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Relative number of isolates showing strong, moderate, and weak biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans test isolates recovered from dental plaque and saliva samples
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Dental Caries is considered one of the most existing and worldwide common diseases related to the oral cavity affecting both children and adults. Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic microorganism involved in the dental caries progression. Natural products such as herbal plants were found to have less side effects and economic value than tho...
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... of Streptococcus mutans test isolates recovered from saliva samples was different from those recovered from dental plaque. Testing forty isolates recovered from each of saliva and dental plaque specimens showed that 26, 12 and 2 of saliva isolates were strong, moderate and weak biofilm producers versus 35, 4 and 1 for dental plaque isolates (Fig. ...
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Dental caries is an infectious disease which remains a significant health problem all over the world. The purpose of the study was to characterise a collection of 60 clinical isolates of S. mutans from adults’ and children’s dental plaque (natural biofilm). The paper describes the process of isolation, identification, analysis of biofilm formation...
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... Based on the data received from up-to-date in vitro studies concerning the antimicrobial activity and the effect on biofilm formation of a plethora of plant-derived compounds against oral pathogens that induce dental caries, the following significant findings need to be highlighted: Several plant-derived compounds, including those of licorice root, cinnamon, green tea, hibiscus, coffee pulp, and Triphala, as well as curcuma extracts, papaya extracts, honeycomb extracts, and many more plant-derived extracts, exhibited significant antimicrobial properties against various oral pathogens [49,51,54,56,59,[65][66][67]72,73]. These effects were, most of the time, comparable to the effectiveness of commercially available antibacterial agents, such as chlorhexidine and fluoride mouthwashes. ...
... This finding suggests a potential for developing preventive strategies using multiple plant-derived compounds. Different solvents (aqueous or ethanolic) influence the potential antibacterial effect of a plant-derived compound [59,60,70,72]. For example, the ethanol extracts of coffee pulp presented superior zones of inhibition for S. mutans compared to aqueous extracts of coffee pulp [72]. ...
... Viewing devices and colorimetric methods (dyes) are developed to facilitate the procedure [85]. Besides MIC determination, additional indexes are evaluated in these in vitro studies, such as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) [56,58,63,70,71], minimal biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) [51,54,59], and minimal biofilm reduction concentration (MBRC50) [50,51], which provide valuable information on the ability of the extracts to prevent and reduce biofilm formation, which is crucial for caries prevention. These additional indexes are not always evaluated when assessing the antimicrobial effects of plant-derived compounds against dental caries. ...
There is a growing shift from the use of conventional pharmaceutical oral care products to the use of herbal extracts and traditional remedies in dental caries prevention. This is attributed to the potential environmental and health implications of contemporary oral products. This comprehensive review aims at the analysis of plant-derived compounds as preventive modalities in dental caries research. It focuses on data collected from 2019 until recently, trying to emphasize current trends in this topic. The research findings suggest that several plant-derived compounds, either aqueous or ethanolic, exhibit notable antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria related to dental caries, with some extracts demonstrating an efficacy comparable to that of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, in vivo studies using plant-derived compounds incorporated in food derivatives, such as lollipops, have shown promising results by significantly reducing Streptococcus mutans in high-risk caries children. In vitro studies on plant-derived compounds have revealed bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans, suggesting their potential use as dental caries preventive agents. Medicinal plants, plant-derived phytochemicals, essential oils, and other food compounds have exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, either by their anti-adhesion activity, the inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, or their direct action on microbial species and acid production. However, further research is needed to assess their antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds before their widespread clinical use can be recommended.
... These formed biofilms can persist in the oral cavity, leading to the progression of dental caries if not properly managed. 5 Several factors contributing to S. mutans' ability to form and maintain biofilms in the oral cavity include its ability to survive in acidic environments, interactions with other microorganisms, and the production of polysaccharides that encase the biofilm. 6,7 Biofilm formation of S. mutans is mediated through quorum sensing, facilitated by competence stimulating peptide (CSP) via the two component pathway (ComDE). ...
... The formation of biofilm by S. mutans is crucial for its survival and also contributes to the development of caries if the biofilm persists and continues to grow on the tooth surface. 5 Biofilm formation of S. mutans occurs through quorum sensing mediated by CSP via the two ComDE. The comC gene codes for ComC (the precursor of CSP), which is then processed by the ABC transporter complex (ComAB) to produce 21-CSP (a 21-amino acid polypeptide). ...
Objectives Biofilms play a vital role in the occurrence or worsening of an infectious disease. Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium with the ability to form biofilms that plays a key role in the development of infectious diseases such as dental caries. The formation of biofilms in S. mutans is mediated by quorum sensing. Inhibiting quorum sensing can be considered as one of the approaches to prevent caries. This study aims to investigate the ability of Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria to inhibit the formation of S. mutans biofilm.
Materials and Methods This research was conducted to analyze bacterial biofilm formation and metabolism. The bacteria used are S. mutans (serotype C), S. gordonii (ATCC 5165), and P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277). Biofilm formation was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. Bacterial metabolism was analyzed using the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay.
Results The results of the crystal violet assay indicate a decrease in biofilm formation in S. mutans when in the presence of S. gordonii and S. mutans in the presence of P. gingivalis. The results of the MTT assay show no significant change in the bacterial metabolism of S. mutans in the presence of S. gordonii and S. mutans in the presence of P. gingivalis. However, S. mutans with the presence of S. gordonii and P. gingivalis show an increase in biofilm formation and bacterial metabolism.
Conclusion S. gordonii and P. gingivalis are each capable of inhibiting the formation of S. mutans biofilm in a polymicrobial environment.
... In addition, they facilitate adhesion to salivary proteins from the salivary pellicle and resistance to mechanical removal by the host. On the other hand, the sucrose-independent mechanism involves proteins from the cell surface, such as the P1 adhesin anchored to the cell wall (also known as Ag I/II, PAc, SpaP, or antigen B) [35]. The culture medium used in the current investigation was supplemented with 5% sucrose to allow the activation of the sucrose-dependent mechanism for glucan synthesis, thus potentializing the adhesion of S. mutans to the salivary pellicle and coaggregation with other bacterial cells. ...
Probiotics, including Streptococcus dentisani, have been proposed as an alternative to re-establish the ecology of the oral cavity and inhibit the formation of pathogenic biofilms. The main objective of this work was to assess the probiotic ability of S. dentisani against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, and Candida albicans biofilms. The ability of the strains to form a monospecies biofilm and the probiotic potential of S. dentisani using the competition, exclusion, and displacement strategies were determined. All strains were moderate biofilm producers. The ability of S. dentisani to compete with and exclude S. mutans and S. mitis during biofilm formation was not significant. However, S. dentisani significantly reduced pathologic streptococcal biofilms using the displacement strategy. Also S. dentisani reduced the formation of the C. albicans biofilm mainly through competition and displacement. In vitro, S. dentisani exhibited probiotic potential to reduce the formation of potentially pathogenic biofilms. Further investigation is required to understand the biofilm-inhibiting mechanisms exhibited by this probiotic strain.
... In Figure (10) it was noted that 4 isolates (1, 3, 4, 5) have a high ability to form biofilms, while isolates (2, 6) have a moderate ability to form membranes, as for the isolation of S. sorbinus showed the ability to form biofilms strongly, Table (9) showed that the total number of isolates 7 (100%) of bacterial isolates showed the ability to form membranes at varying rates, the results of the examination of the microplate plate of researchers Zayed et al. in 2021) showed that (80) isolates were isolated from S. mutans from dental plaque samples have the ability to form higher amounts of strong biofilm patterns compared to saliva samples, evidenced by the strong production of biofilm by 35 isolated isolates of dental plaque compared to only 26 isolated from saliva. Also, 4 (5%) isolated isolates of dental plaque showed an ability to produce moderate biofilm versus 12 (15%) isolates isolated from saliva samples. ...
... and one isolation (1.25%) isolated from dental plaque showed impairment in the ability to produce biofilms compared to two isolates (2.5%) of isolated isolates from the saliva sample. Comparing the data obtained from isolated samples from saliva and dental plaque samples, it was observed that isolated isolates from dental plaque have the ability to form a stronger biofilm than those isolated from saliva samples [38] . The findings of Alhasani et al. in 2020 were somewhat similar to those of the current study, as 261 isolates of bacteria were tested S. mutans to see how capable they are to form biofilms, where the results showed 31 isolates (2). ...
The Streptococcus bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans are one of the most common types in the mouth, where tooth decay, necrosis and gingivitis are among the health problems that the Iraqi society suffers from, as the treatment of bacteria has become a challenge due to their ability to resist many antibiotics. The study aimed to isolate and diagnose Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and study their resistance to a number of antibiotics, and evaluate the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolates in biofilms. Using biochemical tests and phenotypic diagnostics. The study included the collection of (275) oral swabs from patients with tooth decay from the area of caries on the surface of the tooth and from cysts for infected patients and visitors at the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad Governorate with ages ranging between (6-70) years and of both sexes for the period from 1/9/2022 to 1/11/2022. the number of isolates was 6 (2.18%) belonging to Streptococcus mutans and only one isolate (0.36%) of Streptococcus sobrinus, the sensitivity of all the isolates of the bacteria under study was tested towards 10 antibiotics, and the results showed that the isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics used in this study, and all the isolates were chosen to test their ability to form biofilms using the microtitration plate, and the results showed that most of the isolates were strong in the formation of biofilms.
... This aerotolerant anaerobes bacterium is characterized by multistep activity, finally resulting in DC development. Its main action is associated with a decrease in pH in the dental oral cavity zone as a result of the production of acid metabolites, leading to demineralization [4], and the synthesis of glucan (by glucosyltransferases enzymes), which enables S. mutans glucose (b-dGVG), possess a similar molecular mass and number of gallic acid residues (5) and glucose moieties (1), as well as hydroxyl groups (15) (Table 1). However, they differ in their molecule's flexibility due to the absence of a valoneoyl group in the case of PGG and its presence in the case of dGVG and b-dGVG. ...
Dental caries (DC) is the most common oral pathology. The main bacteria responsible for DC is Streptococcus mutans. One of the strategies that can decrease or eliminate the risk of DC development is using compounds that will inhibit both the growth and virulence factors of S. mutans. Tannins are plant polyphenols that have strong antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of three tannins against S. mutans. In this investigation, microbiological tests (MIC and MBC) and physicochemical techniques like the fluorescence measurements of tannins’ interaction with S. mutans cell membrane and membrane proteins, zeta potential, and thermodynamic analyses were used to obtain knowledge about the antibacterial potential of the investigated compounds against S. mutans as well as about the mechanisms associated with antibacterial activity. The obtained results demonstrate that the used compounds exhibit high antibacterial activity against S. mutans. The mechanisms of their antibacterial activity are linked to the strong change in the S. mutans membrane fluidity and potential, and to their interaction with membrane proteins that can result in great disturbance of bacterial physiology and ultimately the inhibition of bacterial growth, triggering their death. Therefore, it can be concluded that the investigated compounds can be potentially used as natural factors in the prevention of dental caries.
... However, the rosemary extract showed an increase in the number of scattered cells in comparison with the image taken after 24 h for the same group, with no sign of biofilm formation, while the artificial saliva samples continued to show mature biofilm formation. This was in agreement with [60,63,65,66,[79][80][81][82] who observed the biofilm eradication ability of many herbs including rosemary, This was attributed to the antimicrobial ability of rosemary in addition to its ability to inhibit glucan production through the inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzyme. However, the biofilm inhibitory effect of rosemary was significantly less than that of chlorhexidine which is in agreement with [83] who reported greater biofilm eradication with chlorhexidine in comparison with rosemary extract which was attributed to the broad spectrum antibacterial properties of chlorhexidine gluconate. ...
Background: Streptococcus mutans are involved in caries by forming biofilm polysaccharides through their glucosyltransferase enzymes. Natural plant extracts can inhibit glucosyltransferase production and bacterial activity. Endophytic fungi inside plant tissues can produce bioactive compounds similar to those produced by their host plants.
Aim:Compare the inhibitory effect of rosemary endophytic fungal extract on S.mutans glucosyltransferase to rosemary and chlorhexidine and their effect on enamel microhardness.
Methods: Glucosyltransferase was purified from S.mutans. The ability of the total metabolites and endophytic fungi extracted from rosemary to inhibit the purified glucosyltransferase compared to chlorhexidine and artificial saliva.13crowns of human molars were subdivided into 4 equal parts giving 4groups for microhardness and biofilm evaluation. The microhardness was evaluated at baseline and after treating the four subgroups using the rosemary extract, chlorhexidine, artificial saliva and endophytic fungal extract for 24and72h.The biofilm inhibition was tested using SEM after 24and72h.
Results:Nine endophytic fungal strains were recovered from rosemary. Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger extracts showed positive inhibitory effect on glucosyltransferase 96.25%, 90.9%and81.74% respectively. While, those of rosemary extract, chlorhexidine and artificial saliva were 36.19%, 86.38%and0.27%. Chaetomium globosum extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in comparison to chlorhexidine and rosemary extract after 24and72h.The highest microhardness value for all groups was at baseline then microhardness decreased after24 and72h except for Chaetomium globosum and rosemary extract where microhardness increased after72h to be higher than that after24h.
Conclusion:Endophytic fungal extract of rosemary can inhibit S.mutans glucosyltransferase and its biofilm formation where it can remineralize initial carious lesions.
... Antibiofilm activity was determined according to Haney et al. [46], Grabek-Lejko et al. [15], and Zayed et al. [47]. S. mutans was cultured overnight at 37 • C on a TSA medium. ...
Streptococcus mutans is considered the main pathogen responsible for dental caries, one of the major infectious diseases, affecting more than 4 billion people worldwide. Honey is a natural product with well-known antibacterial potential against several human pathogens. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Polish honey against S. mutans and analyze the role of some bioactive substances on its antibacterial action. The antibacterial potential of different honey varieties (goldenrod, buckwheat, honeydew, and lime) was analyzed using a microdilution assay. Manuka and artificial honey were used as controls. The content of GOX, hydrogen peroxide, total polyphenols, and antioxidant potential was assayed in honey. The influence of catalase and proteinase K on antibacterial activity as well as antibiofilm action was also determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed for buckwheat, honeydew, and manuka honey, which were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenols content. Catalase treatment decreases the antibacterial activity of honey, while proteinase K treatment influences the antibacterial potential of honey slightly less. Obtained results suggest that honey can be a good natural product against S. mutans, and hydrogen peroxide was identified as a crucial contributor to its antimicrobial action.
... Nowadays, most trends are directed toward prevention [29]. Being the outcome of host/microbiome imbalance [30], caries could be prevented as early as possible via modifying oral microbiomes and controlling caries-implicated strains such as S. mutans [31]. There is a growing interest in using probiotics, especially naturally driven species, for this purpose [30]. ...
Human colostrum (HC) is essential for oral health as it is rich in probiotics that could affect the growth of the cariogenic S. mutans and its biofilm formation; hindering dental caries in advance. In this study, HC was collected from 36 healthy mothers 1–3 days postpartum. The effect of HC on oral health was carried out by assessing the impact of HC and its derived probiotics’ cell-free supernatants (CFS) on the growth of S. mutans (using modified well diffusion) and its biofilm formation (using microtiter plate assay). Moreover, the effect of whole HC on L. rhamnosus, a probiotic oral bacterium, was examined. Probiotics were isolated and identified phenotypically by API 50 CH carbohydrate fermentation and genotypically by 16S rRNA amplification. The in vitro study revealed that HC has cariogenic activity and is associated with biofilm formation. Biofilm strength was inversely proportional to HC dilution (p-value < 0.0001). Nevertheless, HC and colostrum-derived probiotics improve oral health by inhibiting the growth of caries-inducing S. mutans with lower inhibition to L. rhamnosus probiotics. The CFS of isolated probiotics reduced the biofilm formation via the cariogenic S. mutans. These results are not only promising for caries eradication, but they also highlight the importance of breastfeeding infants from their first hours to shape healthy oral microbiota, protecting them from various diseases including dental caries.
... Adikwu et al. [28] reported that organisms exhibited smaller MIC when exposed to extracts of Psidium guajava: an MIC of 3.125 mg/mL was found using methanol extract. Zayed et al. [13] stated that minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations of alcoholic green tea extracts were in the range of 3.1 to 12.5 mg/mL. Among the compounds,3, 7, 11, 15 tetramethylhexdec-2-en-1-01 (T2) has the highest antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities against all bacterial species. ...
Streptococcus mutans bacteria form a biofilm called plaque that causes oral diseases, including tooth decay. Therefore, inhibition of biofilm formation is essential to maintaining good oral health. The health and nutritional benefits of Cynodon dactylon are well documented, but very little is known about its use to treat against oral diseases. The aim of this study was to detect the adhesion strength of the S. mutans bacterial biofilm in 100 cases in the Rajshahi region and evaluate the inhibitory activity of different compound extracts of C. dactylon on the S. mutans bacterial biofilm by determining the composition of isolated compounds using phytochemical analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed that three specific compounds from C. dactylon were discovered in this study: 3,7,11,15 tetramethyl hexadec-2-4dien 1-o1, compound 3,7,11,15 tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-o1 from phytol derivatives, and stigmasterol. Results indicated that the compound of 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-ol exhibited higher antibiofilm activities on S. mutans than those of the other compound extracts. A lower level of minimum inhibitory concentration was exposed by 3, 7, 11,15 tetramethyl hexadeca-2-en-1-o1 (T2) on S. mutans at 12.5 mL. In this case, the compound of 3,7,11,15 tetramethyl hexadec 2en-1-o1 was used, and patients showed a mean value and standard error reduced from 3.42 ± 0.21 to 0.33 ± 0.06 nm. The maximum inhibition was (80.10%) in the case of patient no. 17, with a value of p < 0.05 found for S. mutans to which 12.5 μL/mL ethyl acetate extract was applied. From these findings, it may be concluded that C. dactylon extracts can be incorporated into various oral preparations to prevent tooth decay.
... where D is the diameter of the crystallite, λ is the wavelength for Cu kα, β is the full width at half maximum of the peak, θ is the Bragg diffraction angle, and k is a constant (0.94 is used to correspond spherical crystallites with cubic symmetry) [24]. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was recorded for the detection of functional groups on CuO NPs. Green tea-CuO NPs were placed in the FTIR sample holder on attenuated total reflectance mode (Spectrum Two, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). ...
Melanoma is a serious and aggressive type of skin cancer with growing incidence, and it is the leading cause of death among those affected by this disease. Although surgical resection has been employed as a first-line treatment for the early stages of the tumor, noninvasive topical treatments might represent an alternative option. However, they can be irritating to the skin and result in undesirable side effects. In this context, the potential of topical polymeric hydrogels has been investigated for biomedical applications to overcome current limitations. Due to their biocompatible properties, hydrogels have been considered ideal candidates to improve local therapy and promote wound repair. Moreover, drug combinations incorporated into the polymeric-based matrix have emerged as a promising approach to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy, making them suitable vehicles for drug delivery. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of Pluronic F-127 hydrogels (PL) containing the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) against melanoma cells. Individually applied NO donor or metallic oxide nanoparticles have been widely explored against various types of cancer with encouraging results. This is the first report to assess the potential and possible underlying mechanisms of action of PL containing both NO donor and CuO NPs toward cancer cells. We found that PL + GSNO + CuO NPs significantly reduced cell viability and greatly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species. In addition, this novel platform had a huge impact on different organelles, thus triggering cell death by inducing nuclear changes, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, GSNO and CuO NPs incorporated into PL hydrogels might find important applications in the treatment of skin cancer.
