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Representative images of Uropod region of control and 60 Co gamma irradiated groups consists of damaged telson and blackened uropod margins. (A) Control, (B) 3 mGy, (C) 30 mGy, (D) 300 mGy, (E) 3000 mGy.
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This study was framed to investigate the (60)Co gamma radiation induced morphological and histological variations in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The LD50 value of (60)Co gamma irradiated M. rosenbergii observed (by probit analysis) at 30Gy. Prawns were irradiated to four different dose levels (3mGy, 30mGy, 300mGy and 3000mGy) using...
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... Furthermore, exposure to 60 Co (at 3-3000 milligray (mGy)) decreased the spawning and hatching rate in Macrobrachium rosenbergii [195]. Tissue alterations were observed in the gills, hepatopancreas, and muscles of M. rosenbergii exposed to 60 Co [196,197]. Furthermore, a significant decline in hemocyte count, and reductions in protein and carbohydrate concentrations, accompanied by an increase in AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, and AChE activities, were observed in M. rosenbergii following exposure to 60 Co [196]. Arumugam et al. [198] found that exposure to 60 Co gamma radiation at doses of 3, 30, 300, and 3000 mGy induced abnormalities in the gill and hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii. ...
... Tissue alterations were observed in the gills, hepatopancreas, and muscles of M. rosenbergii exposed to 60 Co [196,197]. Furthermore, a significant decline in hemocyte count, and reductions in protein and carbohydrate concentrations, accompanied by an increase in AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, and AChE activities, were observed in M. rosenbergii following exposure to 60 Co [196]. Arumugam et al. [198] found that exposure to 60 Co gamma radiation at doses of 3, 30, 300, and 3000 mGy induced abnormalities in the gill and hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii. ...
Residual concentrations of some trace elements and lightweight metals, including cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, zinc, nickel, chromium, arsenic, gallium, indium, gold, cobalt, polonium, and thallium, are widely detected in aquatic ecosystems globally. Although their origin may be natural, human activities significantly elevate their environmental concentrations. Metals, renowned pollutants, threaten various organisms, particularly crustaceans. Due to their feeding habits and habitat, crustaceans are highly exposed to contaminants and are considered a crucial link in xenobiotic transfer through the food chain. Moreover, crustaceans absorb metals via their gills, crucial pathways for metal uptake in water. This review summarises the adverse effects of well-studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Ni, Cr, As, Co) and synthesizes knowledge on the toxicity of less-studied metals (Ag, Ga, In, Au, Pl, Tl), their presence in waters, and impact on crustaceans. Bibliometric analysis underscores the significance of this topic. In general, the toxic effects of the examined metals can decrease survival rates by inducing oxidative stress, disrupting biochemical balance, causing histological damage, interfering with endocrine gland function, and inducing cytotoxicity. Metal exposure can also result in genotoxicity, reduced reproduction, and mortality. Despite current toxicity knowledge, there remains a research gap in this field, particularly concerning the toxicity of rare earth metals, presenting a potential future challenge.
... Other parameters such as MCV, MCH, and MCHC showed increased or decreased values in treated groups based on their toxicities (Table SI 6). A previous study has also shown significant increases in red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) contents in O. niloticus after exposure to increasing concentrations of zinc metal (Stalin et al., 2013). Lavanya et al. (2011) have found that increasing the concentration of arsenic trioxide used to treat Catal catla can increase Hb and Hct contents when compared to the control (Lavanya et al., 2011). ...
... athological changes that affected the structure and function of the gill lamella of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (n = 50), occurred upon exposure to a dose of 3000 mGy from 60 Co. Other minor changes such as hemocyte infiltration, deformations of the uropod & discoloration in abdomen were also noticed for doses of 3-300 mGy (Stalin et. al, 2013). A dose-dependent increase in cellular deformations and the number of pyknotic cells was recorded in Artemia salina (n = 18) upon exposure to high dose range of 250-3000 Gy from 60 Co within a minute (Iwasaki et. al, 1973). With respect to Daphnia magna, a dose of 4 mGy/h from similar source induced irregular morphology and thinning of ...
... Similar effects were observed upon exposure to relatively low dose of 3 mGy (Han et al.,2014). Followed by this, a gradual decline in fecundity and absence of oocyte production, were recorded in female Brine shrimp, when exposed to a dose of (1-5 Gy) and 10 Gy from 137 Cs, respectively (Stalin et al., 2013). Hence from the findings of the studies conducted till date, it is evident that the reproductive tissues of all organisms, including invertebrates, remain highly sensitive to ionizing radiation and obstruction caused in their reproductive functioning upon exposure to Ionizing radiation pose a threat to their fertility and in transferring the effects to successive generations (Tallarico et al.,2004). ...
... Among the aforementioned research gaps, few of them were addressed to some extent through studies conducted as follows: effects on GSI upon exposure to ionizing radiation was studied in M.rosenbergii (Stalin et al., 2013), in fathead minnow (Gagnaire et al., 2015) and in perch and roaches by (Lerebours et al., 2018). Effects of chronic radiation on the crustacean subphylum were studied in detail by (Goodman et al., 2019;Fuller et al., 2018;Fuller et al., 2019) and many others). ...
Ionizing radiation from radionuclides impacts marine aquatic biota and the scope of investigation must be wider than just invertebrates. We intend to detail and illustrate numerous biological effects that occur in both aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, at various dose rates from all three kinds of ionizing radiation. The characteristics of radiation sources and dosages that would most effectively generate the intended effects in the irradiated organism were assessed once the biological differentiation between vertebrates and invertebrates was determined through multiple lines of evidence. We contend that invertebrates are still more radiosensitive than vertebrates, due to their small genome size, rapid reproduction rates and lifestyle, which help them to compensate for the effects of radiation induced declines in fecundity, life span and individual health. We also identified various research gaps in this field and suggest future directions to be investigated to remedy the lack of data available in this area.
... In work with Macrobrachium rosenbergii prawn exposed to concentrations of gamma radiation, it was possible to observe the prompt response of the gills that showed lamellar fusion, epithelial detachment, necrosis, and lamellar disorganization (Stalin et al. 2013). In addition to the aforementioned species, Macrobrachium amazonicum, exposed to concentrations of 5 mg/L of total ammonia for 96 h also showed similar changes, such as cell swelling, lamellar epithelium thickening, hyperplasia, and lamellar epithelium lifting (Dutra et al. 2017). ...
Considering that salts are widely used in prawn farming and that studies on their impacts on the aquatic ecosystem have not been identified, this study aimed to evaluate the possible changes caused by acute exposure of Macrobrachium jelskii prawn to sodium chloride and salt marine, through acute toxicity test and histopathological study. Prawn postlarvae (0.2112±0.34 g) were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl, 0 (control) to 26‰; and sea salt, 0 (control) to 35‰; for 96 h. In each duplicate treatment, seven prawns were kept in 2 L beakers for 96 h, with temperature, photoperiod, and pH-controlled, without any loss in the control group. To estimate the median lethal salinity (LS50-96h) the “Trimmed Spearman Karber method” program was used. The LS50-96h for NaCl was estimated to be 14.50‰ with a safety level of 1.45‰ and for the sea salt LS50-96h of 26.35‰ with a safety level of 2.63‰. It was also observed that at the concentration of 23‰ of artificial marine salinity, no mortality was observed, reflecting a narrow line between innocuous and deleterious salinity for M. jelskii post-larvae. At the end of the acute toxicity tests, the prawns were fixed and processed for staining in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H.E), Periodic acid-reactive Schiff (P.A.S), Blue Alcian (A.B), and Immunohistochemistry. For branchial histopathological studies, their histological sections were evaluated with an optical microscope. The main branchial alterations observed were hyperplasia, hypertrophy, cellular swelling, detachment of the respiratory epithelium, pillar cell rupture, some secondary lamella fusions, and necrosis.
... However, the present study supports this assumption since the four types of digestive cells were identified in the digestive gland in what is considered a general model for crustaceans. The F-cells and B-cells are similar to those of the digestive physiology of crustaceans species previously studied (Lehnert and Johnson, 2002;Hu and Leung, 2007;Stalin et al., 2013;Ribeiro et al., 2016). In the present study, the size and number of B-cells increased significantly with a diet of 100 g kg − 1 lipid, this B-cells increase may have facilitated endocytosis. ...
... These differences may be due to the different paths crustacean may have to metabolize the available energy. In fact, Stalin et al. (2013) indicated that it is common to find differences in cell shape when prawns are exposed to stressful external agents. Zhang et al. (2017) reported that B-cells increased in the hepatopancreas of M. nipponense tubules with a lipid-rich diet. ...
A good understanding of a given species' embryology is important to settle the larval rearing bases when juveniles are required for culture purposes or conservation programs. Changes in embryonic morphology, protein concentration, and protein type occurring in prawn eggs were analyzed in the present work. Berried females of Macrobrachium tenellum were collected in the Colotepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico. The eggs were taken from the ovigerous mass and embryonic stages classified by their color. Morphological changes in the embryos allowed identifying six embryonic stages based on color, egg size, and morphological features. Determinations of the protein extract were executed in SDS-PAGE (electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels) and, subsequently, proteomic analyses were also performed. Protein bands along embryonic development and their molecular weights are presented and commented.
... Sections of abdominal wall tissue, hepatopancreas, and gills were collected by dissection of healthy, infected, and treated prawns for comparative analysis. The method described by Stalin et al. (2013) was used for the examination. Davidson's fixative was used to fix the organs. ...
... The abdominal wall tissue, which showed a disrupted cellular arrangement of the outermost protective layer, and the Stratum corneum regained their normal appearance post-treatment. The obtained results corroborate with the results of the histopathological examination carried out by Stalin et al.(2013). ...
Over the past two decades, intensive work has been conducted on antioxidants as they have great potential to prevent diseases and complications associated with age. Seaweeds are rich natural sources of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics. In the present study, bioactive metabolites were extracted from the seaweed Gelidium pusillum by maceration in aqueous and ethanolic medium. The dried weed powder was analyzed by GC-MS and FTIR. The macerated products were assayed for antioxidant and antibacterial activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Antibacterial activity against the marine pathogen Aeromonas caviae was observed. Giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were used as models for in vivo assays by inducing pathogenicity by intramuscular injection of pathogen. The present study revealed that G. pusillum is a rich source of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds. The data obtained from the present study substantiates the potential of G. pusillum as an ideal antioxidant and antibacterial in the aquaculture industry. The animals treated with the ethanolic extract of G. pusillum (35 μl of 1mg/ml extract) survived even after 3 weeks, compared to the untreated in which 100% mortality was observed within 120 h. Relative percentage survival (RPS) of 90% was observed in the group treated with the seaweed extract. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several compounds previously reported for antibacterial activity. In the present work, a total of seven compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis, out of which two compounds are reported to have antimicrobial activity. High sustained survival of the infected prawns post-administration of the extract revealed that this sea weed has potential in the biopharmaceutical, aquaculture, and food sectors.
... There is a lacuna in acute ionizing radiation studies in freshwater crustacean species. Hence, this work and its related other studies [47,48] provides the necessary information about the biological effect of ionizing radiation to develop the permissible dose levels. Similar kind of acute radiation studies were performed in fresh water O. mossambicus [49] by the same team, hence we suggested having in other freshwater species also. ...
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acute level of 60Co gamma radiation on fecundity of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns were exposed to four different dose levels (3, 30, 300 and 3000 mGy) and their reproductive disturbances i.e Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), Egg Clutch somatic Index (ESI), Egg Counts and Egg hatching rates were calculated. The experimental group showed significant reduction in GSI (0.47 ± 0.01) & ESI (1.22 ± 0.08) after exposure to 60Co gamma radiation. Egg Count (3713 ± 21) and Egg hatching rates (3798 ± 11) were significantly reduced in all irradiated groups. The number of dead larva increased with the increasing level of doses. With the increase in dosage level, the gonad and egg clutch weight were decreased which likely lead to reduced number of eggs. Our results proved that even low level of ionizing radiation (60Co) affects the fecundities of freshwater crustacean M. rosenbergii. Keywords: M. rosenbergii, GSI, ESI, 60Co, Egg count, Egg hatching
... After 30 days, the prawns were divided into five groups (10 individuals per group, four experimental and one control) and kept in indoor polypropylene fiber tanks (1.5 m  1 m) with adequate aeration, and 20% of water volume changed daily. The water temperature was maintained at 27-28 C. The water parameters maintained throughout the experiment as per Stalin et al. (2013). The prawns were fed with boiled and chopped goat liver ad libitum. ...
... For the present study, lethal dose (LD50) of gamma irradiated M. rosenbergii was identified at 30 Gy following Stalin et al. (2013). The acclimatized prawns (5 groups) were transported to G. Vishwanathan (GVN) hospital (Tiruchirappalli). ...
... Three different TLDs (Thermoluminescence disk) were kept in each tub along with prawns for measuring the dose level emerged from the Telecobalt unit and the dosage received (entered) into the tub. After irradiation, prawns were returned to indoor polypropylene fiber tanks in laboratory (Stalin et al. 2013). ...
Purpose: The effect of low level cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) gamma radiation on the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was evaluated by observing their haemocyte counts and biochemical parameters.
Materials and methods: Prawns were exposed to 3, 30, 300 and 3000milligray (mGy) dose levels and their tissues of gills, hepatopancreas and muscle were analyzed.
Results: The results showed that the number of haemocytes in the haemolymph and concentrations of protein and carbohydrate were significantly reduced in irradiated groups than compared to the control prawn. Increased Asparate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acetyl choline esterase (AChE) in the irradiated groups reflects tissue damage.
Conclusions: Hence, this study concludes that even low level of ionizing radiation (⁶⁰Co gamma) can cause acute damages in gills, hepatopancreas and muscles in irradiated groups.
... However, the present study supports this assumption since the four types of digestive cells were identified in the digestive gland in what is considered a general model for crustaceans. The F-cells and B-cells are similar to those of the digestive physiology of crustaceans species previously studied (Lehnert and Johnson, 2002;Hu and Leung, 2007;Stalin et al., 2013;Ribeiro et al., 2016). In the present study, the size and number of B-cells increased significantly with a diet of 100 g kg − 1 lipid, this B-cells increase may have facilitated endocytosis. ...
... These differences may be due to the different paths crustacean may have to metabolize the available energy. In fact, Stalin et al. (2013) indicated that it is common to find differences in cell shape when prawns are exposed to stressful external agents. Zhang et al. (2017) reported that B-cells increased in the hepatopancreas of M. nipponense tubules with a lipid-rich diet. ...
The effect of dietary protein:energy (P/E) ratio on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, hematology, and hepatopancreas histology was tested in the juvenile cauque river prawn Macrobrachium americanum. Six diets with two different crude protein levels (350 and 400 g kg− 1 diet) and three lipid levels (60, 100, and 140 g kg− 1 diet) were tested on juveniles in a factorial manner (3 × 2) to provide six different dietary P/E ratios: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 mg CP kJ− 1 GE g− 1. The indicators of growth performance and nutrition were significantly influenced by the dietary P/E ratio; however, no significant survival differences were observed among treatments. The dietary protein–lipid levels (P/E ratios) influenced significantly the whole body protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents; lipid content in the whole body increased significantly when the dietary lipid level was increased from 60 to 140 g kg− 1 at the same protein levels. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. Total cholesterol and glucose concentrations in the serum were significantly affected by the different dietary P/E ratios and lipid levels. These results, using the principal component analysis (PCA) with the covariance matrix, suggest that the diet containing 350 g kg− 1 protein level and 100 g kg− 1 lipid level with P/E of 18 mg CP kJ− 1 is optimal for cauque river prawn juveniles.
... Many pollutants can disrupt osmoregulatory mechanisms due to the loss of ions and other essential molecules. Thus, the elevation of the free amino acid pool might have been a mechanism to restore osmolality (Bhavan and Geraldine, 2001;Stalin et al., 2013). In addition, increased production of cellular ROS and oxidative stress have been reported to induce autophagy, a homeostatic process that enables cells to degrade cytoplasmic proteins and organelles (Cui et al., 2012) and references herein) and conduces to the enhancement of the free amino acid (FAA) pool. ...
Soils contaminated by toxic metallic elements from agricultural activities raise grave concern about their potential risk to human health through direct intake, bioaccumulation through the food chain, and their impacts on ecological systems. We have measured here the lipid and protein oxidation status and used metabolomic methodologies to identify and characterize the changes caused by metal pollution exposure in the digestive glands and gills of Procambarus clarkii, the red swamp crayfish. Specimens captured at two sites with intensive agriculture practices using diverse types of agrochemicals, located in the borders of Doñana Natural Park, were compared to ones caught in the core of the Park, a proven non-polluted place. As a highly metabolically active organ, the digestive gland accumulated more metallic elements than the gills and was consequently more affected at the metabolic level. Results also indicate that chronic pollution exposure generates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction that imposes a metabolic shift to enhanced aerobic glycolysis and lipid metabolism alteration. The integration of metabolomics with previous proteomic data gives a comprehensive vision of the metabolic disorders caused by chronic metal exposure to P. clarkii and identifies potential biomarkers useful for routine risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems health.
