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Relationship between casein concentration (#:::) or paracasein concentration ($-) and milk protein concentration.
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Two groups of 15 multiparous cows in mid-lactation were used in a Latin square design experiment with 4-week experimental periods. The genetic milk protein concentration level was high in the first group and low in the second. Each group of cows was given in a random order three feeding levels that covered 85, 100 and 115% of energy requirements an...
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... the genetic potential of the cows (0n806 and 0n803 in groups H and L, respectively, P 0n05). The same result was noted for the proportion of paracasein in total proteins. Relationships between casein or paracasein concentrations and protein concentration were linear and very close in all individual measurements (R# l 0n92 and 0n95, respectively ; Fig. 1). Slopes of each of those two regression curves were identical regardless of the genetic potential or feeding ...
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Citations
... Milk composition can be affected by several factors such as genetics, the physiological and nutritional status of the animal, animal management, and environmental conditions (15,16). EUL is a dual functional feed, which provides both nutrition and bioactive components such as geniposide acid, aucubin, and chlorogenic acid, which have specific functions in enhancing immunity. ...
Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EUL) contain a variety of natural bioactive compounds including chlorogenic acid, geniposide acid, and aucubin. These bioactive chemicals improve immune function and regulate lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EUL on the biochemical properties of milk. Twenty Holstein dairy cows were randomly allocated to two groups fed a control (CTR, diet without EUL, n = 10) or EUL (diet containing 3% EUL, dry matter, n = 10) diet for 55 d. At the end of the experimental period (d 55), milk samples were collected and analyzed to determine their composition. Though levels of milk fat, protein, lactose, and total milk solids were similar between the groups, small molecules, metabolites, lipids, and cytokines differed. Compared with the CTR group, the EUL group had an improved cluster of differentiation (CD)4/CD8 ratio (P < 0.05) and lower interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 content (P < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis identified 14 metabolites including 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z-docosapentaenoic acid (FC = 3.129), adrenic acid (FC = 2.830), and eicosapentaenoic acid (FC=1.685) as having significantly increased in the EUL group (P < 0.05) while 11 metabolites, including indole-2-carboxylic acid (FC = 0.636), cholic acid (FC = 0.430), and creatine (FC = 0.784) had significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Based on a constructed metabolome map, linoleic acid metabolism had the highest impact value for EUL. A total of 21 lipid classes and 1,094 lipid species were detected in the milk by lipidomic analysis, among which 40 differed significantly between the CTR and EUL groups. The present findings showed that the EUL altered milk composition. Correlation analysis showed that 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, adrenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were negatively correlated with those of the inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-8 (P < 0.05), indicating that EUL improved milk quality by reducing inflammatory factors and increasing the CD4/CD8 ratio. Overall, our data demonstrate that EUL had positive effects on milk antioxidant parameters, immune indices, and micro-composition metabolism, thereby improving milk quality.
... Milk production and composition are affected by genetic, nutritional, physiological, and environmental factors. Nutrition in particular has a considerable effect on the composition of milk lipids [115], whereas the composition of the protein fraction is generally only marginally affected by this factor [116]. Due to human consumption of ruminant milk and the influence of milk composition on its nutritional quality, the nutritional regulation of milk components in the MG is mainly studied in ruminants (bovine, caprine, and ovine species). ...
In mammals, milk is essential for the growth, development, and health. Milk quantity and quality are dependent on mammary development, strongly influenced by nutrition. This review provides an overview of the data on nutritional regulations of mammary development and gene expression involved in milk component synthesis. Mammary development is described related to rodents, rabbits, and pigs, common models in mammary biology. Molecular mechanisms of the nutritional regulation of milk synthesis are reported in ruminants regarding the importance of ruminant milk in human health. The effects of dietary quantitative and qualitative alterations are described considering the dietary composition and in regard to the periods of nutritional susceptibly. During lactation, the effects of lipid supplementation and feed restriction or deprivation are discussed regarding gene expression involved in milk biosynthesis, in ruminants. Moreover, nutrigenomic studies underline the role of the mammary structure and the potential influence of microRNAs. Knowledge from three lactating and three dairy livestock species contribute to understanding the variety of phenotypes reported in this review and highlight (1) the importance of critical physiological stages, such as puberty gestation and early lactation and (2) the relative importance of the various nutrients besides the total energetic value and their interaction.
... Although this breed was initially selected to face harsh mountain conditions and not for heat stress tolerance, farmers consider that Tarentaise breed is also well suited to the Mediterranean climate. Some experiments have demonstrated that the moderate milk yield of the breed (15.0 kg/day; Idele 2015) is balanced by its hardiness, high reproductive performance, and walking ability (Coulon and D'hour 1994;Kress et al. 1995;Coulon et al. 2001), although its heat stress tolerance has never been investigated. Nevertheless, because the selection for more heat-tolerant breeds is an effective strategy to mitigate the effects of heat stress, the role of an improved environment within dairy farms should not be neglected. ...
La race bovine Tarentaise, originaire des Alpes françaises, est une race mixte rustique de nouveau présente en Tunisie depuis les années 1990. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier l’adaptation de cette race au stress thermique, dans les conditions climatiques estivales du pays.Un premier dispositif devait permettre de quantifier l’effet du stress thermique sur les performances de production laitière (PL) de la race, en comparaison avec la race Holstein (à partir d’une base de données de 16 400 contrôles laitiers individuels issus de 21 exploitations du nord de la Tunisie) et de définir des relations entre la baisse de la PL estivale et certaines caractéristiques des bâtiments d’élevage (à partir d’une enquête menée dans 19 des 21 exploitations). Lorsque l’index température-humidité (THI) est passé d’une valeur moyenne de 53,7 l’hiver à 75,4 l’été, la PL des vaches Holstein et Tarentaise ont baissé respectivement de 0,93 et 0,15 kg/j. Les taux butyreux, protéique et d’urée dans le lait ont chuté de manière identique pour les deux races, alors que le comptage des cellules somatiques a augmenté pour les vaches Holstein (+352 000 /mL) et légèrement baissé pour les Tarentaise (-160 000 /mL). L’enquête a montré que les bâtiments fermés et les toitures métalliques amplifient l’impact du stress thermique et induisent une baisse de PL plus prononcée que les bâtiments ouverts (-1,13 vs -0,27 kg/j) et les autres types de toitures (-1,04 vs -0,15 kg/j).Un second dispositif expérimental, mis en place en ferme, devait permettre de quantifier les effets du stress thermique estival sur certains paramètres physiologiques des vaches Tarentaise, ainsi que la variation de PL quand ce stress est associé à une amélioration nutritionnelle de la ration estivale. Lorsque le THI est passé de 52,9 l’hiver à 77,4 l’été, comme attendu, les fréquences respiratoire et cardiaque, la température rectale et la teneur en cortisol du lait des vaches ont été plus élevées, mais avec une amplitude moins forte que lors d’essais réalisés avec des vaches Holstein. Par contre, la formule sanguine leucocytaire n’a pas été modifiée. Parallèlement, la distribution d’une ration estivale plus concentrée en énergie et protéines a permis de maintenir le niveau d’ingestion des vaches, un bilan énergétique toujours positif et même d’augmenter leur PL de 7,1 kg/j par rapport à la période hivernale.Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse montrent que la race Tarentaise s’avère être bien adaptée aux conditions climatiques estivales de la Tunisie. De plus, il est possible de pallier les effets négatifs du stress thermique sur les performances de production laitière par une ration estivale mieux équilibrée et par une meilleure conception des bâtiments d’élevage.
... Although this breed was initially selected to face harsh mountain conditions and not for heat stress tolerance, farmers consider that Tarentaise breed is also well suited to the Mediterranean climate. Some experiments have demonstrated that the moderate milk yield of the breed (15.0 kg/day; Idele 2015) is balanced by its hardiness, high reproductive performance, and walking ability (Coulon and D'hour 1994;Kress et al. 1995;Coulon et al. 2001), although its heat stress tolerance has never been investigated. Nevertheless, because the selection for more heat-tolerant breeds is an effective strategy to mitigate the effects of heat stress, the role of an improved environment within dairy farms should not be neglected. ...
This study was undertaken to first quantify the effect of heat stress on milk yield and components of Tarentaise in comparison to Holstein cows. A dataset of 16,143 monthly individual records of production traits was collected for 435 Tarentaise and 543 Holstein cows from 21 farms in Tunisia (2009 to 2014). This dataset was merged with meteorological data from 5 public stations relative to the 21 farms. The temperature-humidity index (THI), calculated as a combination of ambient temperature and relative humidity, was used to characterize heat stress. When the THI increased from an average value of 53.7 in winter to 75.4 in summer, the Holstein and Tarentaise cows decreased their milk production by 0.93 and 0.15 kg/day, respectively. Milk fat, protein, and urea content decreased similarly in both breeds (−2.20 g/kg, −1.40 g/kg, and −14 mg/L, respectively), and the milk somatic cell count increased for Holstein cows (+352,000/mL) while decreased for Tarentaise cows (−160,000/mL). The second aim of this study was to describe the relationship between the variations of the milk yields between the summer and the winter (Δ milk yields) and some barn characteristics during the hot season. A survey carried out on 19 of the 21 previous farms permitted to conclude that the closed buildings led to a higher decrease in milk yield between the summer and winter than the open buildings (−1.13 vs. −0.27 kg/day). A metallic roof had a more negative impact on Δ milk yields than the other roof types (−1.04 vs. −0.15 kg/day).
... It was found that the most of the animals of Holstein and Black-and-White breed of cattle in general (60-90%) carry an AA genotype, while genotype BB occurs relatively rarely. (Kalashnikova et al., 1999; Altonen and Antila, 1987; Coulon, 2001; Popovski et al, 2003). The identified polymorphisms are explained by the authors by various bloodline of studied animals of the Holstein breed, which was widely used as the improving one for many breeds (Chrenek and Plesnik, 1981; Threadgile and Womack, 1990; Kovaleva, 2008). ...
The aim of this work was to study the genetic structure of the breeds of Siberia and Macedonia on the gene of ?-casein and to identify relationships of genotypes for this gene with performance of productivity and suitability of milk for cheese production. Studies were conducted on Black-and-White, Holstein (Russia, Macedonia), Red Steppe, Simmental and Yakut breeds. It was established that in all breeds the allele frequency A of ?-casein is in the several times higher compared to a frequency of allele B. A frequency of allele B was in 3 times higher in Simmental and Yakut breeds (0.385 and 0.375) than in black-and-White (0.122). According to three lactations was revealed a higher milk yield and a production of fat and protein in Black-and-White cows with genotype BB. They were on 11-12% higher in a comparison with animals with genotypes AA and AB. The milk of these cows had the best qualities for a cheese production.
... Apart from the study of Valenti et al. (2012), a dietary effect on the caprine casein composition has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. A few studies have been conducted on this subject with dairy cows, where it has been shown that the κ-CN proportion in the total casein is adversely affected by poor energy supply (Christian et al., 1999;Coulon et al., 2001;Leiber et al., 2005) and higher content of κ-and β-CN has been found in milk produced indoors than on pasture (Stergiadis et al., 2012). In contrast to the results obtained in our study, a lower content of α s1 -CN was observed in milk from cows fed a high-energy pasture diet (Christian et al., 1999). ...
Two different types of pasture (cultivated and rangeland) and two different hay qualities (high and low quality) were examined for their effects on goat milk composition and rennet coagulation properties. Furthermore, the effect of dietary treatments in both early and late grazing season was studied. As lactation stage is known to influence milk composition, the goats in early and late grazing season were in the same lactation stage at the start of the experiment. The milk composition was influenced both by dietary treatment and season. Milk from goats on pasture were superior to those on hay by containing a higher content of protein and casein, and the goats on cultivated pasture had the highest milk yield. Casein composition was significantly influenced by forage treatment. Goats grazing on cultivated pasture had higher content of αs1-casein and also of κ-casein compared to the other treatments, while goats grazing on rangeland had the highest content of β-casein. Factors like milk yield, casein micelle size, αs2-casein and calcium content were reduced in late compared to early season. More favorable rennet coagulation properties were achieved in milk from early grazing season, with shorter firming time and higher curd firmness compared to milk from late grazing season, but the firming time and curd firmness were not prominently influenced by forage treatment. The content of αs2-casein and calcium in the milk affected the firming time and the curd firmness positively. The influence of season and forage treatment on especially milk yield, casein content and rennet coagulation properties is of economical importance for both the dairy industry and the goat milk farmers.
... Apart from the study of Valenti et al. (2012), a dietary effect on the caprine casein composition has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. A few studies have been conducted on this subject with dairy cows, where it has been shown that the κ-CN proportion in the total casein is adversely affected by poor energy supply (Christian et al., 1999; Coulon et al., 2001; Leiber et al., 2005) and higher content of κ-and β-CN has been found in milk produced indoors than on pasture (Stergiadis et al., 2012). In contrast to the results obtained in our study, a lower content of α s1 - CN was observed in milk from cows fed a high-energy pasture diet (Christian et al., 1999). ...
... Apart from the study of Valenti et al. (2012), a dietary effect on the caprine casein composition has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. A few studies have been conducted on this subject with dairy cows, where it has been shown that the κ-CN proportion in the total casein is adversely affected by poor energy supply ( Christian et al., 1999;Coulon et al., 2001;Leiber et al., 2005) and higher content of κ-and Protein −0.00 0.29*** −0.18* 0.07 0.83*** 0.61*** 0.06 0.10 0.39*** −0.49*** 0.25** Lactose −0.34*** −0.28*** 0.36*** 0.11 0.14 0.36*** 0.29*** −0.03 −0.14 0.39*** RCT 0.33** −0.64*** 0.14 0.01 −0.13 −0.17* 0.21* 0.01 −0.18* k 20 −0.79*** −0.19* −0.28*** −0.35*** −0.26*** −0.22** 0.14 −0.19* a 30 0.08 0.27*** 0.27*** 0.23** 0.05 −0.14 0.20* CN 0.59*** 0.04 0.16 0.20* −0.56*** 0.28*** α s1-CN −0.08 −0.13 0.18* −0.63*** 0.16 α s2-CN 0.57*** 0.17* 0.11 0.42*** β-CN 0.18* 0.04 0.28*** κ-CN −0.09 −0.01 Micelle −0.22** β-CN has been found in milk produced indoors than on pasture ( Stergiadis et al., 2012). In contrast to the results obtained in our study, a lower content of α s1CN was observed in milk from cows fed a high-energy pasture diet ( Christian et al., 1999). ...
... It was found that the most of the animals of Holstein and Black-and-White breed of cattle in general (60-90%) carry an AA genotype, while genotype BB occurs relatively rarely. (Kalashnikova et al., 1999;Altonen and Antila, 1987;Coulon, 2001;Popovski et al, 2003). ...
The average population level of vitamin E in blood plasma of the Early-Maturing Meat pig breed at various periods of ontogeny is determined. The effect of the genotype of fathers and mothers on the concentration of α-tocopherol in blood plasma of progeny is shown.
... They are indicative of the development of a variety of nitrogenous compounds, such as soluble peptides, from the degradation of primary protein, so they can also be considered as a ripening index. Coulon et al. (2001) showed that plasmin activity significantly increased with nutrient supplementation, but only in cows with low genetic potential. However it is difficult to clearly relate plasmin activity and the proteolytic activity of milk in general, with dietary influence (Leiber et al., 2005). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation of Brown cows grazing a mountain pasture on animal performance, and on the quality and sensory characteristics of milk and cheese. The trial was carried out on a high mountain pasture (Malga Juribello, Italy, 1900 m) where 2 homogeneous groups of 12 Brown Cows fed 2 different levels of supplement: low (LS), 1.6, and high (HS), 4.8 kg of organic matter/day (OM/day) for 5 weeks. Animal performance and milk yield were assessed, and chemical, physical and sensorial analyses of milk and cheese were also performed. The average herbage intake was 13.3 kg OM/day, with a significant effect related to supplement level (low, 14.4 vs. high, 12.1 kg OM/day). Body condition score (BCS) variation was always negative, but it was lower in the HS group (−0.15 vs. −0.37) which also had a higher milk yield (15.5 vs. 14.6 kg/day) and better cheese making properties. Analyses showed that the level of supplement had an effect on the chemical and fatty acid composition of the cheese. Cheese texture analysis showed an effect on springiness and chewiness, which was higher in HS; while adhesiveness was higher in LS. Sensory profiling performed using conventional quantitative descriptive analysis allowed the identification of sensory attributes correlated with the level of supplement and only partially compatible with texture analysis. However perceivable differences in analytical description were probably not high enough for the average consumer to identify the integration effect: indeed discrimination tests based on overall profile carried out by trained judges did not show significant differences in the milk and cheese produced by experimental groups. In conclusion, the HS level offered to grazing cows allowed improvement of milk and cheese yield, milk renneting properties, quantity of unsaturated fatty acids (a part C18:3) in cheese and BCS with a limited effect on sensory qualities; however a reduction of herbage intake was observed.
... Heat stress (Bernabucci et al., 2002), atropine infusions (Auldist et al., 2003), or glucagon infusions (She et al., 1999;Bobe et al., 2009), which all decrease milk protein content and to a smaller extent DMI and milk yield, have been observed to affect milk protein composition. However, most feeding studies have reported only minor changes in milk protein composition and its CN (Coulon et al., 1998(Coulon et al., , 2001Leiber et al., 2005;Summer et al., 2005). Based on this previous work and observations reported herein, it would seem that under most commonly used dietary regimens, large changes in milk protein composition would be unlikely. ...
Responses to lipid supplementation differ between dairy breeds and genetic lines suggesting nutrition by genotype interactions. beta-Lactoglobulin phenotype is associated with changes in yield and composition of milk. The response of cows with different beta-lactoglobulin phenotypes to lipid supplementation has not been examined. Furthermore, we examined whether lipid supplementation alters milk protein composition. By using a randomized block design, we fed Holstein cows for 3 wk either a control diet containing 2.8% crude fat (n = 19) or an experimental diet that was supplemented with 4.2% tallow (n = 20). Before randomization, all cows were fed the supplemental tallow diet for at least 2 wk. Dry matter intake, body weight, milk yield, and milk composition were measured in the last week before and during the experimental period. Feeding supplemental tallow increased dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, including casein content, without decreasing milk component content or altering milk protein composition. On the low-fat control diet, cows with the beta-lactoglobulin allele B had a greater milk and milk component yield than cows with the A allele, whereas no differences by beta-lactoglobulin phenotype were observed in cows on the tallow supplement diet. Our results suggest that cows that differ in beta-lactoglobulin phenotype respond differently to a low-fat diet and that feeding cows 4.2% of additional tallow increases milk yield without affecting milk component content and milk protein composition.
