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Relative contribution of combustion-related emissions to atmospheric soluble Fe deposition over oceans. Constant Fe solubilities (0.44 % for dust, 22.5 % for coal fly ash, 79 % for oil fly ash and 18 % for biomass fly ash) were applied to calculate the deposition of soluble Fe from the deposition of total Fe.
Source publication
Atmospheric deposition of iron (Fe) plays an important role in controlling
oceanic primary productivity. However, the sources of Fe in the atmosphere
are not well understood. In particular, the combustion sources of Fe and the
subsequent deposition to the oceans have been accounted for in only few
ocean biogeochemical models of the carbon cycle. He...
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) increase has been well documented, and global net primary production is of importance to a variety of ecological topics. Since CO2 increases primary production in laboratory experiments, the global effects of increasing CO2 on global primary production are of interest in both climate science and ecology. Various studies have co...
Citations
... The presence of these elements in the air suggests an origin from the resuspension of dust by road-tire interactions (Gustafsson et al., 2008). Although Fe in the atmosphere is primarily derived from crustal sources, anthropogenic sources of Fe include fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning (Matsui et al., 2018), industrial and metallurgical processes (Wang et al., 2015), exhaust emissions (Salazar et al., 2020), and tire and brake wear (Wahid, 2018). ...
Air quality degradation due to high levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) of various size fractions and the associated potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) is a global concern. This article provides a thorough review and analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of PM and PTEs in Bangladesh, offering a comprehensive assessment with other megacities worldwide based on existing literature. This study provides insights into the sources and transport mechanisms of PM and their link to human health. The level of PM was consistently high in Dhaka (capital of Bangladesh), with occasional higher levels in the surrounding cities. Different functional areas within Bangladesh show varying levels of PM, with total suspended particulates (TSP) being notably prevalent. When compared to megacities worldwide, African and Asian megacities, like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Egypt, exhibited higher PM concentrations. The concentration of PM-associated PTEs varies significantly among megacities and PM10 tends to have relatively higher concentrations of PTEs compared to other fractions in Bangladesh. Pb in ambient air was found across most megacities, with a temporal increase in Bangladesh. TSP exhibited the highest relative Pb content, followed by PM10 and PM2.5. Temporal factors, geographic locations, meteorological conditions, and anthropogenic activities contribute to the variation in PM and associated PTEs concentration in Bangladesh and global megacities. Ultimately, this study would aid policymakers in assessing the magnitude of PM pollution in Bangladesh compared to other megacities considering regional factors.
... Iron (Fe) in marine aerosol have been widely studied over the past few decades in order to understand its critical role on enhancing the marine biological pump and impacting the marine primary productivity that subsequently alter the trend in global climate change (Jickells et al., 2005;Mahowald et al., 2010). Traditionally, dust emission has been regarded as the main contributor to atmospheric Fe, with global annual emission of approximately 40-100 Tg Fe Ito and Shi, 2016;Luo et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2015). However, marine phytoplankton mainly uptake dissolved Fe rather than particulate Fe (Gledhill and Buck, 2012;Wang et al., 2019), depending on Fe solubility that is prominently affecting its bioavailability. ...
... In addition, model simulations indicated that anthropogenic emissions contributed significantly to soluble Fe deposition flux, even dominating in some oceanic regions. For example, Wang et al. (2015) reported that anthropogenic emissions accounted for >80 % of soluble Fe deposition in the Northwest Pacific. Thus, anthropogenic Fe deposition had nonnegligible impacts on marine ecology and climate (Pinedo-Gonzalez et al., 2020;Tang et al., 2021). ...
... For NWP2, although it is far from the East Asian continent, coal combustion still accounted for about 20 % of the total Fe in PM 2.5 , which was comparable to the findings of Lin et al. (2015). Based on the CMAQ model simulation, Lin et al. (2015) found that in different seasons of 2007, the contribution of coal fly ash Fe to total Fe deposition in PM 10 in the open Northwest Pacific was 5-15 %. Wang et al. (2015) also reported that contribution of coal combustion to total Fe deposition exceeded 10 % in the sea area around NWP2 based on model simulation. ...
... Heavy metal exposures also obstruct the microbial (continued) . Suspended sediment Raiswell and Canfield (2012), Wang et al. (2015), Wells et al. (1995) . Aeolian dust transport . ...
Heavy metals are naturally present in earth’s crust, and some of them are essential to living organisms for carrying out life processes. Due to their high persistence and nonbiodegradable nature, heavy metal accumulation beyond recommended concentrations may lead to hazardous effect on various life forms and environment. Contamination of water bodies may be due to natural and anthropogenic sources. Unchecked discharge from industrial sites and agricultural runoff in to adjoining water bodies makes the water unfit for human consumption. Escalating levels of these pollutants pose a threat to aquatic life forms and surrounding environment. Heavy metals can execute various health problems that may range from mild to severe. They can be toxic to living organisms at very low levels of exposure. Excessive usage of heavy metals has raised concerns over time, and consequently, their impact on the overall environment is being studied by researchers extensively. To safeguard human health and environment, proper management and greener technologies for removal of heavy metal from water bodies is required. This chapter will discuss the source, toxicity, and permitted concentrations of some of the major heavy metals in water bodies. Remediation approaches for mitigation of these toxic compounds have also been described. Physical and chemical remediation processes for heavy metal cleanup are highly expensive and sometimes generate a significant amount of secondary pollutants; therefore, the focus has now shifted toward eco-friendly approaches such as bioremediation and phytoremediation. Further research needs to be carried out to maximize the applicability of the existing techniques and developing highly efficient technologies for heavy metal removal from water bodies.
... In the same study [13], Julien Boucher and Damien Friot found that plastics undergo degradation cycles for more than a hundred years after entering the environment. As part of this process, plastic particles are micro-degraded by microbial mediated or weathering mechanisms such as hydrolysis and UV radiation, and subsequently form into microparticles known as microplastics, which are capable of contaminating both marine and soil environments [14] through four pathways: ocean pathway, wastewater pathway [15,16], wind pathway [17], and road runoff pathway [15,18]. Ultimately, 52% of microplastics ended up in soil ecosystems, a higher ratio compared to 48% of microplastics that went to aquatic ecosystems [13]. ...
The wide usage of microplastics and heavy metals has led to the accumulation of these pollutants in our environment. Among heavy metals and microplastics, Cadmium (Cd), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE) are the most severe and ubiquitous pollutants. With large surface areas, microplastics have the ability to absorb metal ions, potentially performing "carrier effect", by which microparticles enhance the transfer of other pollutants from soil to plants. Phytoextraction has been shown to be the most effective strategy to remediate heavy metal contamination. In this study, we selected Galinsoga quadriradiata (G. quadriradiata) as the test species to investigate the effectiveness of phytoextraction in soil contaminated with Cd, PVC and PE. According to our results, G. quadriradiata present effective phytoextraction to Cd and microplastics. However, the carrier effect between Cd and PVC or PE only exists in the value of maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) but has no effect on the uptake of Cd by G. quadriradiata. For future studies, we propose to investigate the carrier effect between heavy metals and microplastics in plants, test the pathway of microplastics by which they are up-taken by plants from soil, and increase the efficiency of phytoextraction by exposing plants (such as G. quadriradiata) that have been proved to absorb heavy metal to microplastics.
... In brief, their approach calculated the Fe emitted from biomass burning by estimating the fraction of fuel consumption based on a global 0.1° × 0.1° fuel data set, the completeness of plant consumption, the average Fe concentration in each given biome, and the amount of Fe lost to the residue ash phase. The authors of this study found that the fine fraction (PM1 in their study) of the plant matter accounted for only 17 Gg yr −1 while the coarse fraction accounted for 460 Gg yr −1 of global Fe (Wang et al., 2015). To our knowledge, this estimate has not been corroborated with field data. ...
... Here, we provide direct measurements of the fine fraction of Fe (PM 2.5 ) derived from burning plant material that is isolated from uplifted soil particles and compare our results to those ascertained using a mass-balance approach (Wang et al., 2015). We conducted small-scale biomass burning experiments of isolated plant matter because field studies from large burns cannot disentangle burning plant matter from soil-suspended particles. ...
... These experiments allow us to determine the amount of fine particulate Fe released directly from plant material. We then use a ratio of coarse-to-fine particles to estimate the amount of coarse particle Fe released from foliage (PM > 2.5; Ito, 2013;Luo et al., 2008;Wang et al., 2015). Our experiments suggest that the influx of plant-derived Fe is small relative to soil-suspended particles, but is not necessarily insignificant to the marine Fe budget. ...
Iron (Fe) is a limiting micronutrient in many marine ecosystems. The lack of sufficient Fe can stunt marine productivity and limit carbon sequestration from the atmosphere to the ocean. Recent studies suggest that biomass burning represents an important Fe source to the marine environment because pyrogenic particles have enhanced solubility after atmospheric processing. We examined foliage representative of four distinct biomes subject to frequent burning events, including boreal/temporal forests, humid tropical, arid tropical, and grassland. We burned these samples in the absence of soil to isolate the Fe from the fine particle (PM2.5) fraction that is derived directly from the burning foliage. We find that <1.5% of the Fe in plant matter is aerosolized throughout the burn in the fine fraction. We estimate that between 2% and 9% of the Fe released from biomass burning can be attributed to the fine fraction of the foliage itself, and <50% from the foliage overall. Most of the Fe aerosolized during biomass burning is accounted for by soil‐suspended particles.
... [5] from the PGA were also reported previously. Fe originates from re-suspended soil particles and the combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, biomass, petroleum by motor vehicles and industry and power plants [68]. ...
In this study, postnatal metal (loid)s (MLs) exposure was compared between the petrochemical and gas area of Asaluyeh (PGA) and urban area of Kaki (UA) in Bushehr province, Iran. Two hundred human breast milk (BM) samples from the industrial and urban areas were analyzed for MLs using Inductivity Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni) were found at the highest levels in both study areas. Adjusted multiple linear regression models revealed that the mean concentration of total MLs in BM samples collected from the PGA was statistically significantly greater than that of the UA (655.85 vs. 338.17 µg/L). Also, the mean concentrations of all detected MLs in BM samples collected from the PGA were statistically significantly higher than those collected from the UA. The hazard index (HI) of combined MLs in the PGA and UA illustrated non-cancer risk for infants. Lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in the PGA and Cr in the UA showed the risk of cancer. So it can be concluded that nursing infants from an industrial area are most at risk for MLs exposure during entire lactation course than those from an urban area.
... Our present-day simulation (PD) estimates a mean annual Fe emission for the 1985-2014 period of 42 ± 5 Tg Fe/yr (Figure 1). In agreement with previous studies (Luo et al., 2008;Mahowald et al., 2009) Ito & Shi, 2016;Luo et al., 2008;Myriokefalitakis et al., 2015Myriokefalitakis et al., , 2018Rathod et al., 2020;Scanza et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2015) (Table S2 in Supporting Information S1). ...
Abstract Atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition to the open ocean affects net primary productivity, nitrogen fixation, and carbon uptake. We investigate changes in soluble Fe (SFe) deposition from the pre‐industrial period to the late 21st century using the EC‐Earth3‐Iron Earth System model. EC‐Earth3‐Iron considers various sources of Fe, including dust, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning, and features comprehensive atmospheric chemistry, representing atmospheric oxalate, sulfate, and Fe cycles. We show that anthropogenic activity has changed the magnitude and spatial distribution of SFe deposition by increasing combustion Fe emissions and atmospheric acidity and oxalate levels. We report that SFe deposition has doubled since the early industrial era, using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 emission inventory. We highlight acidity as the main solubilization pathway for dust‐Fe and oxalate‐promoted processing for the solubilization of combustion‐Fe. We project a global SFe deposition increase of 40% by the late 21st century relative to present day under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 3–7.0, which assumes weak climate change mitigation policies. Conversely, SSPs with stronger mitigation pathways (1–2.6 and 2–4.5) result in 35% and 10% global decreases, respectively. Despite these differences, SFe deposition increases over the equatorial Pacific and decreases in the Southern Ocean (SO) for all SSPs. We further observe that deposition over the equatorial Pacific and SO are highly sensitive to future changes in dust emissions from Australia and South America, as well as from North Africa. Future studies should focus on the potential impact of climate‐ and human‐induced changes in dust and wildfires combined.
... Iron is an essential element in the blood pigment that helps transport oxygen to all parts of the body; however, its excessive intake poses a risk to human health [58]. Fe contamination is associated with production or natural sources [59,60]. Thus, like Al, Fe is a good candidate for research. ...
Atmospheric heavy metal contamination is a real threat to human health. In this work, we examined several models trained on in situ data and indices got from satellite images. During 2018-2019, 281 samples of naturally growing mosses were collected in the Vladimir, Yaroslavl, and Moscow regions in Russia. The samples were analyzed using Neutron Activation Analysis to get the contamination levels of 18 heavy metals. The Google Earth Engine platform was used to calculate indices from satellite images that represent summarized information about sampling sites. Statistical and neural models were trained on in situ data and the indices. We focused on the classification task with 8 levels of contamination and used balancing techniques to extend the training data. Three approaches were tested: variations of gradient boosting, multilayer per-ceptron, and Siamese networks. All these approaches produced results with minute differences, making it difficult to judge which one is better in terms of accuracy and graphical outputs. Promising results were shown for 9 heavy metals with an overall accuracy exceeding 89 %. Al, Fe, and Sb contamination was predicted for 3,000 and 12,100 grid nodes on a 500 km 2 area in the Central Russia region for 2019 and 2020. The results, methods, and perspectives of the adopted approach of using satellite data together with machine learning for HM contamination prediction are presented.
... As shown in Fig. 2a and 2b, Dust-1 and Dust-3 also resulted in significant increase of concentrations of PM 2.5 and elements in Beijing. Here, only the temporal variation of Fe and Zn concentrations were shown, which were often used as tracers for dust particles and particles from anthropogenic source, respectively (Wang et al., 2015;Wu et al., 2020). Fig. S1 shows that Fe exhibited good correlations with other crustal elements, such as Ca, Ba, K, and Mn (r > 0.95, p < 0.01), while Zn had good correlations with pollution elements, such as Cu and Pb (r > 0.80, p < 0.01). ...
In March 2021, China experienced three dust events (Dust-1, 2, 3), especially the first of which was reported as the strongest one in recent ten years. Their environmental impacts have received great attention, demanding comprehensive study to assess such impacts quantitatively. Multiple advanced measurement methods, including satellite, ground-based lidar, online aerosol speciation instrument, and biogeochemical Argo float, were applied to examine and compare the transport paths, optical and chemical properties, and impacts of these three dust events on urban air quality and marine ecosystem. The results showed that Dust-1 exhibited the largest impacts on urban area, increasing PM10 concentration in Beijing, Shuozhou, and Shijiazhuang up to 7525, 3819, and 2992 μg m⁻³, respectively. However, due to fast movement of the Mongolian low-pressure cyclone, the duration of northwest wind over the land was quite short (e.g., only 10 h in Beijing), which prevented the transport of dust plume to the northwestern Pacific, resulting in limited impact on the ocean. Dust-2 and Dust-3, though weaker in intensity, were transported directly to the sea, and led to a substantial increase in chlorophyll-a concentration (up to near 3 times) in the northwestern Pacific, comparing to climatological value. This indicates that the impacts of dust events on ocean was not necessarily and positively correlated to their impacts on land. Based on the analyses of land-ocean-space integrated observational data and synoptic systems, this study examined how marine ecosystem responded to three significant Asian dust events in spring 2021 and quantitatively assessed the overall impacts of mega dust storms both on land and ocean, which could also provide an interdisciplinary research methodology for future research on strong aerosol emission events such as wildfire and volcanic eruption.
... However, atmospheric iron concentrations are also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels and through biomass combustion. Within the Southern Caribbean study region, the annual mean concentrations of iron particles have been modeled as a range of 0.1 to 1.0 µg/m 3 [15]. The size distributions of iron-containing aerosols varies as a function of the source of emission, but a global model from the previously cited study indicates a global average of roughly 2.4 µm with an additional study indicating 4.4 µm [16]. ...
Various authors have highlighted the possible removal of methane from the atmosphere via oxidation by broad releases of iron salt aerosols in order to serve climate protection goals. This technique is known as enhanced atmospheric methane oxidation (EAMO). This study proposes and employs a modeling approach for the potential environmental impacts associated with a hypothetical small-scale field test of EAMO consisting of seeding cargo-ship exhaust plumes with iron salt aerosols. Using a sample region in the Southern Caribbean Sea as a hypothetical testing site, it provides assessments of potential impacts to air quality, human health, and the marine environment. The modeling focuses on the incremental difference between conducting the hypothetical field test and a no-action scenario. The model results are compared to ambient air standards and pertinent screening thresholds, including those associated with pertinent health risk metrics. The overall loading to the marine environment is contrasted against background rates of iron deposition to the marine surface. No significant impacts were identified in this assessment. The hypothetical atmospheric emissions of both FeCl3 and HCl that the ship’s crew may be exposed to remained below governmental guidance levels. The potential deposition of FeCl3 to the marine environment was found to be very minor in relation to the natural contributions experienced within the Southern Caribbean. Similarly, HCl deposition was assessed for potential impacts to the marine environment but was found to have no significant impact.
