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![Representation of cellulose supramolecular hydrogen bonds [14]](publication/305749168/figure/fig3/AS:391189762199572@1470278315673/Representation-of-cellulose-supramolecular-hydrogen-bonds-14.png)
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![Figure 1: Schematic representation of cellulose molecule [12]](publication/305749168/figure/fig2/AS:391091388993603@1470254861571/Schematic-representation-of-cellulose-molecule-12_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2: Schematic representation of hemicelluloses [12]](publication/305749168/figure/fig1/AS:391036451999746@1470241763092/Schematic-representation-of-hemicelluloses-12_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3: Schematic representation of eucalyptus lignin [12]](publication/305749168/figure/fig5/AS:391304673546240@1470305712058/Schematic-representation-of-eucalyptus-lignin-12_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4: Representation of cellulose supramolecular hydrogen bonds [14]](publication/305749168/figure/fig3/AS:391189762199572@1470278315673/Representation-of-cellulose-supramolecular-hydrogen-bonds-14_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5: Biomass conversion processes [20]](publication/305749168/figure/fig4/AS:391244212654129@1470291297932/Biomass-conversion-processes-20_Q320.jpg)
The use of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain high value-added products and biofuels has been highlighted in the last years, introducing the biorefinery concept. Among the types of lignocellulosics that can be used in biorefineries, there are rice husk and rice straw, byproducts of rice production usually treated as waste. Every year, 650–975 millio...
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![Figure 5: SEM images of the control, [Bmim]OAc-pretreated, and alkali...](publication/305891204/figure/fig5/AS:391757893259270@1470413768399/SEM-images-of-the-control-BmimOAc-pretreated-and-alkali-post-treated-Eucalyptus-at_Q320.jpg)
Background
The biomass recalcitrance resulting from its chemical compositions and physical structures impedes the conversion of biomass into fermentable sugars. Pretreatment is a necessary procedure to increase the cellulase accessibility for bioconversion of lignocelluloses into bioethanol. Alternatively, ionic liquids, a series of promising solve...
![Fig. 1. Molecular structure of cellulose [17].](profile/Azuan-Latif/publication/326732180/figure/fig1/AS:684699412336640@1540256469299/Molecular-structure-of-cellulose-17_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 3. Lignin/phenolic-carbohydrate complexes [39].](profile/Azuan-Latif/publication/326732180/figure/fig3/AS:684699412353030@1540256469674/Lignin-phenolic-carbohydrate-complexes-39_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 4. General structure composition of lignocellulosic biomass [43].](profile/Azuan-Latif/publication/326732180/figure/fig4/AS:684699412344834@1540256469755/General-structure-composition-of-lignocellulosic-biomass-43_Q320.jpg)
Lignocellulosic biomass is generically known to describe a plant-based biomass, typically agricultural residues that forming a complex structure of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In Malaysia, there is about 168 million tons of lignocellulosic biomass been produced locally and provide an opportunity for industries to make a breakthrough in bio...
The oil palm empty fruit bunches which is lignocellulosic waste abundantly produced in Malaysia and creates a problem of disposal. The oil palm empty fruit bunches was used as new renewable substrate for the production of citric acid through solid state bioconversion with locally isolated Aspergillus niger IBO-103MNB (IMI396649). The potentiality o...
In this study combined NaOH/H2SO4 pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses (palm fronds, eucalyptus chips, almond shells and Aleppo pine cones) were used to separate hemicellulose and lignin and improve enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. The recovered celluloses were hydrolyzed using Cellic C-Tec2 or Cellic H-Tech2. The optimal saccharification...
In this study, effects of different pretreatment methods on the enzymatic digestibility of Pennisetum alopecuroides, a ubiquitous wild grass in China, were investigated to evaluate its potential as a feedstock for biofuel production. The stalk samples were separately pretreated with H2SO4, NaOH and FeCl3 solutions of different concentrations at 120...
Citations
... The structural organisation of this lignocellulosic biomass involves a complex of cellulose fibers incorporated in an amorphous matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses (Santos et al. 2017). Bioconversion of the inherent polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) into corresponding monosaccharides requires disintegration of its resistant structure. ...
In order to improve the process feasibility and cost function of bioethanol production, higher titres of biomass saccharifying cellulases need to be produced on commercial scale. Diverse lignocellulosic substrates including abundantly accessible paddy straw can be utilized as carbonaceous substrates for the production of cellulose hydrolysing enzymes. This study aims to meliorate milled and sequential acid/alkali pre-treated paddy straw as inducer-substrates for the synthesis of fungal secretomes from Penicillium mallochii repertoires under solid state and liquid shake flask fermentation (SSF and LSF, respectively). The analysis of enzymatic activities of the respective secretomes reinforced the cellulolytic potential of P. mallochii where the maximum cellulase production (Filter paper cellulase: 76.43, Carboxymethyl cellulase: 130.29, Avicelase: 18.6 and β-glucosidase: 83.59 U L−1) was exhibited under LSF conditions using pre-treated paddy straw as the inducer. The disorganisation of the cellulosic structure via hydrogen bond disruption, as indicated by FTIR analysis, after acid/alkali pretreatment allowed a better establishment of fungus on the substrate, thereby facilitating higher cellulase production. A maximum ethanol content of 11.63 g L−1 was obtained at 48 h of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using pre-hydrolysed paddy straw at 10% (w/v) solid loading and a cellulase dosage of 25 FPU gds−1. These results affirm the utilization of paddy straw for cellulase and ethanol production in an integrated bioprocess that can further be explored and optimized for scale-up studies to cater industrial applications.
... RS contains an average of 30 to 42% cellulose, 18 to 26% hemicellulose, and 6 to 15% lignin content, making it a valuable renewable feedstock for second-generation biorefineries [3,5]. In contrast, RS's structure, consisting of cellulose fibre, a linear homogenous polymer of D-glucose protected by an amorphous matrix of hemicelluloses and lignin, makes it recalcitrant for biorefinery processes [6]. For example, in biofuel production, the intricate structure resists enzymatic hydrolysis, which is necessary to break down cellulose and hemicellulose into fermentable sugars. ...
Rice is the second-largest cultivated crop in the world, leaving 1.8 times rice straw as residue, a valuable lignocellulosic feedstock for biorefinery. However, the lignocellulose composition varies between rice straw. So, rapidly deciphering the lignocellulose composition of rice straws is crucial in categorising them as feed material for different bioprocesses. So, this study developed rapid, non-destructive, cost-efficient and less-chemical-intensive machine learning models trained using Fourier transform infrared spectra to quantify rice straws lignocellulose composition. Specifically, partial least squares regression and artificial neural network models were developed using unprocessed and processed augmented spectroscopic datasets of 18 rice straws. Also, the study systematically investigated the influence of dataset size on model performance. The results demonstrated that the partial least squares regression and artificial neural network models trained using the processed larger augmented spectroscopic datasets on the lignocellulosic biofingerprint region (spectral region from 1800 to 800 cm⁻¹) were the best, and the artificial neural network models outperformed the partial least squares regression models. Further, the optimal artificial neural network model for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin shows a coefficient of determination of 99.04, 98.26 and 98.29%, and a residual predictive deviation of 10.24, 7.69 and 7.65, respectively. Thus, the study demonstrates that the proposed models could be used to rapidly quantify the lignocellulosic composition of rice straw in biorefineries, aiding in the selection of feedtsock for appropriate bioprocess.
Graphical abstract
... Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the main components of rice waste (Chieng and Kuan, 2022). In rice straw, the lignocellulosic composition is 32%-47% of cellulose, 19%-27% of hemicellulose, and 5%-24% of lignin, and in rice husk, the predominant composition is 25%-35% of cellulose, 18%-21% of hemicellulose, and 26%-31% of lignin (Binod et al., 2010;Santos et al., 2016). Besides the organic components, SiO 2 (>80%) is dominant with other oxides containing Al, Fe, Ca, Na, Mg, K, etc., that can be utilized for silica production or other materials based on these elements (Chieng and Kuan, 2022). ...
The global annual production of rice is over 750 million tons, and generates a huge amount of biomass waste, such as straw, husk, and bran, making rice waste an ideal feedstock for biomass conversion industries. This review focuses on the current progress in the transformation of rice waste into valuable products, including biochar, (liquid and gaseous) biofuels, valuable chemicals (sugars, furan derivatives, organic acids, and aromatic hydrocarbons), and carbon/silicon-based catalysts and catalyst supports. The challenges and future prospectives are highlighted to guide future studies in rice waste valorization for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals.
... Worldwide, this represents between 650 and 975 million tons of straw per year. (4) Rice straw is composed of about 60 % cellulose and hemicellulose. (5) Hydrothermal pretreatment is widely used to facilitate the extraction of reducing sugars. ...
... This recalcitrance occurs due to the sealing of lignin, the enclosure of hemicellulose over cellulose and the crystallinity of cellulose itself. (6) 309 (a) The comparison of RSC averages, using Tukey test at 5 %, is presented in table 4. It is possible to observe more uniformity among averages, and the highest production of RS is observed in assays 7 and 8. ...
Purpose: to present a method to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass, hydrothermal treatment. Methods: It was used Teflon bomb, fed with rice straw and water, to extract reducing sugars by hydrothermal treatment. Conditions were analysed using design of experiment procedure and ANOVA. The hydrothermal conditions were 140 and 200 °C, 20 and 60 min and 62,5 and 71,42 g straw per kilogram of water. The straw was filtered, dried and submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis; the conditions were 24 and 72 h, solid/liquid ratio were 0,625 and 2,50 % w/v and enzyme loading 16,5 and 66 FPU · g-1. Results: It was observed best yields of Reducing Sugars when submitting the Teflon bomb to 200 °C temperature for 60 min and 62,5 g straw per kg of water (pressure of 15,5 atm). The conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis were 72 h and enzyme loading of 66 FPU · g-1. The enzymatic yield was 42,72 %.
... However, these processes do not exploit rice husk fully. At present, the biorefinery concept is considered the most promising approach to creating new materials with almost the full exploitation of rice husk [24]. Also, researchers emphasize the biorefinery concept due to the simultaneous production of different materials from lignocellulose fractions through an integrated process. ...
Rice husk (RH) is one of the inevitable byproduct of rice production. It has been generated with an enormous amount every year. Biorefinery concept-assisted transformation of rice husk into high-value materials received significant attention. Thus, in this present study, we have developed an integrated biorefinery approach for converting rice husk into different micro/nanostructured materials, including carbon microspheres (CMs), lignin/SiO2 nanohybrids (LSNHs), and cellulose nanostructures (CNs) simultaneously. The rice husk was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid at 120 °C under 15 lbs pressure. The dilute acid treatment disintegrates the RH structure and releases the hemicellulose. The obtained liquid hemicellulose fraction was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization at 180 °C for 24 h. After hydrothermal treatment, the obtained solid fraction was subjected to alkali treatment. Lignin/SiO2 and cellulose were extracted from liquid and solid fractions after alkali treatment, respectively. The obtained cellulose was transformed into CNs using an acid hydrolysis process. The TEM images of the RH-derived carbon material showed spherical aggregates in shape with 500–1000 nm diameter. The LSNHs have 20–50 nm silica nanoparticles dispersed on the lignin matrix. The CNs TEM image displays fibrillated structure with 600–1000 nm in length and 25–40 nm width. The RH-derived materials reduced cell viability slightly and altered the cellular and nuclear morphology in FaDu cells. Our study results indicate that fabricated materials can be applicable for various biomedical applications.
... An efficient method to pre-treat rice husk is to employ sodium hydroxide in order to maintain 80% of the rice husk in solid form. At the same time, about 90% of ash components, comprising mainly of silica is, removed from the husk [62]. ...
... Among the pre-treatment methods, acid and alkaline are commonly used for rice straw and husk. Acid is capable of solubilizing hemicellulose and partially disorganizes cellulose structure, while alkaline acts mainly in the delignification process [62]. Several other methods such as hydrothermal, inorganic solution, steam explosion, and ultrasonication methods have also been studied as pre-treatments for rice residues [21,22,95,96]. ...
... Xylose, present in hemicelluloses, can be employed in the production of xylitol, a sweetening agent. Xylitol is prepared using batch hydrogenation of xylose, utilizing high pressures to force hydrogen solubilization and elevated temperatures to boost the rate of hydrogenation [62]. Furfural is a chemical produced from xylose and widely employed in the pharmaceutical, pesticide, and food industries as an additive. ...
Rice is one of the most widely consumed staple foods in the world, generating enormous biomass residues. In recent years, the abundance of residues as well as recent advancements in conversion technologies has improved the viability of bioenergy from rice residues as a potential source of renewable energy. This review assesses the technical barriers in converting rice residues (particularly rice straw and rice husk) to bioenergy around the globe and highlights the issues involved in current technologies. Strategies to resolve those barriers are recommended for thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies. A comprehensive summary on the latest developments on conversion technologies is presented. The work also discusses the latest works in high value–added products from rice biomass conversion focused on lactic acid, levulinic acid, xylose, adsorbents for contaminants, alternative materials in the construction industry, and applications in renewable energy. Future perspectives and research gaps are also elucidated.
... To date, little to no research has yet been conducted to investigate the utilization of rearing residues as a raw material in particleboard manufacturing. Rice husks are an abundant agricultural waste generated from rice milling facilities worldwide [17]. Rice husk contains mainly holocellulose fiber with a high content of silica in amorphous form. ...
This study evaluated the feasibility of manufacturing particleboard from the combinations of insect (black soldier fly larvae) rearing residue and rice husks at different ratios using citric acid/tapioca starch as a natural binder. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboards including density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance were investigated. The results showed that the increase of insect rearing residue significantly increased the water absorption and thickness swelling and decrease the modulus of rupture. The modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance was slightly enhanced when the ratio of insect rearing residue was increased from 10 to 30 wt% with a corresponding reduced ratio of rice husk in the particleboards. Nevertheless, the modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance remarkably decreased when the ratio of insect rearing residue in the boards was over 30 wt%. Among all prepared particleboards, only particleboard B which was composed of 20 wt% insect rearing residue, 50 wt% rice husk, and 30 wt% binder met all the JIS A 5908 requirements for basic particleboard type 8. Based on the results, although further improvements are required, using insect rearing residue combined with agroindustrial wastes for particleboard manufacturing is feasible and possesses the patentability to mitigate the issues associated with deforestation and shortage of raw materials.
... A hierarchical clustering tree based on the pairwise kinship values for all accessions is displayed along the top and left axesothers were observed in earlier reported data. The levels of lignin and cellulose in our population were similar to those previously reported for rice(Santos et al., 2017). ...
Cellulose and lignin are the two main components of secondary plant cell walls with substantial impact on stalk in the field and on straw during industrial processing. The amount of fermentable sugar that can be accessed is another important parameter affecting various industrial applications. In the present study, genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for cellulose, lignin, and fermentable sugars contents was analyzed in rice straw. A genome‐wide association study of 33,484 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency (MAF) >0.05 was performed. The genome‐wide association study identified seven, three, and three genomic regions to be significantly associated with cellulose, lignin, and fermentable sugar contents, respectively. Candidate genes in the associated genomic regions were enzymes mainly involved in cell wall metabolism. Novel SNP markers associated with cellulose were tagged to GH16, peroxidase, GT6, GT8, and CSLD2. For lignin content, Villin protein, OsWAK1/50/52/53, and GH16 were identified. For fermentable sugar content, UTP‐glucose‐1‐phosphate uridylyltransferase, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1, and receptor‐like protein kinase 5 were found. The results of this study should improve our understanding of the genetic basis of the factors that might be involved in biosynthesis, turnover, and modification of major cell wall components and saccharides in rice straw.
... The optimization and enhancement of bioconversion routes and the bio-refineries are being implemented in combination with the existing conventional processing plants (Cho et al. 2020;Arellano-Garcia et al. 2017). The feedstock is the biomass, solid waste, sewage sludge, wastewater and biogases, agricultural waste residues/husk and straw wastes, and by-products such as glycerol from different bio-refineries (Rulkens 2008;Kirchmann et al. 2017;Pancha et al. 2019;Santos et al. 2017;Nda-Umar et al. 2019;Crosse et al. 2019). For economics reason, most bioconversion protocols are employed without pre-treating the primary feedstocks, but some require specific pretreatments before undergoing the microbial fermentation or conversion. ...
Agricultural industries produce a significant amount of lignocellulosic materials and wastes that can be converted and developed into cost-effective energy and value-added bioproducts of commercial importance. Bioconversion turns organic matter into products using biological methods or agents. Straw biomass is an important agricultural residue that can be harnessed for the production of bioethanol, high-value biochemicals, special enzymes, organic products, proteins, and biomaterials. The tough lignin layer of the lignocellulosic components necessitates the pretreatment steps including the physico-mechanical, chemical, or biological methods to allow further processes such as saccharification, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion; and to enhance accessibility to the microbes and enzymes, for bioconversion into products of interest. However, there are major economic and technological challenges that have to be taken into consideration. This chapter highlights the straw biomass and its key composition for the bioconversion into valuable bioproducts. Different biological pretreatments using lignocellulolytic enzymes for the degradation of biomass are elaborated. The challenges for industrial-scale implementation to develop bio-based commercial production using straw biomass are also addressed.
... Valorization of renewable sources into valuable chemicals and products has gained positive attention as an alternative to the fast depleting fossil fuels [1][2][3]. As the world's most abundant and sustainable carbon sources, lignocellulose biomass has become a focus of attention in research studies due to its potential utilization for heat production, fuels, and the production of various types of value-added chemicals [4][5][6]. The lignin consists of approximately 15-30% of lignocellulose total mass and presents a complex three-dimensional amorphous polymer structure [7,8]. ...
Lignin, a readily available form of biomass with a potential source of aromatic chemical compounds, has not been fully utilized due to its complex structure. Hence, this study aims to elaborate and optimize the effects of parametric microwave conditions for the catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds. In addition to that, 41 types of imidazolium-based Ionic liquids were employed for the conversion of lignin model compounds such as guaiacol and benzyl phenyl ether. The microwave-assisted conversion of lignin model compounds in imidazolium-based ionic liquids was performed at optimum applied microwave power 700 W and 30-min irradiation time. The percentages conversion and yield were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results revealed that the chloride anion-based ionic liquids exhibited better nucleophilic behavior and catalyzed the cleavage of ether-based compounds efficiently under microwave irradiation. Among the imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 1H-methylimidazolium chloride ([1H-MIM][Cl]) exhibited better performance with guaiacol conversion and catechol yield of 99% and 81%, respectively. Therefore, the microwave-assisted technique was found to be more promising than conventional methods for the ionic liquid-based catalytic degradation of lignin model compounds.
