Figure - available from: Journal of Nanomaterials
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
Natural products have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological activities and are an important source of drugs for prevention and treatment of various diseases. However, the inherent defects of natural products in physiological media such as poor solubility and stability and short biological half-life limit their clinica...
Citations
... The occurrence of several bioactive compounds in Allium, especially in the bulb, gives it an edge for application in the disease therapy [6,7]. Also, due to the current challenges that modern medicine is facing, the natural therapeutic sources are being thoroughly studied for individual application or combination with nanotechnology to enhance the efficacy of treatment (e.g., as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, and cytotoxic effects) [8][9][10][11][12]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as effective antimicrobial agents that can overcome the resistant mechanisms; however, to eliminate the negative effects of nanoparticle production, research has been done that is compatible with living organisms, cheap, and environmentally friendly using green synthesis methods. ...
Green nanotechnology is one of the most expanding fields that provides numerous novel nanoparticle drug formulations with enhanced bioactivity performance. This study aims to synthesize mesoporous metal organic framework (ZIF-8) phytofabricated with the herb Allium sativum (As) as an indicator system for its antibacterial and antifungal impact. The successful synthesis of ZIF-8 as nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (SEM–EDX and TEM) that showed the textural retainment of ZIF-8 on composite formation with A. sativum. The nanocomposite, A. sativum extract, and ZIF-8 were subjected to antimicrobial assays against Shigella flexneri, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. The comparative results indicated the potential action of nanocomposite against the bacteria and both the Candida sps; however, the antifungal action against the Candida sps was more effective than the bacterium S. flexneri. The findings suggest that plants, being an important component of ecosystems, could be further explored for the novel drug discovery using green nanotechnology to enhance their impact on the drug-resistant pathogens.
... In addition to the multiple beneficial properties of natural products, these display several limitations such as low hydrophilicity, rapid metabolism and degradation, low bioavailability, reduced targeting, susceptibility to physiological media, and poor permeability through lipid bilayers. Consequently, in vivo, natural drugs require a high-dose administration beyond a safe range, to result in an effective and safe bioavailability [48,79]. Nanotechnology represents a new method to overcome these challenges. ...
... Nanotechnology represents a new method to overcome these challenges. Delivery systems for natural compounds lead to the enhancement of pharmacological activity by improving the stability of drugs in vivo, bioavailability, and controlled release, increasing the accumulation of active ingredients in target sites, promoting the solubility of insoluble drugs, and reducing the required doses to produce therapeutic effects [79]. Nanotechnology offers multiple advantages in the delivery of natural products, since by this method, these drugs can exert their therapeutic effect in the treatment of AD ( Figure 3) [80]. ...
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that stop the disease progression. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of AD face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and also due to the necessity to cross the blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpassing this bottleneck in the treatment of AD by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes’ advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
... Besides the multiple beneficial properties of natural products, these display several limitations such as low hydrophilicity, rapid metabolism and degradation, low bioavailability, reduced targeting, susceptibility to physiological media, and poor permeability through lipid bilayers. Consequently, in vivo, natural drugs require a high dose administration beyond a safe range, to result in an effective and safe bioavailability [48,79]. Nanotechnology represents a new method to overcome these challenges. ...
... Nanotechnology represents a new method to overcome these challenges. Delivery systems for natural compounds lead to enhancement of pharmacological activity, by improving stability of drugs in vivo, bioavailability, controlled release, increasing accumulation of active ingredients in target sites, promoting the solubility of insoluble drugs and reducing the required doses to produce therapeutic effects [79]. Nanotechnology offers multiple advantages in the delivery of natural products, since by this method these drugs can exert their therapeutic effect in the treatment of AD (figure 3) [80]. ...
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that can stop the disease progression. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease, that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fuelled by the Covid-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of neurodegenerative diseases face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and, also due to the necessity to cross the blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpass this bottleneck in the treatment of AD, by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes' advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
... The most commonly strategies include drug placement inside organic or inorganic materials, physically e oping these molecules, forming NPs widely used in drug delivery. Types of nanoca mainly include organic and polymeric NPs, nanoemulsions, solid lipidic NPs, and ganic or metallic NPs [90,91]. Each of these systems has unique properties and ther can be selectively designed for specific medical applications. ...
... The most commonly used strategies include drug placement inside organic or inorganic materials, physically enveloping these molecules, forming NPs widely used in drug delivery. Types of nanocarrier mainly include organic and polymeric NPs, nanoemulsions, solid lipidic NPs, and inorganic or metallic NPs [90,91]. Each of these systems has unique properties and therefore can be selectively designed for specific medical applications. ...
Respiratory viral diseases are among the most important causes of disability, morbidity, and death worldwide. Due to the limited efficacy or side effects of many current therapies and the increase in antiviral-resistant viral strains, the need to find new compounds to counteract these infections is growing. Since the development of new drugs is a time-consuming and expensive process, numerous studies have focused on the reuse of commercially available compounds, such as natural molecules with therapeutic properties. This phenomenon is generally called drug repurposing or repositioning and represents a valid emerging strategy in the drug discovery field. Unfortunately, the use of natural compounds in therapy has some limitations, due to their poor kinetic performance and consequently reduced therapeutic effect. The advent of nanotechnology in biomedicine has allowed this limitation to be overcome, showing that natural compounds in nanoform may represent a promising strategy against respiratory viral infections. In this narrative review, the beneficial effects of some promising natural molecules, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and vitamin C, which have been already studied both in native form and in nanoform, against respiratory viral infections are presented and discussed. The review focuses on the ability of these natural compounds, analyzed in in vitro and in vivo studies, to counteract inflammation and cellular damage induced by viral infection and provide scientific evidence of the benefits of nanoformulations in increasing the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
... Furthermore, gold nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems are also capable of reaching the central nervous system [87]. It is worth noting that drug-delivery nanoparticles can either stimulate or inhibit the immune response, and they can reside in the body, so researchers must design appropriate nanodrugs, modify them according to disease characteristics, and conduct extensive immunotoxicology research before moving forward with clinical trials [95]. Natural product extracts may have a high concentration of constituents, and the combination of various active ingredients in extracts can provide synergistic efects, resulting in improved antioxidant and disease-modifying action [96,97]. ...
Neuroimmune diseases are a group of disorders that occur due to the dysregulation of both the nervous and immune systems, and these illnesses impact tens of millions of people worldwide. However, patients who suffer from these debilitating conditions have very few FDA-approved treatment options. Neuroimmune crosstalk is important for controlling the immune system both centrally and peripherally to maintain tissue homeostasis. This review aims to provide readers with information on how natural products modulate neuroimmune crosstalk and the therapeutic implications of natural products, including curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), ginkgo special extract, ashwagandha, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, ginseng, and cannabis to mitigate the progression of neuroimmune diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and anxiety disorders. The majority of the natural products based clinical studies mentioned in this study have yielded positive results. To achieve the expected results from natural products based clinical studies, researchers should focus on enhancing bioavailability and determining the synergistic mechanisms of herbal compounds and extracts, which will lead to the discovery of more effective phytomedicines while averting the probable negative effects of natural product extracts. Therefore, future studies developing nutraceuticals to mitigate neuroimmune diseases that incorporate phytochemicals to produce synergistic effects must analyse efficacy, bioavailability, gut-brain axis function safety, chemical modifications, and encapsulation with nanoparticles.
... For effective absorption, API needs to be present in an aqueous solution at the site of absorption. Thus, for increasing GI absorption, it is of utmost importance that the aqueous solubility of the nutraceutical API must be improved [53]. ...
Nutraceuticals is an umbrella term for therapeutic leads derived from plants, animals and/or microbial species. Being synthesized in nature’s own laboratory a nutraceuticals have structural and functional features for interacting with an array of physiological targets. However, because of this very structural complexity and diversified nature, nutraceuticals often suffer from diminished gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and limited systemic bioavailability. Thus, in-spite of having an obvious edge over synthetic molecules, pharmaceutical applicability of nutraceuticals play second fiddle in the present pharmaceutical prospective. In this regard, co-crystallization of nutraceuticals have evolved as an attractive prospect. Co-crystallization causes stoichiometric non-covalent binding between nutraceutical API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and a pharmaceutically acceptable co-former creating a single-phase crystalline material. Nutraceutical co-crystals thus created possess excellent absorption and bioavailability attributes. The principal aim of the current chapter is to highlight co-crystallization as the means of nutraceutical ascendancy over toxic synthetic drugs currently dominating the pharmaceutical market. In the current chapter the authors provide a detail exposition on the methods and application of co-crystallization in context of nutraceutical absorption and bioavailability. Herein, we discuss in detail about the constituents, characteristics, mechanism of action and protocol for preparation of nutraceutical co-crystals with relevant references from current and past studies.
... [66] Interestingly, Nanomedicine based on natural molecules like curcumin, camptothecin, paclitaxel, and resveratrol is already in the market and clinic with positive results. [67] Therefore, nanotechnology presents proficient strategies to surmount the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical obstacles during the use of polyphenols [ Figure 6]. [68] Nanopolyphenols for neurodegenerative diseases One of the major limitations of drug delivery in the central nervous system is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is a selectively permeable system. ...
... Immunotoxicological studies are required before clinical translation of nanomedicine as nanocarrier is found to modulate immune responses and is left in the body. [67] The use of proper standards and correct controls, and reporting of details during research may resolve difficulties encountered while the development of nanotechnology-based therapeutics. [4] CONCLUSION Nanotechnological advances made in the area of drug discovery and development in terms of nanomaterialbased targeted drug delivery have revolutionized the research. ...
Recently nanopolyphenols are gaining widespread interest in the drug discovery domain. Nanonization of polyphenols has greatly affected the therapeutic index owing to improvement in pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical obstacles linked with the use of natural polyphenols. They have been looking at an emerging paradigm for an array of disease symptoms. In this article, we have explored the therapeutic potential of nanopolyphenols in oxidative stress-induced diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. This article will present the current state of the art of various nanopolyphenols targeting oxidative stress-induced diseases. The advanced fabrication strategies presented for polyphenols including nanocrystal, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, nanoparticles, nanoliposome, gold nanoparticle, and nanosuspension are discussed. The information presented in light of recent in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence for nanoformulation and delivery of polyphenols may show a new dimension to future research in the realm of herbal therapy for oxidative stress-induced diseases. Significant information on the molecular mechanisms underlying linkages of oxidative stress with neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, obesity, and diabetes is discussed. Valuable information on dietary polyphenols in these diseases and their clinical data is presented. Based on different experimental evidence, the review findings support phenomenal therapeutic strategies for nanopolyphenolic fabrication with extended benefits and a condensed time frame. The status of clinical trials conducted on nanopolyphenols is presented. Although clinical trials conducted on nanopolyphenols for mentioned diseases are few, we have tried to present as much available clinical data in this article.
... Incorporating this type of technology in the drug development process could therefore improve the antimicrobial properties of betalains. This approach could also be used to address the issue of low bioavailability betalains (Li et al., 2022). ...
Betalains are nitrogen‐containing plant pigments that can be red‐violet (betacyanins) or yellow‐orange (betaxanthins), currently employed as natural colorants in the food and cosmetic sectors. Betalains exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microbes including multi‐drug resistant bacteria, as well as single‐species and dual‐species biofilm‐producing bacteria, which is highly significant given the current antimicrobial resistance issue reported by The World Health Organization. Research demonstrating antiviral activity against dengue virus, in silico studies including SARS‐CoV‐2, and anti‐fungal effects of betalains highlight the diversity of their antimicrobial properties. Though limited in vivo studies have been conducted, antimalarial and anti‐infective activities of betacyanin have been observed in living infection models. Cellular mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of betalains are yet unknown; however existing research has laid the framework for a potentially novel antimicrobial agent. This review covers an overview of betalains as antimicrobial agents and discussions to fully exploit their potential as therapeutic agents to treat infectious diseases.
... Further advances in controlling nanoparticles' (NPs) architecture and the use of conjugation strategies to decorate NPs' surfaces with specific targeting ligands have accelerated the inclusion of these nanomaterials from the bench toward clinical applications [16]. In this sense, the use of biodegradable polymers has attracted much attention in engineering a vast number of polymeric NPs with long lifetimes, including the ability to deliver a myriad of entrapped cargoes. ...
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a caffeic acid derivative, has been loaded in polymeric nanoparticles made up of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) through a nano-emulsion templating process using the phase-inversion composition (PIC) method at room temperature. The obtained RA-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were colloidally stable exhibiting average diameters in the range of 70-100 nm. RA was entrapped within the PLGA polymeric network with high encapsulation efficiencies and nanoparticles were able to release RA in a rate-controlled manner. A first-order equation model fitted our experimental data and confirmed the prevalence of diffusion mechanisms. Protein corona formation on the surface of NPs was assessed upon incubation with serum proteins. Protein adsorption induced an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter and a slight shift towards more negative surface charges of the NPs. The radical scavenging activity of RA-loaded NPs was also studied using the DPPH·assay and showed a dose-response relationship between the NPs concentration and DPPH inhibition. Finally, RA-loaded NPs did not affect the cellular proliferation of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line and promoted efficient cellular uptake. These results are promising for expanding the use of O/W nano-emulsions in biomedical applications.
Food spoilage bacteria (FSB) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens have emerged as one of the principal public health concerns in the twenty first century. The harmful effects of FSB lead to economic losses for the food industries. Similarly, MDR foodborne pathogens are accountable for multiple illnesses and pose a threat to consumers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish effective formulations for successful application against such microorganisms. In this context, the fusion of knowledge from biotechnology and nanotechnology can explore endless possibilities in the development of innovative formulations against FSB and foodborne pathogens. The current review critically examines the application of bacteriocins in the food industry and the use of nanomaterials to enhance the antimicrobial activity, stability, and precision in the target delivery of bacteriocins. This review also explores the technologies involved in the development of bacteriocin-based nanoformulations and their action against FSB and MDR foodborne pathogens, offering new possibilities in preservation technologies and addressing food safety issues in the food industry. The review highlights the challenges in the commercialization and technoeconomical feasibility of nanobacteriocin. Overall, it provides essential information and interpretation about nanotechnological advancements in bacteriocin formulation action against FSB and foodborne pathogens and future scopes.
