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Representative immunohistochemistry results of p16. a Negative expression of p16 in sinonasal inverted papilloma. b Sinonasal inverted papilloma with positive p16 expression. c Oncocytic papilloma with negative expression of p16. d Oncocytic papilloma with positive p16 expression
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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal inverted papilloma (SIP) and sinonasal oncocytic papilloma (SOP) from a single institution and whether p16 can serve as a surrogate marker for HPV infection. This study included 49 subjects with SIP and 36 subjects with SOP. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded...
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Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are known to be the main cause of cervical cancer. Thus, detecting HPV genotypes is of great significance for cervical cancer screening. To formulate strategies for prevention of cervical cancer, we studied the HPV infection prevalence and age-specific distribution of female in Hakka area of southern...
Citations
... More recently, the detection of HR-HPV in oncocytic papillomas has also been reported, although at a much lower prevalence than in inverted papillomas and SCC. Wang et al found three of 36 i.e. 8% of oncocytic papillomas to harbour HR-HPV [40], while Vor der Holte et al reported HPV16 positivity in 1/2 (50%) oncocytic papillomas included in their analysis [38]. Malignant transformation of oncocytic papillomas is rare (Table 5) [26,27,33,39,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47], having been described in 3-17% [2,39,48]. ...
The sinonasal tract is considered a second hotspot for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related tumors in the head and neck, with HPV being identified in up to 62% of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 38% of papillomas. There is limited data from geographical regions with low prevalence of high-risk (HR)-HPV on the association of HR-HPV in sinonasal neoplasms and on utility of p16 as a surrogate marker. p16 immunohistochemistry, HR-HPV mRNA ISH and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed on a retrospective cohort of sinonasal papillomas and SCCs. KRAS mutation analysis was done in oncocytic papillomas. p16 positivity was present in 22/142 cases (15.5%) including eight inverted papillomas, one oncocytic papilloma (OP), and 13 SCC. Among these, mRNA ISH showed HR-HPV in the OP and two SCC, while another SCC was found to harbour HPV18 by qPCR. Two HPV-associated SCCs had foci of OP. mRNA ISH was negative in all p16 negative cases. p16 immunohistochemistry showed 68% concordance with mRNA ISH, and had sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%; specificity was 67%, and positive predictive value was 14.3%. Association with HR-HPV in sinonasal papillomas and SCC is rare, and may be seen in cases demonstrating oncocytic morphology. p16 immunohistochemistry has low specificity and positive predictive value in low-prevalence populations; thus, reflex direct HR-HPV testing should be performed in p16 immunopositive cases. This two-step approach is viable in resource-limited settings, as the proportion of p16 positive cases is small.
... Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico algunos autores han propuesto que el VPH tendría un rol en la etiología del papiloma invertido y progresión a carcinoma escamoso, particularmente a través del aumento de expresión de EGFR [20][21][22] . Sin embargo, estudios retrospectivos con muestras tumorales describen una positividad del 5,1%-13% para la presencia de VPH en general, 5%-6% para VPH-AR; baja correlación entre la inmunohistoquímica para p16 y la presencia de VPH en estos tumores, además de no existir relación entre el virus y la recurrencia o desarrollo de carcinoma escamoso 19,23,24 . En conclusión, no es posible establecer al VPH como un factor etiológico ni de progresión en papiloma invertido. ...
... Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico algunos autores han propuesto que el VPH tendría un rol en la etiología del papiloma invertido y progresión a carcinoma escamoso, particularmente a través del aumento de expresión de EGFR [20][21][22] . Sin embargo, estudios retrospectivos con muestras tumorales describen una positividad del 5,1%-13% para la presencia de VPH en general, 5%-6% para VPH-AR; baja correlación entre la inmunohistoquímica para p16 y la presencia de VPH en estos tumores, además de no existir relación entre el virus y la recurrencia o desarrollo de carcinoma escamoso 19,23,24 . En conclusión, no es posible establecer al VPH como un factor etiológico ni de progresión en papiloma invertido. ...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double stranded circular DNA virus with around 200 genotypes. This virus is related to different tumor lesions that affect the head and neck, including malignant squamous lesions caused by high-risk genotypes such as HPV-16 and HPV-18. The objective of this review is to determine the role of HPV in different pathologies, distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions, and with particular emphasis on those in which a causal association with the virus has been demonstrated, such as laryngeal papillomatosis and oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma. In addition, molecular damage mechanisms, detection and prevention methods such as vaccination against the virus will be analyzed. It is necessary to know the relevance of HPV in our specialty, since its determination may have implications in terms of patient management and prognosis.
... IPs show tendency for recurrence and 5-10% chance for malignant transformation [6]. HPV has been implicated in the malignant transformation, and also in early lesion development and even recurrence of IP, although some studies refute the virus as a causative agent [7]. ...
Inverted papillomas are rare tumors in the pediatric population and have not been reported in children less than two years. These tumors may produce respiratory distress in patients, particularly if they ectopically occur in the airway. Human papilloma virus is one of the known etiologies for many head and neck neoplasms including inverted papillomas and squamous papillomas. We report a child who was surgically treated at fifteen months of age for inverted papilloma of the pharynx who subsequently developed squamous papilloma of the larynx which persisted as a recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. This is the first such reported case to our knowledge.
... HPV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IP and high-risk HPV types appear to increase the risk of developing SCC [9]. However, very recent studies have shown that HPV is most likely not an etiological driver of IP development or progression to SCC [31,32]. In our study, the prevalence of HPV DNA was significantly higher in IP-SNSCC patients than in DN-SNSCC patients (20% vs 3.8%, p = 0.014). ...
Background:
Information on HPV-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is very limited in China. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in a large cohort of SNSCC patients in China.
Methods:
Clinical records and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 30 SNSCC patients with associated inverted papilloma (IP-SNSCC) and 84 de novo SNSCC (DN-SNSCC) patients were retrieved between 2010 and 2017. HPV status was determined for each specimen using a combination of p16 immunohistochemistry and GP5+/6+ PCR.
Results:
Immunohistochemistry for p16 was positive in two IP-SNSCC patients (2/30, 6.7%) and in 16 DN-SNSCC patients (16/84, 19.0%). HPV DNA was detected in six IP-SNSCC patients (6/30, 20%) and in three DN-SNSCC patients (3/84, 3.8%). Expression of p16 was not correlated with the presence of HPV DNA (p = 0.150). Among 18 p16-positive SNSCC patients, only three were HPV DNA-positive. Furthermore, only three of nine HPV DNA-positive tumors exhibited high p16 expression. In IP-SNSCC patients, only one of six HPV DNA-positive tumors exhibited high p16 expression. In DN-SNSCC patients, two of three HPV DNA-positive tumors exhibited high p16 expression. The positive rates for both HPV DNA and p16 in IP-SNSCC patients and DN-SNSCC patients were 3.3 and 2.4%, respectively.
Conclusions:
Immunostaining for p16 is not a reliable surrogate marker of HPV status in SNSCC. The presence of HPV is rarely detected in DN-SNSCC patients in Eastern China. IP-SNSCC patients frequently lack of p16 overexpression despite the presence of high-risk HPV DNA.
Sinonasal papilloma is an important but uncommon condition that encompasses an exophytic form, inverted and oncocytic papillomas, based on their clinical features and histological appearance. They are typically a unilateral lesion, and the inverted sinonasal papilloma is the most common variety, arising mostly from the lateral nasal wall. The cause remains unknown.
This chapter describes their pathogenesis, risk of malignant transformation, clinical features, and imaging. Management is primarily surgical resection, and this will be presented in a detailed but logical way that covers the complexity and challenges of this condition.
Background
Sinonasal neoplasms, whether benign and malignant, pose a significant challenge to clinicians and represents a model area for multidisciplinary collaboration in order to optimize patient care. The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors (ICSNT) aims to summarize the best available evidence and presents 48 thematic and histopathology‐based topics spanning the field.
Methods
In accordance with prior ICAR documents, ICSNT assigned each topic as an Evidence‐Based Review with Recommendations, Evidence‐Based Review, and Literature Review based on level of evidence. An international group of multidisciplinary author teams were assembled for the topic reviews using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses format, and completed sections underwent a thorough and iterative consensus‐building process. The final document underwent rigorous synthesis and review prior to publication.
Results
The ICNST document consists of 4 major sections: general principles, benign neoplasms and lesions, malignant neoplasms, and quality of life and surveillance. It covers 48 conceptual and/or histopathology‐based topics relevant to sinonasal neoplasms and masses. Topics with a high level of evidence provided specific recommendations, while other areas summarized the current state of evidence. A final section highlights research opportunities and future directions, contributing to advancing knowledge and community intervention.
Conclusion
As an embodiment of the multidisciplinary and collaborative model of care in sinonasal neoplasms and masses, ICSNT was designed as a comprehensive, international, and multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor. Its primary objective is to summarize the existing evidence in the field of sinonasal neoplasms and masses.
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Background:
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP has attracted more attention in recent years, due to its association with more severe disease and reduced steroid responsiveness. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been found to modulate neutrophils infiltration in other neutrophilic inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. The aim was to evaluate the expression and regulator role of LCN2 in neutrophilic inflammation in CRSwNP, and its role as a potential biomarker predicting non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (neCRSwNP).
Methods:
Bioinformatic analysis, immunostainings, real-time PCR and ELISA were used to analyze the expression and location of LCN2 in nasal tissues. The expression of proinflammatory mediators were assessed in nasal tissues and secretions. LCN2 production in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and neutrophils, as well as its role in neutrophilic inflammation was evaluated by in vitro experiments.
Results:
LCN2 was mainly located in neutrophils and HNECs of nasal polyps. LCN2 expression was also significantly higher in the polyp tissue and nasal secretions from patients with neCRSwNP. The LCN2 levels were positively correlated with type 3 inflammation markers, including G-CSF, IL-8, and IL-17. LCN2 expression could be upregulated by IL-17 A and TNF-α in HNECs, and LCN2 could also promote the expression of IL-8 in dispersed polyp cells and HNECs.
Conclusions:
LCN2 could serve as a novel biomarker predicting patients with neCRSwNP, and the increased expression of LCN2 may participate in the pathogenesis of neCRSwNP.
