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Relative resistance of nine host wood types to wood decay by 12 major root-rot and trunk-rot fungi after 1- and 2-year incubation periods at 21 ° C. Abbreviations for host woods include: Thuja occidentalis (Tocc), Pinus taeda (Ptae), Liquidambar styraciflua (Lsty), Platanus occidentalis (Pocc), Populus deltoides (Pdel), Taxodium distichum (Tdis), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Fpen), Quercus lyrata (Qlyr), and Quercus nuttallii (Qnut). Indicated rankings of host wood resistance to decay (in order from most to least resistance, left to right) are based on mean dry weight loss (%) caused by all wood decay fungi tested. Error bars indicate SE s of the mean.
Source publication
The development of wood decay caused by 12 major root-rot and trunk-rot fungi was investigated in vitro with sapwood extracted from nine ornamental and landscape hardwood and conifer species native to southern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and the lower Mississippi Delta. Wood decay rates based on dry weight loss for 108 host tree-woo...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... or continuum of decay potentials was established for the collective wood types included in this analysis. Dry weight losses resulting from decay of all wood types in Year 2 were significantly greater than weight loss in Year 1 for all rot fungi except A. ostoyae . Analyses of decay rates for each rot fungus, based on dry weight losses of wood types grouped into angiosperm (hardwood) and conifer (gymnosperm) wood-type groups, provided more detailed information of decay effects relative to differences between these two major wood categories ( Table 3). The most damaging decay fungi of both hardwood and conifer wood types for both years of decay were (in decreasing order): A. mellea , G. lucidum , H. annosum , D. quercina , S. hirsutum , and I. dryadeus . These results were very similar to analyses of all wood types combined for those fungal species causing high, intermediate, and low dry weight losses. All of the rot fungi caused greater rates of decay in the hardwood wood types than in the conifer wood types in both Year 1 and Year 2 of decay (F = 78.1, P < 0.001). Armillaria mellea caused a higher rate of decay of hardwood and conifer wood types in Year 2 than decay rates for most other fungus–wood group combinations. The only exceptions were Year 2 decay of hardwood wood types by H. annosum , S. hirsutum , and I. dryadeus . Nevertheless, A. ostoyae , A. gallica , and A. tabescens consistently caused the lowest rates of decay among the rot fungi for both wood-type groups. Resistance of wood types to decay. The relative resistance of the nine wood types to decay by all 12 rot fungi similarly was determined based on dry weight loss over 1- year and 2-year incubation periods (Fig. 2). Mean dry weight losses were significantly greater at the end of the second year of decay compared with the first year of decay for all wood types. A continuum of decay rates for different wood types was observed for both Year 1 and Year 2 incubation periods as a result of differential effects of the decay fungi. Significant differences in decay by wood type were greater near the extremes of the decay-resistance continuum than at intermediate levels of decay resistance. Decay rates of individual wood types ranged from less than 1% dry weight loss to more than 5% in Year 1 and nearly 2% to almost 10% weight loss in Year 2. The wood types with the greatest resistance to decay were (in order from the highest): T. occidentalis , P. taeda , and L. styraciflua (Fig. 2). Intermediate levels of decay resistance were found in P. occidentalis , P. deltoides , and T. distichum . Wood types with the lowest resistance to decay included F. pennsylvanica , Q. lyrata , and Q. nuttallii . The sapwood of T. occidentalis was by far the most resistant to decay by all of the rot fungi tested (0% dry weight loss after 2 years of decay by A. gallica , I. dryadeus , L. sulphureus ). Q. nuttallii exhibited the greatest weight loss (up to 15.6% after 2 years of decay by I. dryadeus ) among the wood types tested with all of the rot-fungi. The effective management of damage caused by wood decay fungi in landscape trees of urban and suburban forests requires knowledge of the wood decay potentials of the most common and important fungi responsible for decay of wood in these areas and the inherent susceptibility and resistance of the woods of common landscape trees to decay by these fungi. Relatively few publications with specific information of this type are available to urban foresters, city arborists and tree-care specialists to help guide their ability to make assessments and management decisions necessary to effectively mitigate wood decay damage to landscape trees to minimize economic losses associated with tree failures. Most wood decay studies have reported in vitro decay data for relatively few combinations of rot fungi and tree species (C ˇ erm ́k et al., 2004; Elissetche et al., 2001; Fernandes et al., 2005; Ferraz et al., 2000; Krekling et al., 2004; Luna et al., 2004; Pandey and Pitman, 2003) and with very limited data from field studies on decay potentials in living trees with actively oper- ating host-defense mechanisms. Swift (1978) investigated the developmental growth of Stereum hirsutum on 15 branches of Quercus robur L. Other studies have examined the growth potential of artificially or naturally inoculated Armillaria species in forest stands (Bruhn et al., 1994, 1996; Dobbertin et al., 2001; Lung-Escarmant and Guyon, 2004). Klein-Gebinck et al. (1991) and Kodrik (2001) assessed the progress of decay and succession of wood decay fungi in Fagus sylvatica L. artificially inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. C ˇ erm ́k and Strej ˆek (2007) studied the progressive rate of rot spreading vertically in the stems of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. infected with Stereum sanguinolentum (Albertini & Schwein.) Fr. The effects of various decay fungi on the wound responses of Eucalyptus species were studied by Barry et al. (2002) and Deflorio et al. (2007). The host responses and decay development resulting from wound inoculations of sapwood in coniferous and deciduous trees with six wood decay fungi were compared by Deflorio et al. (2008, 2009). Our results indicate that the most important wood-rot fungi responsible for the greatest damage to the tree species tested here were similar after 1-year and 2-year decay periods. Five of the six most damaging fungi found as the top decay producers for both years included A. mellea , H. annosum , G. lucidum , S. hirsutum , and D. quercina . In the second year of decay, I. dryadeus replaced F. pinicola among the top six decay fungi. However, the level of damage (decay) or dry weight loss attributed to individual wood decay fungi changed between Year 1 and Year 2. The relative order of importance of individual decay fungi, based on decay potential, changed from Year 1 to Year 2 largely as a result of differences in decay-rate curves relative to time or duration of decay. These results suggest that differences in inherent host-wood resistance to decay by different fungi include several important variables that affect the decay-rate curves of individual wood decay fungi over time. The most important variables associated with the decay of nonliving sapwood include both chemical and structural resistance of the host wood, fungal growth rates, wood colonization, and the mechanisms of decay associated with each fungal species (DeGroot et al., 2000; Hennon et al., ...
Context 2
... or continuum of decay potentials was established for the collective wood types included in this analysis. Dry weight losses resulting from decay of all wood types in Year 2 were significantly greater than weight loss in Year 1 for all rot fungi except A. ostoyae . Analyses of decay rates for each rot fungus, based on dry weight losses of wood types grouped into angiosperm (hardwood) and conifer (gymnosperm) wood-type groups, provided more detailed information of decay effects relative to differences between these two major wood categories ( Table 3). The most damaging decay fungi of both hardwood and conifer wood types for both years of decay were (in decreasing order): A. mellea , G. lucidum , H. annosum , D. quercina , S. hirsutum , and I. dryadeus . These results were very similar to analyses of all wood types combined for those fungal species causing high, intermediate, and low dry weight losses. All of the rot fungi caused greater rates of decay in the hardwood wood types than in the conifer wood types in both Year 1 and Year 2 of decay (F = 78.1, P < 0.001). Armillaria mellea caused a higher rate of decay of hardwood and conifer wood types in Year 2 than decay rates for most other fungus–wood group combinations. The only exceptions were Year 2 decay of hardwood wood types by H. annosum , S. hirsutum , and I. dryadeus . Nevertheless, A. ostoyae , A. gallica , and A. tabescens consistently caused the lowest rates of decay among the rot fungi for both wood-type groups. Resistance of wood types to decay. The relative resistance of the nine wood types to decay by all 12 rot fungi similarly was determined based on dry weight loss over 1- year and 2-year incubation periods (Fig. 2). Mean dry weight losses were significantly greater at the end of the second year of decay compared with the first year of decay for all wood types. A continuum of decay rates for different wood types was observed for both Year 1 and Year 2 incubation periods as a result of differential effects of the decay fungi. Significant differences in decay by wood type were greater near the extremes of the decay-resistance continuum than at intermediate levels of decay resistance. Decay rates of individual wood types ranged from less than 1% dry weight loss to more than 5% in Year 1 and nearly 2% to almost 10% weight loss in Year 2. The wood types with the greatest resistance to decay were (in order from the highest): T. occidentalis , P. taeda , and L. styraciflua (Fig. 2). Intermediate levels of decay resistance were found in P. occidentalis , P. deltoides , and T. distichum . Wood types with the lowest resistance to decay included F. pennsylvanica , Q. lyrata , and Q. nuttallii . The sapwood of T. occidentalis was by far the most resistant to decay by all of the rot fungi tested (0% dry weight loss after 2 years of decay by A. gallica , I. dryadeus , L. sulphureus ). Q. nuttallii exhibited the greatest weight loss (up to 15.6% after 2 years of decay by I. dryadeus ) among the wood types tested with all of the rot-fungi. The effective management of damage caused by wood decay fungi in landscape trees of urban and suburban forests requires knowledge of the wood decay potentials of the most common and important fungi responsible for decay of wood in these areas and the inherent susceptibility and resistance of the woods of common landscape trees to decay by these fungi. Relatively few publications with specific information of this type are available to urban foresters, city arborists and tree-care specialists to help guide their ability to make assessments and management decisions necessary to effectively mitigate wood decay damage to landscape trees to minimize economic losses associated with tree failures. Most wood decay studies have reported in vitro decay data for relatively few combinations of rot fungi and tree species (C ˇ erm ́k et al., 2004; Elissetche et al., 2001; Fernandes et al., 2005; Ferraz et al., 2000; Krekling et al., 2004; Luna et al., 2004; Pandey and Pitman, 2003) and with very limited data from field studies on decay potentials in living trees with actively oper- ating host-defense mechanisms. Swift (1978) investigated the developmental growth of Stereum hirsutum on 15 branches of Quercus robur L. Other studies have examined the growth potential of artificially or naturally inoculated Armillaria species in forest stands (Bruhn et al., 1994, 1996; Dobbertin et al., 2001; Lung-Escarmant and Guyon, 2004). Klein-Gebinck et al. (1991) and Kodrik (2001) assessed the progress of decay and succession of wood decay fungi in Fagus sylvatica L. artificially inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. C ˇ erm ́k and Strej ˆek (2007) studied the progressive rate of rot spreading vertically in the stems of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. infected with Stereum sanguinolentum (Albertini & Schwein.) Fr. The effects of various decay fungi on the wound responses of Eucalyptus species were studied by Barry et al. (2002) and Deflorio et al. (2007). The host responses and decay development resulting from wound inoculations of sapwood in coniferous and deciduous trees with six wood decay fungi were compared by Deflorio et al. (2008, 2009). Our results indicate that the most important wood-rot fungi responsible for the greatest damage to the tree species tested here were similar after 1-year and 2-year decay periods. Five of the six most damaging fungi found as the top decay producers for both years included A. mellea , H. annosum , G. lucidum , S. hirsutum , and D. quercina . In the second year of decay, I. dryadeus replaced F. pinicola among the top six decay fungi. However, the level of damage (decay) or dry weight loss attributed to individual wood decay fungi changed between Year 1 and Year 2. The relative order of importance of individual decay fungi, based on decay potential, changed from Year 1 to Year 2 largely as a result of differences in decay-rate curves relative to time or duration of decay. These results suggest that differences in inherent host-wood resistance to decay by different fungi include several important variables that affect the decay-rate curves of individual wood decay fungi over time. The most important variables associated with the decay of nonliving sapwood include both chemical and structural resistance of the host wood, fungal growth rates, wood colonization, and the mechanisms of decay associated with each fungal species (DeGroot et al., 2000; Hennon et al., ...
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Four different plant species, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), were enclosed in glass or Teflon chambers, exposed to different temperatures typically ranging from 30 C to 43 C, and their terpenoid emission rates were quantified us...
Citations
... Fraxinus spp. and F. pennsylvanica in particular, have been classified as having moderate to low resistance to decay [53,58,59]. Held et al. [18] found a community of decay fungi associated with EAB galleries, dominated by white-rot fungi. ...
The emerald ash borer is causing dramatic losses following its introduction into North America, with hundreds of millions of ash trees killed. Attacked trees lose wood integrity rapidly after infestation and are prone to failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the wood degrading potential of Basidiomycota fungi previously found associated with EAB galleries. Laboratory soil and agar microcosm experiments showed that many of the white-rot fungi isolated were aggressive wood degraders. Trametes versicolor, Phlebia radiata and Phlebia acerina were among the top decomposers from the 13 tested fungi, resulting in as much as 70%, 72% and 64% weight loss, respectively, after 6 months of incubation. Micromorphological observations documented the significant wood cell wall degradation that had taken place. The decay capacity of these fungi confirms their contributing role to the loss of wood integrity in ash trees after EAB attack.
... colonisation and degradation ability (Loyd et al. 2018). Baietto & Wilson (2010) carried out several wood decaying tests using nine tree species and found higher decay rates of G. lucidum when hardwood blocks were used. The same occurred with other Ganoderma spp. ...
Sawmill industries generate considerable amounts of low value wood residues. Fungal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass allows the conversion of wood residues into valuable products. The selection of the most suitable fungal strains and media are essential to optimise the bioconversion of wood residues and serves as a basis for mushroom cultivation industries. The aim of this study was to find the best combinations of Ganoderma lucidum strains and substrate media to optimise the cultivation of the fungus. Mycelial growth and culture characteristics of G. lucidum isolated from Betula pubescens and Picea abies in Finland were tested on agar media containing different wood residues. These included Betula spp., Populus tremula, Larix sp., Pinus sylvestris, Alnus incana and P. abies sawdust, which were added to malt extract agar, potato dextrose agar and water agar. The results showed significant differences in the mycelial growth between all interaction levels (agar media, wood species and fungal strain). The addition of malt extract significantly enhanced the growth of the fungus in comparison to potato dextrose or water agar. The wood sawdust
... Fungal diseases cause adverse effects on plant growth both in plantations and urban areas. Previous researchers reported that many plantation species such as Hevea brasiliensis (Johnston, 1989), Cicer arietinum (Maitlo et al., 2014), Punica granatum (Imran Khan et al., 2017), Elaeis guineensis (Hefni et al., 2017), Eurycoma longifolia (Wan-Muhammad-Azrul, 2018), and certain ornamental trees such as Pterocarpus indicus (Sanderson et al., 1997), Quercus nuttallii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Quercus lyrata (Baietto and Wilson, 2010) were highly susceptible to fungal infections. According to Baietto and Wilson (2010), Q. nuttallii, F. pennsylvanica, and Q. lyrata showed the highest levels of wood decay caused by Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Heterobasidion annosum attacks. ...
... Previous researchers reported that many plantation species such as Hevea brasiliensis (Johnston, 1989), Cicer arietinum (Maitlo et al., 2014), Punica granatum (Imran Khan et al., 2017), Elaeis guineensis (Hefni et al., 2017), Eurycoma longifolia (Wan-Muhammad-Azrul, 2018), and certain ornamental trees such as Pterocarpus indicus (Sanderson et al., 1997), Quercus nuttallii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Quercus lyrata (Baietto and Wilson, 2010) were highly susceptible to fungal infections. According to Baietto and Wilson (2010), Q. nuttallii, F. pennsylvanica, and Q. lyrata showed the highest levels of wood decay caused by Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Heterobasidion annosum attacks. In Malaysia, wilt disease of P. indicus (angsana) is a classic example of a soil fungus infection on urban tree. ...
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the growth of selected pathogenic soil fungi namely Phellinus noxius, Rigidoporus microporus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Ceratocystis fimbriata. These fungi were initially isolated from different infected trees and fields, and given FRIM reference numbers. Nine concentrations of PBZ (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, and 0.40 g/L) were added into Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar prior to the inoculation of the fungal isolates. Percent inhibition of mycelial growth of each fungus as a response to PBZ was determined. Results showed that the mycelial growth of P. noxius (FRIM613), P. noxius (FRIM137), and R. microporus (FRIM641) was greatly inhibited for up to 90% when treated with at least 0.05 g/L PBZ, while the growth of C. fimbriata (FRIM1227) and F. oxysporum (FRIM688) was retarded at a lower rate of 68% and 70%, respectively. PBZ was found able to control the growth of these fungi. Further assessments on the effectiveness of PBZ in controlling these pathogens in field condition are essential.
... Of the isolates with slow linear growth rates, G. meredithiae and G. tsugae predominately decay coniferous wood. Coniferous sapwood is generally more decay-resistant than the sapwood of hardwoods due to the production of resins and terpenes (Baietto and Wilson 2010). The slow in vitro growth could be due to a lack of nutrition in the artificial medium, or the result of decay specialization on conifers because linear growth can also be affected by water-soluble sapwood extracts from pine (Loyd et al. 2018b). ...
The cultural characteristics of fungi can provide useful information for studying the biology and ecology of a group of closely related species, but these features are often overlooked in the order Polyporales. Optimal temperature and growth rate data can also be of utility for strain selection of cultivated fungi such as reishi (i.e., laccate Ganoderma species) and potential novel management tactics (e.g., solarization) for butt rot diseases caused by Ganoderma species. Historically, the taxonomy of the laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species has been unresolved and many species have been treated together as G. lucidum. The cultural characteristics of Ganoderma species from the United States are needed to understand the biology of these unique species that have all been lumped under this name. Culture morphology, average growth rate, optimal temperatures, and resiliency to elevated temperature exposure were characterized for isolates of Ganodermataceae taxa from the eastern United States, including Ganoderma curtisii, G. martinicense, G. meredithiae, G. ravenelii, G. sessile, G. tsugae, G. tuberculosum, G. cf. weberianum, G. zonatum, and Tomophagus colossus. We documented differences in linear growth rates and optimal temperatures between taxa. Isolates of G. sessile and T. colossus grew the fastest, and isolates of G. meredithiae, G. ravenelii, and G. tsugae grew the slowest. Isolates of G. sessile, G. martinicense, G. cf. weberianum, and T. colossus constitutively produced chlamydospores on malt extract agar, and these species were the only species to survive long-term exposure (30 or 40 d) to 40 C. We hypothesize that chlamydospores function as survival structures that serve as propagules resilient to adverse temperature conditions, especially heat. Cultural characteristics of G. martinicense, G. ravenelii, G. tuberculosum, and G. cf. weberianum collected from the United States are described for the first time.
... Tree species have evolved mechanisms of chemical and physical resistance to pathogenic decay organisms in living sapwood (Adaskaveg et al. 1991;Baietto and Wilson 2010;Scheffer and Cowling 1966). Living trees can actively compartmentalize infections and wounds. ...
... Given the previous ambiguity in taxonomy of the North American Ganoderma species, and the lack of pathogenicity data for Ganoderma species found in the southeastern U.S., research is needed to determine the pathogenicity of these fungi in commonly used landscape trees, where "pathogenicity" is defined as the ability of an organism to cause disease, and "disease" is defined as any negative change to host cell or tissue as a result of continuous perturbation by a pathogen that results in symptom development (Agrios 2005). Knowledge of differences in pathogenicity among Ganoderma species on actively growing trees with only sapwood will aid in interpretations of diagnosed infections. ...
The genus Ganoderma contains species that are associated with dead and declining host trees. Many species have been described as pathogens in literature, because anecdotally, the presence of fruiting bodies on living trees has been widely associated with a general decline in tree health. Few studies have investigated the pathogenicity of Ganoderma species on landscape trees in the southeastern U.S. Pathogenicity tests were used to determine the pathogenicity of G. curtisii, G. meredithiae, G. sessile, and G. zonatum on young, healthy landscape trees (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, P. taeda, Quercus shumardii, Q. virginiana, and Butia odorata) common to the southeastern U.S. Inoculations were made by drilling into the sapwood of the lower bole and inserting wooden dowels that were infested with each Ganoderma species. In two field experiments, 11 to 12 months post inoculation, trees had no visual, external symptoms of disease. There were differences in the extent of internal xylem discoloration near the site of inoculation in comparison with the mock-inoculated control in experiment 1, but there were no differences relative to the control in experiment 2. In both experiments, G. sessile was the only species that was successfully reisolated from the pine and oak hosts. Although disease symptoms were not obvious, the reisolation of G. sessile outside the inoculation point was a significant finding, and suggests that this species was capable of infecting healthy sapwood. G. sessile constitutively produces chlamydospores within its vegetative mycelium, which may contribute to its persistence in the discolored sapwood. These data suggest that the Ganoderma species tested, following trunk wounding, are not pathogens of young, actively growing landscape trees that only possess sapwood. The establishment of these fungi using alternative infection courts (e.g., roots) and their interactions in older living trees (e.g., trees with heartwood) needs investigation to better understand their effects on tree health.
... In addition to differences in the decay ability of various white rot fungi, tree species can differ in their chemical characteristics and physical resistance to decay (Scheffer and Cowling, 1966;Adaskaveg and Gilbertson, 1986a;Adaskaveg et al., 1991;Baietto and Wilson, 2010). Living trees can actively compartmentalize infections and wounds, but the efficiency of this defense strategy can be different between tree species (Shigo and Hillis, 1973;Boddy and Rayner, 1983). ...
... In a study focusing on decay in living sapwood of trees, true heartwood forming species such as oak and Douglas fir had a higher concentration of phenolic compounds and were more decay resistant, relative to beech and sycamores (Deflorio et al., 2008). Sapwood of conifers is on average more resistant to decay relative to sapwood of hardwood trees (Baietto and Wilson, 2010). Lastly, trees with high wood density such as mesquite, have inherently higher wood decay resistance, likely due to a larger concentration of antimicrobial extractives due to greater surface area of the more dense woods (Scheffer, 1973;Adaskaveg and Gilbertson, 1986a). ...
The laccate (shiny or varnished) Ganoderma contain fungi that are important wood decay fungi of living trees and decomposers of woody debris. They are also an important group of fungi for their degradative enzymes and bioprocessing potential. Laboratory decay microcosms (LDMs) were used to study the relative decay ability of G anoderma curtisii, Ganoderma meredithiae, Ganoderma sessile, and G anoderma zonatum, which are four commonly encountered Ganoderma species in the U.S., across four wood types (Pinus taeda, Quercus nigra, Q uercus virginiana, and Sabal palmetto). Generally, all Ganoderma species were able to decay all types of wood tested despite not being associated with only certain wood types in nature. G. sessile, on average caused the most decay across all wood types. Among the wood types tested, water oak (Q. nigra) had the most mass loss by all species of Ganoderma. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess micromorphological decay patterns across all treatments. All Ganoderma species simultaneously decayed wood cells of all wood types demonstrating their ability to attack all cell wall components. However, G. zonatum caused selective delignification in some sclerenchyma fibers of the vascular bundles in palm (S. palmetto) as well as in fibers of water oak. In addition, G. zonatum hyphae penetrated fibers of palm and oak wood causing an unusual decay not often observed in basidiomycetes resulting in cavity formation in secondary walls. Cavities within the secondary walls of fibers gradually expanded and coalesced resulting in degradation of the S2 layer. Differences in colony growth rates were observed when Ganoderma species were grown on medium amended with water soluble sapwood extracts from each wood type. G. meredithiae had enhanced growth on all media amended with sapwood extracts, while G. curtisii, G. sessile and G. zonatum had slower growth on loblolly pine extract amended medium.
... Eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) is a coniferous species that grows throughout central and eastern Canada and the northeast and north central United States. Its commercially valuable, rot-resistant wood (Baietto and Wilson 2010) is used for fence posts, shakes, boat construction, cabin logs, and lumber (Johnston and Hyvarinen 1979). Cedar is also planted extensively as an ornamental, and used medicinally (Naser et al. 2005). ...
Little is known about the herbicide tolerance of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). To determine the sensitivity of cedar seedlings to timing and concentration of herbicide applications, glyphosate was applied to 2-year-old seedlings at three concentrations (1.04, 2.07, and 4.14 acid equivalent (ae) kg ha⁻¹) at three times (July 28, August 10 and 31), at a research site in north central Ontario. Seedling survival, growth, and biomass three years after spraying were compared with those of seedlings in manual weeding (competition/weed free via manual weeding) and control (no weeding and therefore always competition/weeds) treatments. Only glyphosate applied at 4.14 ae kg ha⁻¹ significantly reduced, by 27%, third year seedling survival. Pattern of sensitivity of cedar seedling growth to glyphosate was diameter>height. Seedlings treated with 2.07 and 4.14 ae kg ha⁻¹ glyphosate had significantly less root biomass than those in the control plots, whereas only cedar treated with 4.14 ae kg ha⁻¹ glyphosate had lower shoot biomass. Application timing made no difference in survival, growth, or final biomass. All glyphosate and the no weeding control treatments reduced root, shoot, and total biomass of cedar relative to the manually weeded seedlings.
... Armillaria tabescens is a major fungal pathogen known to cause root decay and mortality in numerous woody plant species in the southern USA, including many commercially important hardwood tree species within natural forest stands, timberlands, plantations and urban landscapes (Baietto & Wilson, 2010; Wilson, Leininger, Otrosina, Dwinell, & Schiff, 2004). At least 20 species of Armillaria are recognised worldwide with virulence varying between species and individual strains of each species (Shaw & Kile, 1991). ...
Ethyl acetate extracts of Armillaria tabescens (strain JNB-OZ344) showed significant fungistatic and bacteristatic activities against several major human pathogens including Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Chemical analysis of these extracts led to the isolation and identification of four new compounds, emestrin-F (1), emestrin-G (2), 6-O-(4-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-8-hydroxy-2,7-dimethyl-4H-benzopyran-4-one (3) and cephalosporolide-J (4), along with five other previously known compounds, emestrin (5), cephalosporolide-E (6), decarestrictine-C(2) (7), ergosterol and brassicasterol. Structural elucidation of all compounds was carried out by NMR and MS analyses. Antimicrobial assays revealed that compounds 1 and 5 were responsible for the observed growth inhibitory activities of the fungal extracts against the human pathogens tested.
... Subsequent studies have demonstrated the capabilities of several e-nose instruments to detect specific types of wood decays, i.e., those caused by particular wood decay fungi, in different host wood species [86]. The early detection of incipient wood decays in trees with e-noses is particularly important in forested urban environments where tree failures, e.g., breakages of major limbs or the main truck, can cause significant damage to property or result in human fatalities [120,323]. The proper identification of wood types and characteristics has many important applications in forestry, forest management and production, and forest science. ...
Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.
Background: The conventional fertilization regime ignores the allometric characteristics of Quercus nuttallii seedlings, challenging them to meet the nutritional needs at each growth stage. This study was conducted to determine the impact of exponential fertilization on the growth and nutrient status of Q. nuttallii container seedlings. Methods: Two fertilization regimes (average/exponential) were performed on Q. nuttallii container seedlings, and varied gradients (0, 300, 500, 700, and 900 mg/seedling) of N supply were set for the two regimes. Result: N application promoted the seedling height, root collar diameter, total biomass, and N/P/K accumulation of Q. nuttallii, and the exponential fertilization obtained better effects in general. An appropriate amount of exponentially N application was beneficial to the growth of root system, whereas excessive dosages inhibited it. Judging from seedlings growth status and nutrient accumulation, 900 mg/seedling under exponential fertilization was adequate for Q. nuttallii seedlings. However, 500 and 700 mg/seedling under exponential fertilization may have advantages in improving seedlings’ stress resistance. Conclusions: Exponential fertilization did not only meet the nutrient requirements and promote the growth of Q. nuttallii seedlings, but also facilitated the root growth to indirectly accelerate the assimilation of N/P/K, therefore improving the afforestation quality.
