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Objective:
To assess the normal sonographic values of renal length and cortical thickness in healthy adults and establish reference ranges in our population for comparison when examining renal disease.
Subjects and methods:
Sonographic assessment of renal length and cortical thickness were performed from January 2006 to December 2011 in 252 heal...
Citations
... For instance, some studies have found negative correlations between age and renal size [10][11][12] while others have demonstrated no correlations. [13][14][15] Previous research has been conducted on sonographic measurements of renal size in the Saudi population in different cities. [16][17][18] However, there is a dearth of studies in Jazan city. Malaria is the most common endemic disease in the world and affects millions of people living in tropical regions of the world making it a serious infectious disease with significant public health implications. ...
... However, kidney length in the asymptomatic group was much shorter than that in other locations. [13,25,26] It is possible that racial and genetic influences occur among individuals from various nations, depending on body shape, size, and habitus. However, compared to similar groups in different cities in the country, there was no difference in kidney length between our study and the study by Elsayed et al. [16] Elsayed et al found that the mean renal length in the total group was (9.91 cm ± 0.85) on the right side and (10.17 cm ± 0.89) on the left side and with the left side longer. ...
... This finding is inconsistent with those of previous studies. [1,13] This may be due to the incomparable body weights of the sexes. ...
Background
The use of ultrasound-based measurements to determine renal size has proven valuable in the diagnosis of renal function and associated disorders. The dimensions of the abdominal organs are affected by an individual’s body age, height, sex, and weight. The objective of this study was to establish the standard sonographic parameters for renal dimensions and to determine the correlation between body measurements and renal dimensions in a population of healthy adults residing in Jazan City, Saudi Arabia.
Methods
The present study was a prospective study conducted at a single center located in Jazan City from February to August 2022. Ninety-five participants underwent abdominal ultrasonography. The process of measuring renal size through sonography entails the measurement of various dimensions of the kidney, such as renal length, width, and thickness. The demographic information of the participants, including their sex, age, height, and weight, was documented. All analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v27 software.
Results
The dimensions of the right kidney, specifically the length, width, and thickness, had mean value of 9.79 centimeters (cm), 5.09 cm, and 4.10 cm, respectively. The left kidney had mean dimensions of 10.1 cm, 5.09 cm, and 4.10 cm for length, width, and thickness, respectively. The left kidney was larger than the right kidney. Furthermore, male participants exhibited larger kidney measurements than their female counterparts did. A noteworthy positive correlation was observed between the thickness of the left kidney and sex, whereas no significant correlations were found with age, weight, or height.
Conclusion
The current study revealed that the kidney dimensions were observed to be larger in males as compared to females. The research findings indicate that there is no significant correlation between kidney dimensions and various demographic factors, such as age, height, weight, and sex. In addition, this study provides reference tables for further use.
... For imaging the kidneys, ultrasonography provides a straightforward, easy-to-use, non-invasive, and cheap option. Ultrasound diagnostics rely on four key parameters: volume, length, echogenicity, and cortical thickness [4]. The bilateral renal length is typically reported in the US since renal length has been extensively utilized as a predictor of CKD [5]. ...
Background: Renal disease is a leading cause of death and morbidity in Bangladesh, and hypertension and dyslipidemia are important risk factors for this condition. Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the possible renal damage and its relation with cholesterol level among the hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients by using ultrasonographic paramaters. Methods: This was a case control study. The sample size was 135 in each group (Hypertensive and normotensive) which was selected purposively. Data were collected on different renal parameters, blood pressure, smoking status, and lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Results: Relationship between TC, TAG, HLD, LDL and different renal parameters (Renal bipolar length, Renal anterior-posterior diameter, Renal cortical thickness, Renal cortical echogenecity, Corticomedullary differentiation) were found statistically significant. This indicates that increased cholesterol levels among the hypertensive patients there were possibility of renal damage. We need to identify it earlier and protecting the renal conditions. This finding provides more evidence that hypertension patients with high cholesterol levels are at increased risk for developing kidney impairment down the road. Ultrasonographic parameters showed the variations between the two groups. Conclusion: Patients with hypertension in Bangladesh should undergo routine blood pressure and ultrasonography examinations of renal parameters and lipid profiles to detect and prevent renal disease, which is frequently associated with high cholesterol.
... Poor renal clearance of iodine results in increased amounts of inorganic iodide in the blood, which may inhibit the generation of thyroid hormone and cause the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Abnormal thyroid function is linked to low blood total and free T3 concentrations and normal levels of reverse T3 and free T4 in patients with chronic renal disease [13][14][15] . Most people have TSH levels that are almost normal and are determined to be in a euthyroid condition. ...
... Existing literature often associates age with alterations in renal structure and function [13][14][15]. The observed decrease in mean sizes among older participants aligns with studies suggesting age-related changes in kidney morphology, such as cortical thinning and reduced renal blood flow [16]. ...
Background and objectives. In order to address the need to establish normative benchmark of kidney size in healthy population of Pakistan, this study aimed to assess and quantify the renal sizes in healthy individuals within the Pakistani population using ultrasound imaging. Secondary objectives included examining age-related variations, gender-specific differences, and the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and kidney measurements. Materials and methods. A five-year retrospective investigation of 509 patients undergoing non-renal abdominal ultrasounds at NIKUD Research Hospital employed strict participant criteria, excluding those with diabetes, hypertension, abnormal eGFR, or urinalysis. Ultrasound data was collected from medical record of patients aged 18-80 years without a history or ongoing renal disease, excluding any conditions impacting renal size. Results. In 480 participants meeting stringent health criteria, the right kidney measured 10.45 ± 0.97 cm, and the left kidney measured 10.64 ± 0.95 cm. Age-related variations included increasing renal length until the fifth decade, followed by decline. Gender-specific differences, though statistically non-significant, suggested slightly larger renal sizes in females. A positive BMI and renal length relationship indicated increased sizes in obese individuals. Conclusions. This study establishes renal size benchmarks in a healthy Pakistani population, highlighting demographic factors' role in assessments. Variations across age, gender, and BMI underscore the need for population-specific norms in clinical evaluations.
... [8] One study found a significant correlation between kidney size and body mass index and body weight. [9] Another study found an assignable variation between 11.8 and 22.4% between kidney sizes of healthy adult women and men with an endomesomorphic body type determined using somatotype components and multiple anthropometric parameters such as skinfold thickness and circumference measurements. [10] On the other hand, it can be said that somatotype characters and organ morphologies of patients are affected by disease. ...
Objectives
The aim of this study is to examine the kidney morphology and somatotype components of adult patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods
The sample consisted of 46 individuals with early-stage CKD (26 men and 20 women, mean age=45.92±16.53 years). The pathological subjects were compared with a control group consisting of 46 healthy subjects (28 men and 18 women, mean age=41.96±11.48 years). The Heath-Carter method was used to determine somatotype components. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) of patients with Stage 2 CKD and healthy volunteers taken within the past 3 months was scanned to determine kidney morphology. Kidney measurements were performed on CTs (length, width, depth, and volume of kidney).
Results
Kidney patients (mean somatotype: 6.33–5.37–0.6) were less ectomorphic and more endomorphic than the controls (mean somatotype: 4.35–4.40–3.02). Moderate effect size (ES) was found in endomorphy (ES=0.87; p=0.035) and ectomorphy (ES=1.08; p=0.012) between groups. No significant difference was observed in the kidney morphology (ES=0.04–0.19; p>0.05).
Conclusion
In the early-stage CKD, kidney morphology may not be the distinguishing factor. On the other hand, patients differed significantly in terms of endomorph components. Being overweight can also be one of the negative findings for kidney disease. Somatotype classification could be a suitable tool for monitoring kidney disease.
... BMI is a characteristic that can be used to determine an individual's body size. A study by El-Rashid and Abdel-Fattah found a correlation between kidney length and BMI as well as a relationship between kidney length and height of the subjects [4]. Higher BMI is associated with the presence [5] and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease [6]. ...
Background & Objective: The prognosis and diagnosis of renal disorders and diseases, as well as the assessment of kidney donors, both utilize ultrasound as a crucial imaging modality. Also, higher BMI is associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between BMI and renal size by ultrasound imaging in healthy individuals at Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Janakpurdham, Nepal. Material and Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out at Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal. All cases that referred for ultrasound were first measured by height and weight and their BMI was calculated. The size of the kidney length and the thickness of the kidney cortex were measured in millimeters. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: There were 110 females and 98 (47.1%) males. The range of ages was 18 to 70, with a mean age of 34.14 (SD 12.6). Both sexes have average BMIs of 23.39 (SD 4.06, range 15.5-36.1). Male subjects mean BMI is 23.705 (SD 3.5907, range 18.1-32.6), while female subjects' mean BMI is 23.108 (SD 4.44, range 15.5-36.1). The difference in BMI was not statistically significant (p = 0.291).Right kidney thickness and right and left cortical thickness were statistically significant (P <0.005). Age and renal length and renal cortex thickness were inversely correlated, although height and weight and renal length and renal cortex thickness were positively associated (p = 0.005). The length of the kidney and the thickness of the renal cortex, however, did not significantly correlate with BMI (P <0.05). Renal length and renal cortex thickness were negatively correlated with age, while there was a positive correlation between renal length and renal cortex thickness with positive correlation height and weight (p = 0.005). However, no significant correlation was found between the length of the kidney and the thickness of the kidney cortex with the BMI (P <0.05). Conclusion: A relationship between the increase in kidney length and kidney cortex with the weight and height of individuals, while this relationship was not observed in body mass index. Mean renal size is related to the side, age, gender, height and weight as well.
... The shape of the kidney is ovoid, bean-shaped with convex areas laterally and concavity areas medially, weighing between 150-200 grams in males and 120-135 grams in females. The kidney is about 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide with a thickness of about 3-5 cm [1][2]. 94 The right kidney is located posteriorly from the ascending colon, the pars II duodenum in the medial, and the hepar in the superior, separated by the hepatorenal recess (Morison's pouch). ...
... Then the kidneys also function in regulating plasma osmolarity by modulating the amount of water, solutes, and electrolytes in the blood. In addition, the kidneys also function in maintaining acid-base balance, producing renin for blood pressure regulation, erythropoietin to stimulate erythrocyte production, and converting vitamin D into active substances [1][2]. ...
Introduction: Kidneys have filtration and excretion functions; the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best indicator of kidney function and may indicate abnormalities. Kidney volume can be an early indicator of kidney disorders before there is a decrease in kidney function. Changes in kidney volume may indicate structural and functional changes that indicate a disorder or disease progression. Radiological examination such as a CT-Scan has an important role in measuring the size and kidney volume and assessing kidney morphological changes for the diagnosis and staging of kidney disease as well as planning therapy. Objective: This study aims to find a correlation between the estimated kidney volume with the ellipsoid method through CT scanning and estimated kidney function by glomerular filtration rate in patients with normal kidneys. Method: An analytical study used a case-series design; all subjects were patients who had normal CT-Scan results and normal kidney function at the Haji Adam Malik Hospital in Medan in 2020–2021. Used the consecutive sampling technique and had 90 total samples. Results: There is a moderately positive correlation (r = 0,410-0,499) between volume and kidney function. A moderately negative correlation (r = -0,196 to -0,282) between kidney volume and age. A moderately positive correlation (r = 0,456-0,548) between kidney volume and body weight. There is a moderately negative correlation (r = -0.495) between renal function and age. A moderately positive correlation (r = 0,567) between renal function and body weight. Conclusion: there is a correlation between kidney volume and kidney function, the correlation between kidney volume and body weight, the correlation between kidney function and body weight.
... A shorter RL was also associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children [19] and was a significant predictor of mortality in patients with DM on peritoneal dialysis [20]. Compared to absolute RL, height-adjusted RL was considered as a better variable when sex and height variability were considered [21,22]. Therefore, we attempted to find the relationship between the absolute and relative RLs and renal disease prognosis; however, we could not find a significant association with the renal disease prognosis in patients with and without DM. ...
Renal disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal ultrasonography is an imaging examination required in the work-up of renal disease. This study aimed to identify the differences in renal ultrasonographic findings between patients with and without DM, and to evaluate the relationship between renal ultrasound findings and renal prognosis in patients with DM. A total of 252 patients who underwent renal ultrasonography at Chungnam National University Hospital were included. Kidney disease progression was defined as a ≥10% decline in the annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which, in this paper, is referred to as ΔeGFR/year, or the initiation of renal replacement therapy after follow-up. The renal scoring system was evaluated by summing up the following items: the value of renal parenchymal echogenicity (0: normal; 1: mildly increased; and 2: increased) and the shape of the cortical margin (0: normal and 1: irregular; right kidney length/height (RH—0 or 1), mean cortical thickness/renal length/height (CKH—0 or 1), and cortical thickness/parenchymal thickness (CK/PK—0 or 1) based on the median: 0—above median, and 1—below median). Patients with DM had thicker renal PKH than those without, despite having lower eGFRs (0.91 ± 0.15, 0.86 ± 0.14, p = 0.006). In the progression group, the renal scores were significantly higher than those from the non-progression group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the higher renal scores, presence of DM, and younger age were independently predicted for renal disease progression after adjusting for confounding variables, such as the presence of hypertension, serum hemoglobin and albumin levels, and UPCR. In conclusion, patients with high renal scores were significantly associated with renal disease progression. Our results suggest that renal ultrasonography at the time of diagnosis provides useful prognostic information in patients with kidney disease.
... 1 For renal imaging ultrasonography is a simple, cost-effective and noninvasive procedure. 2 In addition, ultrasonography has been shown to be a good method for studying acute rejection of transplanted kidneys, renal collagen-vascular diseases and renal cystic lesions. 3 Ultrasonographic diagnosis of CKD depends on length, volume, echogenicity and cortical thickness of kidney. ...
Introduction: Renal cortical thickness is an important parameter for many renal pathologies. Ultrasonography has been an efficient tool for the measurement of different renal parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the renal cortical thickness in healthy adults without any renal impairments and to correlate it with age, sex, height, weight, BMI and side of the body. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 healthy adults with normal renal function were included in this study. A detailed clinical history of all the patients were taken. Basic investigations, clinical and ultrasonography examination were performed. Informed written consent and ethical approval were taken. Results: The study included 150 participants (67 male & 83 female) with mean age of the participants 33.0±9.5 years. The mean renal cortical thickness was found to be 8.3±0.69mm. There was significant correlation between RCT and gender (p=0.013). However, no such correlation was observed between (renal cortical thickness) RCT and age, height, weight and BMI of the participants. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic measurement of renal cortical thickness plays a vital role in identification of many renal diseases. Thus, the result of this study can be used for evaluation of renal cortical thickness to determine abnormal renal conditions.
... The renal thickness or depth (D) was taken as the average of the maximum distance between the anterior and posterior walls of the mid-portion of the kidney on the longitudinal and transverse scans (D1 and D2). The kidney volume was obtained using the prolate ellipsoid formula (L × W × D1 + D2/2 × 0.523) (7) . ...
... mm). This finding was closely consistent with those reported by Yamashita et al. (8) (mean cortical thickness of 7.1 mm), Beland et al. (15) (mean cortical thickness of 5.9 mm), Korkmaz et al. (16) (5.76 ± 2.05 mm at the beginning of the study and 5.28 ± 1.99 mm at the end of the study) and El-Reshaid et al. (7) (6 mm and more considered to be normal). In recent years, the mean cortical thickness has emerged as a new parameter for the evaluation of CKD patients. ...
Aims:
To correlate sonographic renal parameters (mean renal cortical thickness, length and volume) with renal functions in patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease. To predict the best renal parameter correlating with renal functions in patients with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease.
Material and methods:
A hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla, in 78 adults with newly diagnosed chronic kidney disease visiting the hospital from December 2019 to November 2020.
Results:
A statistically significant positive correlation was found between eGFR and mean renal length, mean renal cortical thickness, and mean renal volume (p <0.001).The strongest correlation was shown between mean renal volume and eGFR (r = 0.90, r2 = 0.82; p-value <0.001).
Conclusions:
Renal volume and cortical thickness should be considered along with traditional renal parameters.
