Representative photomicrographs of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. (A) Doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in an 8-month-old nulliparous rat. (B) Doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in an 8-month-old primiparous rat on postpartum day 30. (C) Iba-1-immunoreactive cells in a 7.5month-old nulliparous rat. (D) Iba-1-immunoreactive cells in a 7.5-month-old primiparous rat on postpartum day 8.

Representative photomicrographs of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus. (A) Doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in an 8-month-old nulliparous rat. (B) Doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in an 8-month-old primiparous rat on postpartum day 30. (C) Iba-1-immunoreactive cells in a 7.5month-old nulliparous rat. (D) Iba-1-immunoreactive cells in a 7.5-month-old primiparous rat on postpartum day 8.

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The maternal brain displays considerable plasticity, and motherhood is associated with changes in affective and cognitive function. Motherhood can alter the trajectory of brain ageing, including modifications to neuroplasticity and cognition. Here, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of motherhood on hippocampal neurogenesis, microglia...