disease and anti-parasitic. In addition, conservation measures for the resources of Tibetan medicinal plants are summarised to provide a reference for an in-depth understanding of the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants and to stimulate the scientific community to bioprospect for the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants, as well as to provide ideas for their rational exploitation.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted disease that is characterized by increased oxidative stress, metal-ion dysregulation, and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates. In this work we report the large affinity binding of the iron(III) 2,17-bis-sulfonato-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole complex FeL1 to the Aβ peptide (Kd ~ 10-7) and the ability of the bound FeL1 to act as a catalytic antioxidant in both the presence and absence of Cu(II) ions. Specific findings are that: a) an Aβ histidine residue binds axially to FeL1; b) that the resulting adduct is an efficient catalase; c) this interaction restricts the formation of high molecular weight peptide aggregates. UV-Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies show that although the binding of FeL1 does not influence the Aβ-Cu(II) interaction (Kd ~ 10-10), bound FeL1 still acts as an antioxidant thereby significantly limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from Cu-Aβ. Overall, FeL1 is shown to bind to the Aβ peptide, and modulate peptide aggregation. In addition, FeL1 forms a ternary species with Aβ-Cu(II) and impedes ROS generation, thus showing the promise of discrete metal complexes to limit the toxicity pathways of the Aβ peptide.
