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Present and past anthropogenic pollution of the hydrosphere and lithosphere is a growing concern around the world for sustainable development and human health. Current industrial activity, abandoned contaminated plants and mining sites, and even everyday life is a pollution source for our environment. There is therefore a crucial need to clean indu...
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... increase in total iron, total solid, and suspended solid concentrations were also observed in the groundwater due to nZVI migration. The vinyl chloride degradation efficiency was greater than 90% in both upper and middle soil layers, but was much smaller in the bottom layer, possibly due to the smaller nZVI concentration in the latter (Table 5). 1 Bare = NPs where a shell is not produced intentionally (contains a self-developed iron oxide layer); DDT = dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; MEG = mono ethylene glycol; PCE = tetrachloroethene or perchloroethylene; TCE = trichloroethene; 2 cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride were also detected in the groundwater. ...Citations
... The main applications of FeNPs in industry are related to medical applications and various biomedical imaging programs [151]. Due to the high biocompatibility, the FeNPs is potentially used in diagnosis and treatment of tumors or cancer [152], hyperthermia for cancer treatment [153], detecting biomarkers [154], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [155], gas sensors [156], and water treatment [157]. In this context, various methods have been suggested for synthesis of FeNPs such as thermal decomposition Figure 4 a UV-Vis spectra, b FTIR spectra, c, d SEM images, e TEM image, f Size distribution, g XRD patterns, and h Raman spectra of the NiO-NPs synthesis using leaves extract of Rhamnus triquetra (Wall) [43]. ...
Transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) and their oxides have attracted considerable interest due to their fascinating and promising applications in biomedical, energy, environment, catalytic processes, etc. These NPs are generated using three approaches including physical, chemical, and biological to give them the right shape, size, and large surface area. However, there are concerns about energy consumption, cost, safety, and environmental problems with the physical and chemical approach. The biological approach is preferred in these years, because it is simple, cost effective and environmentally friendly. In this approach, numerous species of plants, microbes, algae, and fungi are used to synthesize NPs. Currently; the use of plant extracts is preferred for the synthesis of NPs, because it is a straightforward, low-cost, and one-pot process with a high reaction rate. The phytochemical compounds contained in the plant extract not only play a role as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis process, but also enhance the therapeutic effects of the compounds. In this review article, the advances in the biosynthesis of NPs of transition metals and their oxides of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) using plant extracts are presented. In addition, the antibacterial, anticancer, and cytotoxic properties of the synthesized NPs for biomedical applications are discussed. Further, the antibacterial mechanism of the metal and metal oxide NPs is evaluated. Furthermore, application of these NPs in tissue engineering, advantages, and disadvantages are presented. Moreover, the size, morphology, and mechanism of the biosynthesized NPs using various plant parts and their applications are investigated. Finally, the challenges and future prospects related to green synthesis methods are discussed.
... The existence of water was confirmed at 1645 cm −1 by the O-H bending absorption band. The C-O stretching absorption bands at 1087 cm −1 , which may have resulted from the use of ethanol and water before drying, indicated the presence of O-H in the nanoparticles[48]. ...
In recent years, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant research interest owing to their versatile characteristics in diversified applications ranging from catalysis to biomedical sciences. Due to their notable and improved properties such as higher flexibility, facile processability, thermal stability, mechanical strength, and exceptional optoelectrical and magnetic behavior as compared to pristine metal nanoparticles, the polymer mediated nanoparticles have recently drawn interest from both industry and academia. In this novel investigation, we report a sustainable synthesis of Ag, Fe, Cu, and Zn metal nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method using polyamide (PA) and polyhydrazide (PH) matrices. This work is innovative in that it makes use of these polymer matrices for improved MNP synthesis, offering a unique combination of thermal and structural features. The polymers-supported metal nanoparticles were characterized for structural, thermal, optical, chemical, and morphological characteristics using XRD, TGA, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis, respectively. XRD measurements demonstrated a significant rise in the crystallinity index for the produced metal nanoparticles, indicating a significant increase in crystallinity quantitatively. The effective synthesis of nanoparticles with precise attributes was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed a significant absorption peak in the UV region. The thermogravimetric study suggested an improvement in thermal stability of around 25%. This work offers a flexible and eco-friendly method for synthesizing metal nanoparticles, demonstrating the usefulness of polyamide and polyhydrazide matrices as platforms for the synthesis of nanomaterials for numerous applications including catalysis, electronics, sensors, and biomedical applications.
Graphical Abstract
... Among several heterogeneous catalysts, nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) has shown its advantages: low cost, environmental-friendliness and high efficiency 3,4 . However, the technology has a few problems: easy oxidation on surfaces and difficulty in separation. ...
Catalytic films work well in degradation of organic matters. However, catalytic activity and stability of films are challenging factors. A nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) incorporated porous PAN fiber (Fe-PAN) film was thus developed through a one-step cryogenic auxiliary electrospinning method. The Fe-PAN film overcame the problem in the traditional multistep preparation process. The excellent intrinsic properties of the polymer in the film were maintained. It exhibited high catalytic activity (> 95% conversion in just 4 min) and excellent stability and reusability, due to the synergistic interaction between PAN and NZVI. The degradation process was optimized by the Box-Behnken design, leading to the optimal condition: pH = 2.8, temperature = 56 °C, and oxidant concentration = 4.2 mmol/L. The degradation followed the 2 nd order kinetic equation and was due to the reactions by ·OH and O 2 ⁻ · radicals. This study demonstrates the great potentials of the Fe-PAN film for industrial applications.
... Some common chemical adsorbents include activated carbon (Babel and Kurniawan 2004;Mondal et al. 2010), alkaline materials (Khayyun and Mseer 2019), metals/metal oxides (Li et al. 2017;Liang et al. 2022;Zou et al. 2016), andbiochar (O'Connor et al. 2018;Shu et al. 2020). Nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) is a popularly used adsorbent due to its small particle size, large surface area, abundant sorption sites, high reactivity, and ease of separation (Cundy et al. 2008;Liang et al. 2022;Pasinszki and Krebsz 2020;Zou et al. 2016). Its use for reductive removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater has increased rapidly in recent years (Zou et al. 2016). ...
... Its use for reductive removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater has increased rapidly in recent years (Zou et al. 2016). The adsorbent can be synthesized by either following a top-down approach by reducing bulk-iron to nanoparticle size, or a bottom-up approach by preparing nZVI from atoms of small molecules and ions (Pasinszki and Krebsz 2020). However, the pristine nZVI form can rapidly agglomerate during synthesis or application due to its high surface energy, magnetic interactions, and weak van der Waals forces (Huang et al. 2013;Pasinszki and Krebsz 2020;Phenrat et al. 2007), limiting its interaction with the target heavy metals (Zou et al. 2016). ...
... The adsorbent can be synthesized by either following a top-down approach by reducing bulk-iron to nanoparticle size, or a bottom-up approach by preparing nZVI from atoms of small molecules and ions (Pasinszki and Krebsz 2020). However, the pristine nZVI form can rapidly agglomerate during synthesis or application due to its high surface energy, magnetic interactions, and weak van der Waals forces (Huang et al. 2013;Pasinszki and Krebsz 2020;Phenrat et al. 2007), limiting its interaction with the target heavy metals (Zou et al. 2016). The scientific literature, thus, suggests chemically modifying the nZVI surface or stabilizing the adsorbent through polymers Kanel et al. 2008). ...
Soil-water cocontamination with heavy metals and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) raises widespread concerns. Coexisting NAPL pollutants like toluene can antagonize the chemical processes employed for removing target heavy metals. This study investigates the impact of toluene on Cr(VI) adsorption by pumice-supported nano zerovalent iron (P-nZVI). The experiment was performed by passing a 10 mg/L Cr(VI) aqueous solution through a fixed-bed column in two batches, one without and the other with toluene. Results showed that toluene's copresence caused a 71.3% drop (3.14 to 0.9 mg/g) in P-nZVI adsorption capacity for Cr(VI). In toluene's absence, a Cr(VI) concentration in the effluent appeared after 60 h, while in its copresence, a Cr(VI) concentration appeared within 10 h. The average Cr(VI) concentration of the effluent increased from 5.05 mg/L in the first batch to 8.64 mg/L in the second batch. Breakthrough curve mod-eling demonstrated that the Thomas model best described the adsorption kinetics for the first case (R 2 = 0.999), followed by the Yoon and Nelson and the Clark models with R 2 = 0.996 and 0.994, respectively. Under toluene cocontamination, both the Thomas and the Yoon and Nelson models showed the best fit (R 2 = 0.996). The inverse numerical analysis determined adsorption isotherm parameters (K s , β, η) and confirmed that the reaction followed Langmuir behavior (β ≃ 1) with slight linearity under individual Cr(VI) presence. The results from this adsorption study, supported by adsorbent characterization before and after the reaction, demonstrated the unfavorable effects of coexisting contaminants on the removal of contaminants of concern.
... In fact, most of nZVI are usually prepared by reduction of Fe III or Fe II ions on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 or Fe 2 O 3 using reductants such as NaBH 4 . 24 In this work, we reported for the first time an electrochemical synthesis of Fe°/Fe 2 III O 3 decorated on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO/Fe-Fe 2 O 3 ) modified the Pt microelectrode for AA sensing. In the AA sensing reaction, the Fe-Fe 2 O 3 acted as redox centers, meanwhile, ERGO supported a large surface for electrochemical activity and an excellent electrical conductivity surface for electron-transfer during electrochemical oxidation. ...
Considering on required detection time and sensitivity, electrochemical method is an excellent candidate for ascorbic acid (AA) sensing. We propose using the synergistic effects of iron(0)/iron(III) oxide decorated on the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO/Fe-Fe 2 O 3 ) modified Pt microelectrode as an electrochemical AA sensor using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Herein, ERGO/Fe-Fe 2 O 3 was directly fabricated on the Pt microelectrode using a novel one-step electrosynthesis. Fe-Fe 2 O 3 acts as an oxidized-nanozyme with works as redox centers on the electrode for oxidation of AA. Fe-Fe 2 O 3 nanozymes are immobilized on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO), which supports a large electroactive and excellent electrically conductive surface for electron-transfer during electrochemical oxidation of AA. The developed electrochemical sensor allowed for sensing AA in medical samples with high sensitivity in concentration range from 0.05 to 10.00 mM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.93 μM.
... Adsorption is a surface phenomenon wherein an ion or molecule forms a layer on the particle surface via chemical or physiochemical processes. Their effectiveness in treating and removing contaminants is due to the high surface area of the metals (20-40 nm) and their high reactivity due to electron rich structure [8]. This allows [1] reductive type reactions to occur such as the reductive dechlorination of many halogenated 2 of 13 organic compounds, (2) removal via adsorption of metal(oid)s by n-ZVMs that include arsenic (As), selenium (Se), zinc, copper, cadmium (Cd) and a host of other metals and radionuclides [4][5][6]. ...
Two pilot-scale desalination systems employing carbon modified nano-sized, zero valent metals (n-ZVMs) were manufactured and tested to determine (1) the degree to which high-salt water (20 to 130 mS) could be desalinated and (2) if this degree of desalination could be maintained throughout an extended treatment period. The two pilot systems (referred to as Generation 1 and Generation 2) consisted of parallel lines of four individual reactors in series, a settling tank and an activated carbon cell at the end of each reactor line. The system capacity was 300 gal in Generation 1 and 600 gal in Generation 2 with a total hydraulic residence time of 6 h per reactor line (one hour per cell/tank). A slurry of n-ZVMs manufactured from mixtures of ferrous sulfate and green or black tea extract was introduced in the first reactor on each line to yield approximately 5 to 45 g of nano metal per 100 L of influent salt water based on dosing experiments required to achieve maximum salt removal at each of the three influent salt contents used, 28 mS, 44 mS and 123 mS. Once dosing was set, continuous runs (14 days, 23 days and 9 days) were carried out. The results demonstrated that maximum removal occurred with 10 g/100 L of salt for the 30 mS salt solution, 16 g/100 L of salt for the 40 mS influent water and 40 g/100 L for the 130 mS influent. Salt removal (expressed as Na+ and Cl− removed) approached 78% for the 30 mS influent and 41 mS influent, respectively, while removal for the highest concentration salt influent (130 mS) approached 81%. Continuous operation over the extended time-period showed no significant decrease in salt removal with a typical day to day variation of no more than 10%, suggesting that this approach to desalination could rapidly provide usable water from saline aquifers, seawater or even produced water.
... The structural composition of the nucleus-shell of the nanoparticle provides two roles, the nucleus acts as an electron transporter, and the shell has a role in surface complexation. Surface precipitation and adsorption are the primary mechanisms of metal and ion elimination using nZVI (Pasinszki and Krebsz, 2020). Iron compounds are widely distributed in nature and iron is found in almost all natural waters; therefore, iron is considered a green material, which is probably the reason that in most cases the observed toxicity of nZVI is below the level observed for other nanoparities (Stefaniuk et al., 2016). ...
Can nano-zero-valent iron, synthesized using oak leaf extract, be the key solution for water preservation, efficiently removing heavy metal ions and phosphate anions simultaneously? This research unveils how this technology not only promises high efficiency in the remediation of water resources, but also sets new standards for environmentally friendly processes. The high antioxidant capacity and high phenol content indicate suggest the possibility of oak-nZVI synthesis using oak leaf extract as a stable material with minimal agglomeration. The simultaneous removal of Cd and phosphates, as well as and Ni and phosphates was optimized by a statistically designed experiment with a definitive screening design approach. By defining the key factors with the most significant impact, a more efficient and faster method is achieved, improving the economic sustainability of the research by minimizing the number of experiments while maximizing precision. In terms of significance, four input parameters affecting process productivity were monitored: initial metal concentration (1–9 mg L⁻¹), initial ion concentration (1–9 mg L⁻¹), pH value (2–10), and oak-nZVI dosage (2–16 mL). The process optimization resulted in the highest simultaneous removal efficiency of 98.99 and 87.30% for cadmium and phosphate ions, respectively. The highest efficiency for the simultaneous removal of nickel and phosphate ions was 93.44 and 96.75%, respectively. The optimization process fits within the confidence intervals, which confirms the assumption that the selected regression model well describes the process. In the context of e of the challenges and problems of environmental protection, this work has shown considerable potential and successful application for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Ni(II) in the presence of phosphates from water.
Graphical abstract
... They have been verified to have great potential for heavy metal elimination for several heavy metal ions and show great efficiency in the removal of toxic ions such as lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, and chromium. However, carbon Nanotubes have low removal efficiency for several heavy metals [13][14][15], therefore, they have to be treated with oxidizing agents such as hypochlorite, permanganate, or nitric acid to increase the removal capacity of metal ions [16]. Finding an effective and low-cost sorbent is a noble target. ...
Heavy metals have been classified as dangerous environmental pollutants. Interest in feasible ways to reduce heavy metals pollution is a noble goal. Adsorption is an effective method based on its effectiveness and low- cost. Nowadays, low-cost bio-sorbents have been utilized to replace costly expensive adsorbents. Rich cellulose materials are effective heavy metal adsorbents, and their performance can be enhanced via chemical modification. The present work reviews the steady progress in the utilization of agriculture by-product wastes as heavy metal bio-sorbent. The unique advantages of these by-products such as renewability, abundance, simple processing, and low cost, justifier this work. The results confirm that the chemically treated agro-wastes exhibit high- removal efficiency (reaches 95% in most cases). The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that the concentration of the metal ions has a significant effect on the adsorption process. The Freundlich model provides a physical adsorption model of the metal ions on the bio-sorbent surface. Langmuir isotherm offers an estimate of the effect of different factors on the efficiency of the process. The adsorption kinetics studies offer an idea of reaction pathways including the adsorption mechanism and the efficiency of the metal ion removal. Applying the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models describes the adsorption kinetics. This information can be utilized in developing effective strategies to remove heavy metal ions using chemically treated agro-waste. The data confirmed that chemical modification is a significant parameter in the efficiency of metal ion removal. The feasibility and effectiveness of using these cellulosic by-products as bio-sorbent should be given attention and encouraged.
... The iron nanoparticle acts as electron donor in the oxidation and reduction process during biodegradation and donating the electrons to the adsorbed pollutants on their surface resulting the compounds are converted into less toxic or new end products by the action of microbial cells (Zhang et al., 2020;Li et al., 2021;Xu et al., 2022). Moreover, iron nanoparticles are increasing their availability in the environmental remediation approaches due to have various physical, chemical and biological properties (Latif et al., 2020;Pasinszki and Krebsz, 2020;Aragaw et al., 2021). ...
Poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as hazardous compounds which causes serious threat to the environment dua to their more carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 strain and synthesized iron nanoparticles were used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE %) of residual anthracene. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system (Anthracene + PP4+ FeNPs) was obtained about 67 %. The FTIR spectra result revealed the presence of functional groups (C-H,-CH 3 , CC , =C-H) in the residual anthracene. The FESEM and TEM techniques were used to determine the surface analysis of the synthesized FeNPs and the average size was observed by TEM around 5-50 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was confirmed by the observed different respective peaks of XRD pattern. The various functional constituents (OH, C-H, amide I, CH 3) were identified in the synthesized iron nanoparticles by FTIR spectrum. In conclusion, this integrated nano-bioremediation approach could be an promising and effective way for many environmental fields like cleanup of hydrocarbon rich environment.
... In the international fungicide market, after its introduction an imperative position accomplished by this complex where Flutriafol products used to control massive diseases that upsets an extensive range of crops (Carmona et al., 2020). Flutriafol degradation via an oxidation method happened with micro scale nZVI, so this can connect the results gotten with nanoscale nZVI in a higher or a lower amount of oxygen, which noticeably expands the applicability of ZVI as a theoretically useful reagent for the water and wastewaters pollutants mortification (Krebsz, 2020). ...
... Quinone, a Dichlone, neutralized the inhibitory effect C 9 H 9 NO (humic Acid, HA) on the catalyst proficiency of ZVFe for reduction process of C 13 H 19 N 3 O 4 , (pendimethalin PD) which recommends that some neutral quinone, be relevant to pollutant contamination via ZVFe (Keum, 2004). Though the use of ZVFe for organic pollutants degradation is inexpensive and reasonable. it is very to develop pathway for the enhancement, catalytic stability and recovery the oxidized iron (Krebsz, 2020). The H 2 gas elimination rapidly improved the catalyst stability and ability of air-exposed iron and cause PD reduction, which suggests H 2 elimination as possible mean to continue a reactive ZVFe barrier for the related remediation technology (Ghauch, 2008;Galdames et al., 2020). ...
