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Performance over very short distances (1-5 m) is important in soccer. We investigated this in 23 male regional-level soccer players aged 17.2 +/- 0.7 years, filming body markers to determine the average velocity and acceleration over the first step (V(S) and A(S)) and the first 5 m (V(5), A(5)). Data were related to scores on a force-velocity test,...
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... 0 and F 0 were 201 6 15 rpm and 126 6 19 N, respectively. Leg and thigh muscle volumes averaged 8.4 6 1.2 L and 5.6 6 0.8 L, respectively. V 5 was significantly correlated with body mass ( r = 0.51), total leg, and thigh muscle volumes ( r = 0.61 and r = 0.43, respectively) (Table 1). Other significant relationships were with SJ force ( r = 0.56) (Figure 1) and 1 RM back half squat ( r = 0.66) (Figure 2). A S and A 5 were positively correlated with leg volume ( r = 0.50, 0.66), SJ force ( r = 0.44, 0.60), and force-velocity power ( r = 0.49, 0.54) (Table ...
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Citations
... The similar short duration of the sprint efforts and the time to achieve peak power on the cycle ergometer may be one reason for the large relationships between the 6sCS test and sprint performance (Dawson et al., 1997). Both tests share similar energy system requirements, and importantly, both the 6sCS and acceleration are reliant on high force concentric contractions (Bijker et al., 2002;Chelly et al., 2010). The stretch shortening cycle becomes more important for performance approaching maximum running velocity (Chelly et al., 2010). ...
... Both tests share similar energy system requirements, and importantly, both the 6sCS and acceleration are reliant on high force concentric contractions (Bijker et al., 2002;Chelly et al., 2010). The stretch shortening cycle becomes more important for performance approaching maximum running velocity (Chelly et al., 2010). It could also be speculated that there is some similarity given the cyclic nature of the two tests as they require maximal output from each limb successively (Hoffman et al., 2000). ...
The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between traditional tests of maximal and ballistic strength, with the results of a 6 s cycle sprint (6sCS) in international level Rugby Union (Rugby) players. Thirty-three international level male Rugby players participated in the study. Each player completed the 6sCS, sprint run, standing long jump, weighted and unweighted countermovement jumps, and a 1RM squat test. Pearson’s correlations were carried out to determine relationships between absolute (PPO) and relative peak power output (relPPO) from the 6sCS with the other tests of maximal and ballistic performance for the whole population and for positional groups. For the cohort, significant correlations (p≤0.05) between relPPO and various measures of speed (r=0.63-0.73) and jump performance (r=0.48 to 0.53) were observed. In the Backs, there were large, significant relationships with weighted countermovement jump, standing long jumps, and 10 m sprint time (r=0.58 to 0.74). Large significant correlations were found with sprint and standing long jump performance in the Forwards (r=0.54 to 0.82). These significant correlations are most likely due to similarity in duration, energy system requirements, contraction types, and similarities in muscle groups recruited. Differences between position groups may reflect the physical qualities players possess to meet game demands. The study suggests that 6sCS may be a valuable addition to existing testing to evaluate maximal and ballistic intensity performancebenchmark levels of these physical capacities in elite RU players.
... Thus, the inclusion of FRT can be an optimal way to improve maximal strength in lower limbs, optimizing sprinting (De Hoyo et al., 2016) and jumping (Wisløff et al., 2004), as a tool to improve match actions (Wing et al., 2020) or as an indicator of fatigue recovery after competition (Owen et al., 2015). The benefits mentioned for sprint performance have been observed in our results over short distances and are very important in soccer (Chelly et al., 2010). Individual outcomes surpassing twice the value of SEM for the 10-m sprint test and flywheel squat power values indicate substantial performance changes according to the previous statistical analysis. ...
Resistance training programs play a crucial role in optimizing soccer performance. The aim of this study is to compare performance outcomes in sport-specific tasks after implementing two different flywheel resistance training (FRT) programs: variable intensity (VI) and constant intensity (CI). Seventeen (n = 17) amateur footballers were divided into VI and CI groups with the same training volume. For the VI group, a decrease in inertial load was implemented every four sessions, whereas the CI group maintained a constant load during the entire program. After different familiarization sessions and testing (sprint, change of direction, jump, one-repetition maximum and flywheel strength variables), ten sessions of FRT were performed over 5 weeks. Both groups showed similar improvements in the one-repetition maximum (p < 0.01) but the CI group had significant improvements in the 10-m sprint (p = 0.04; ES = 0.72), emphasizing the potential benefits of medium inertial loads to maximize power and specificity in sport tasks. However, no significant differences were observed in the countermovement jump, change of direction and 30-m sprint, possibly attributed to neuromuscular fatigue from a high-volume training schedule and friendly matches. The study highlights the importance of considering training load distribution in FRT programs. The findings emphasize the need for complementary training to maximize the jump and change of direction abilities and caution against high-volume training and friendly match scenarios. In conclusion, FRT programs, whether varying in intensity or not, can yield medium-term performance improvements for soccer players.
... Plyometric training methodology largely supported by scientific literature (Asadi et al., 2016;Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2012;Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2009;Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2010). In young soccer players, it has been shown that PL provides a sufficient stimulus to improve explosive actions (Chelly et al., 2010;Diallo et al., 2001;Kotzamanidis et al., 2005;Meylan & Malatesta, 2009;Wong et al., 2010). PL includes jumping exercises using the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) muscle action, this is a capacity of the Musculotendinous and nervous system that produces maximum force in the shortest amount of time during a rapid transition from an eccentric contraction to a concentric contraction of the muscle (Markovic et al., 2007;Markovic & Mikulic, 2010). ...
El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la influencia del entrenamiento pliométrico a corto plazo o del entrenamiento combinado (6 semanas) dentro de la práctica regular de fútbol en los saltos y las acciones de cambio de dirección de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol durante la temporada. Treinta jugadores fueron asignados al azar a tres grupos: pliometría (PL), pliometría + velocidad + cambio de dirección (COD) (COMB1) o PL + velocidad + COD + fuerza (COMB2). Todos los jugadores entrenaron 3 veces por semana y los grupos experimentales cambiaron el calentamiento táctico típico por un programa propuesto de pliometría o entrenamiento combinado durante 20 minutos (2 días por semana) durante 6 semanas. Antes y después del entrenamiento, se analizaron los saltos con contramovimiento con brazos libres (CMJA) y las pruebas L-RUN. El análisis dentro de los grupos mostró mejoras significativas en CMJA (ES: 0.73;1.27;1.16) en COMB1, COMB2 y PL, mientras que COMB1 y COMB2 también mostraron mejoras significativas en las pruebas COD (ES: 3.75; 2.15). El análisis entre grupos mostró mejoras significativas mayores en las variables de COD (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.001) en los grupos experimentales en comparación con PL. Finalmente, COMB1 y COMB2 no mostraron mejoras significativas en L-Run (p ≤0.234). La sustitución de algunos ejercicios de fútbol de baja intensidad con pliometría combinada con fuerza, sprints y COD durante el calentamiento podría ser una opción posible para optimizar la capacidad de salto y cambio de dirección durante el entrenamiento de fútbol en temporada. Palabras clave: agilidad, salto vertical, velocidad, aceleración, jugador de fútbol, pliometría, fuerza. Abstract. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of short-term plyometric or combined training (6 weeks) within regular soccer practice on the jumping and change of direction actions of young soccer players during the season. Thirty players were randomly assigned to three groups: plyometrics (PL), plyometrics + speed + Change of direction (COD) (COMB1), or PL + speed + COD + strength (COMB2). All players trained soccer 3 times per week and the experimental groups change the typical tactical warm up with a proposed PL or combined training program for 20 minutes (2 days per weeks) for 6 weeks. Before, after training, free-arm countermovement jump (CMJA) and L-RUN tests were analysed. Within-group analysis showed substantial improvements in CMJA (ES: 0.73;1.27;1.16) in COMB1, COMB2 and PL while COMB1 and COMB2 also showed substantial enhancements in COD tests (ES: 3.75; 2.15). Between-group analysis showed substantially greater improvements in COD variables (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.001) in experimental groups in comparison to PL. Finally, COMB1 and COMB2 showed no significant enhancements in L-Run (p ≤0.234). The replacement of some low-intensity football drills with PL combined with strength, sprints and COD. during warm-up may be a possible option to optimise jumping and change of direction ability during in-season football training. Keywords: agility, vertical jump, speed, acceleration, soccer player, plyometrics, strength.
... sufficient maximum lower limb strength to overcome the inertia of body mass (12). Indeed, stronger and more powerful athletes generally perform better during sprint performances (5,8,11,12). In professional soccer, sprinting is the most frequent action preceding goal scoring situations during match-play (19). ...
... Strong correlations have been reported between 1 repetition maximum (1RM) back squat performance and acceleration sprint times in elite soccer players (45). Moreover, Comfort et al. (11) demonstrated that increases in back squat strength mirrored improvements in sprint performance in rugby league players, with similar findings previously reported in junior soccer players after 8 weeks of resistance training (8). The relationship between measurements of functional and isometric lower body strength, aerobic capacity, anaerobic power, sprint, and CMJ performance in professional soccer players was examined in a recent study by Boraczyski et al. (5). ...
... The findings highlight positive relationships between maximum lower limb relative strength in the barbell box squat exercise, vertical CMJ height, and GPS recorded acceleration sprint velocity. Such findings are similar to those previously reported in elite underage athletes in soccer (8,12). Moreover, lower limb relative strength showed a stronger relationship with 20m sprint performance when compared to absolute strength, similar to the findings of Wagner et al. (43). ...
Previous research indicates positive relationships between high levels of lower limb strength and power, and acceleration sprint velocity in team sport athletes. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between lower limb absolute and relative strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and Global Positioning System (GPS) recorded 20m acceleration sprint velocity in elite male U-20 Gaelic football athletes. Nineteen athletes (19.0 ± 0.5 years; 81.1 ± 5.5 kg; 182 ± 6.2 cm) from the same elite U-20 squad participated in this study during an in-season period. Subjects performed a >95% 1RM box squat, a 20m sprint test, and a CMJ test. Relative maximum lower limb strength (r = 0.54, 95% CI [0.11 to 0.8]; p < 0.05) and CMJ height (r = 0.66, 95% CI [0.29 to 0.86]; p < 0.001) showed strong correlations with 20m sprint velocity. A multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that lower limb maximum relative strength and CMJ height significantly predicted 20m sprint velocity (Adjusted R2 = 0.51, F (2, 16) = 6.29, p < 0.05). These findings provide evidence for the importance of elite under-age Gaelic football athletes acquiring high levels of lower limb strength and power characteristics to enhance acceleration sprint performance.
... Numerous pieces of research have examined the connection between lower-limb muscularity and sprint performance [55][56][57]. It has been reported that maximal thigh section area muscles are advantageous for achieving higher performance in 30 m sprint performance in team handball players [16], as well as sprinting ability in soccer players [58], middle-distance runners [55], long-distance runners [59] and 100 m sprint performance [60]. However, in team sports in general, the capacity to accelerate over a short distance is essential. ...
... However, in team sports in general, the capacity to accelerate over a short distance is essential. Handball players must repeatedly perform short explosive actions and efforts, such as sprints (e.g., 15-30 m), with frequent direction changes followed by maximal intensity movements [1,58]. ...
... The ability of the lower limb muscles to generate force has been linked to short-distance sprint running performance in several studies [56,57]. However, Chelly et al. [58] found a positive correlation between short acceleration and thigh cross-sectional area, as well as muscle volume. It makes sense that a player with more muscle would be able to accelerate and move more quickly [57,60,61]. ...
This study sought to investigate the anthropometric traits and physical capabilities of team handball players, categorized based on their playing positions. A total of 50 male players (age: 27.4 ± 4.2 years; body mass: 92.8 ± 14.2 kg; height: 1.87 ± 0.08 m; body mass index (BMI): 26.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were categorized as Backs (12), Wings (14), Pivots (14), and Goalkeepers (10). The measurements included squat jumps (SJs), countermovement jumps (CMJs), sprint timings over 15 and 30 m, upper and lower limb muscle volume, change-of-direction T-Half test performance, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance. Depending on the position, the largest differences were detected for 30 m sprint (ηp2 = 0.72), 15 m sprint (ηp2 = 0.71), T-Half test (ηp2 = 0.41), half squat (ηp2 = 0.35), and bicipital skinfold of a throwing arm (ηp2 = 0.34). Bicipital skinfold showed the highest number (three) of relevant (r > 0.5) relationships, especially in sprinting (sprint 15 m: r = 0.528; sprint 30 m: r = 0.503) and change-of-direction ability (T-Half test: r = 0.518). Differences in physical performance and body type according to playing positions emphasize the value of goalkeeper-specific training and scouting for handball players, with a particular emphasis on both. This information might be helpful for optimizing position-specific training regimes.
... Chelly et al. found that force-velocity test data applied to identify peak power production in soccer players showed increases in absolute peak power and relative peak power to the body mass. 20 Plyometric training may increase power production through improvement in coordination and neuro-muscular adaptation. 21 Any increase in leg peak power by plyometric might be because of neuronal adaptations, selective activation of motor units, synchronization, selective activation of muscle and increased recruitment of motor units. ...
... These observed correlations between speed strength measurements and both absolute and relative strength are also true for studies analyzing soccer (r= |0.10| to |0.94|) (Boraczynski et al., 2020;Chelly et al., 2010;Comfort et al., 2014;Keiner et al., 2021;Keiner et al., 2014;McBride et al., 2009;Nuzzo et al., 2008;Rodriguez-Rosell et al., 2017;Wisloff et al., 2004;Wisloff et al., 1998). In detail, small to large correlations have been reported for absolute strength measures with various sprint performances (LS 5m to LS 40m) (r= |0.23| to |0.94|) (Boraczynski et al., 2020;Chelly et al., 2010;Comfort et al., 2014;Keiner et al., 2021;Keiner et al., 2014;Wisloff et al., 2004). ...
... These observed correlations between speed strength measurements and both absolute and relative strength are also true for studies analyzing soccer (r= |0.10| to |0.94|) (Boraczynski et al., 2020;Chelly et al., 2010;Comfort et al., 2014;Keiner et al., 2021;Keiner et al., 2014;McBride et al., 2009;Nuzzo et al., 2008;Rodriguez-Rosell et al., 2017;Wisloff et al., 2004;Wisloff et al., 1998). In detail, small to large correlations have been reported for absolute strength measures with various sprint performances (LS 5m to LS 40m) (r= |0.23| to |0.94|) (Boraczynski et al., 2020;Chelly et al., 2010;Comfort et al., 2014;Keiner et al., 2021;Keiner et al., 2014;Wisloff et al., 2004). Moreover, moderate to very large correlations have been reported for absolute strength measures with squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height, respectively (r= |0.39| to |0.78|) (Boraczynski et al., 2020;Comfort et al., 2014;Keiner et al., 2021;Rodriguez-Rosell et al., 2017;Wisloff et al., 2004;Wisloff et al., 1998) Of the above-mentioned studies analyzing soccer players only a small number considered the potential effect of body mass on speed strength performances by correlating strength measures relative to the athlete's body mass. ...
Speed strength performances are heavily dependent on maximum strength. However, various strength testing
methods determined inconsistent relationships between absolute and relative strength and sprint and jump
performances. The aim of the study was to calculate the one tailed correlation coefficients between both the
One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) and 1RM in relation to body mass (1RM/BM) in parallel squats and different
jump (squat jump and countermovement jump) and sprint performances (5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m) in youth soc�cer players (n= 63, 17.9±2.1 years old). Relative strength showed significantly larger correlations with jump
performances (r= 0.52 to 0.58) than absolute strength (r= 0.16 to 0.26, z= -1.81 to -1.90, p= 0.029 to 0.035).
However, the r values between relative strength measures and sprint performances (r= -0.32 to -0.42) were of
non-statistical difference to the correlations of absolute strength measurements with sprint performances (r=
-0.19 to -0.3, z= 0.349 to 1.17, p= 0.121 to 0.363). The results of this study support findings in previous literature
of enhanced speed strength performances by higher levels of maximal strength in youth soccer players, with
faster and more powerful athletes being able to generate larger forces against their own body weight. The data
suggests that strength expressed relative to body mass might be considered as a superior predictor of speed
strength performance in general.
... As a result, for improved anaerobic performance, athletes need to have higher amounts of muscle mass, muscle cross section, and leg volume and mass [23]. The total muscle volumes of the leg and thigh as estimated by anthropometry are positively correlated with sprint velocity, squat jump (SJ) height, and absolute leg force [24,25]. In addition, lower limb muscle volume are determining factor in muscle power for both sexes [26]. ...
Background
Sex differences that appear throughout puberty have a substantial impact on the training process. It remains unclear what effect these sex differences should have on how training programs are planned and performed and what objectives should be established for boys and girls of different ages. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vertical jump performance and muscle volume based on age and sex.
Methods
One hundred eighty healthy males (n = 90) and females (n = 90) performed three different types of vertical jumps (VJ): squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and counter movement jump with arms (CMJ with arms). We used the anthropometric method to measure muscle volume.
Results
Muscle volume differed across age groups. There were significant effects of age, sex, and their interaction on the SJ, CMJ, and CMJ with arms heights. From the age of 14–15, males exhibited better performances than females, and large effect sizes became apparent in the SJ (d = 1.09, P = 0.04), CMJ (d = 2.18; P = 0.001) and CMJ with arms (d = 1.94; P = 0.004). For the 20–22-year-old age group, there was a significant difference in VJ performance between males and females. Extremely large effect sizes became apparent in the SJ (d = 4.44; P = 0.001), CMJ (d = 4.12; P = 0.001) and CMJ with arms (d = 5.16; P = 0.001). When performances were normalized to the lower limb length, these differences persisted. After normalization to muscle volume, males exhibited better performance when compared to females. This difference persisted only for the 20–22-year-old group on the SJ (p = 0.005), CMJ (p = 0.022) and CMJ with arms (p = 0.016). Among male participants, muscle volume was significantly correlated with SJ (r = 0.70; p < 0.01), CMJ (r = 0.70; p < 0.01) and CMJ with arms (r = 0.55; p < 0.01).
Conclusions
The results indicate that muscle volume may be one of the major determining factors in sex differences in vertical jumping performance.
... Dalam beberapa penelitian yang menganalisis gerakan yang diterapkan dalam pertandingan, menunjukkan bahwa hampir semua sprint selama pertandingan lebih pendek dari 30m dan mayoritas jarak sprint yang ditempuh lebih pendek dari 10 meter (Bangsbo, 1994;Sáez de Villarreal et al., 2015;Can, 2018). Dengan demikian, aksi pada jarak 10m atau kurang, kemudian kecepatan yang dicapai selama langkah pertama dianggap sebagai indikator kunci potensi pemain dalam melalukan sprint (Chelly et al., 2009;Chelly et al., 2010). ...
Sepakbola sebagai olahraga tim sekaligus permainan yang kompleks membutuhkan kemampuan taktis, teknis, dan fisik tingkat tinggi untuk berhasil. Selama pertandingan kompetitif, kombinasi acak dari aktivitas eksplosif dan kuat, bersama dengan gerakan teknis dan taktis, dilakukan secara berselang selama 90 menit. Tujuan dari penulisan ini untuk mendiskusikan tuntutan fisik dan karakteristik dari permainan sepakbola. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan teknik review literatur yang berfokus pada tuntutan fisik dan karakteristik kinerja pemain sepakbola yang secara khusus menyajikan perbedaannya pada masing-masing posisi bermain pada sepakbola tingkat elit. Hasil dari pembahasan ini adalah permainan sepakbola didominasi oleh sistem energi anaerobik yang mencirikan aktivitas intermiten dengan intensitas tinggi. Pada peran pada masing-masing posisi, secara spesifik pemain memiliki tuntutan fisik yang berbeda. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa untuk melakukan analisis performa pemain sepakbola harus memperhatikan masing-masing posisi bermain. Physical demands and performance characteristics of football players according to playing position Abstract: Football, as a team sport as well as a complicated game, requires high levels of tactical, technical, and physical skills to achieve. During competitive matches, random combinations of explosive and powerful activities and technical and tactical moves are performed intermittently over 90 minutes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the physical demands and characteristics of the game of football. Writing of this article uses a literature review technique that focuses on the physical demands and performance characteristics of football players, which specifically presents the differences in each playing position in elite-level football. The result of this discussion is that football is dominated by an anaerobic energy system that characterizes intermittent activity with high intensity. In the role of each position, players have different physical demands. We conclude that in order to analyze football players' performance, they need to pay attention to each playing position.
... It should be emphasized in this context that the output of 10 m (or even shorter distances such as 5 m or the production of electricity from a stationary start) is an important test variable in modern soccer. (Chelly, M. S., Chérif, N, 2010). ...
A soccer match makes heavy demands on both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Elite players run 8–12 km during a game. Nevertheless, anaerobic metabolism is also crucial in sprints, jumps, and tackles. Many studies have stated that aerobic and anaerobic strength are significant features in soccer games. During a soccer match, soccer team members performed 60 to 70 runs from 12 to 15 m. Sprint running success, with or without the ball, is therefore a significant factor that can explain a winning team's supremacy. In essential ball duals, sprint could be key. In certain cases, the player should be quicker and more effective than the opponent to score goals or to avoid goals being scored. In addition, acceleration and speed can enhance skills vital to soccer, such as turning, sprinting, and changing tempo, by improving strength in appropriate muscles or muscle groups. The study was to evaluate the effect of isometric squat exercise on sprint performance of football players. The sample of 60 student were selected from the population of University of Lahore football team. Within 3 to 5 days after base training pre-test will be conducted in the morning by using 40-yard dash test. Post-test will be conducted after completion of Isometric Squat exercise training sessions. The results show that, differences between the two test 40 Yard Dash Test Post-Test of Experimental Group and 40 Yard Dash Test Post-Test of Control Group. This research study discovered that there was a statistically significant improvement in sprint performance by using Isometric Squat exercise Program.
