Figure - available from: Engineering Research Express
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
Energy harvesting is a promising alternative to batteries for autonomous WSN nodes. Although there are various energy harvesting methods using ambient energy sources, this research is focused on thermal energy harvesting because there are abundant thermal sources in industrial sites. As only several mW can be obtained by a thermal energy harvester...
Similar publications
Present energy need heavily relies on the conventional sources. But the limited availability and steady increase in the price of conventional sources has shifted the focus toward renewable sources of energy. Of the available alternative sources of energy, wind energy is considered to be one of the proven technologies. With a competitive cost for el...
The stable exchange of energy and the effective conduction of heat are particularly critical to ensuring the stable operation of thermoelectric components in entire thermoelectric conversion processes. Poor heat exchange and conduction will cause thermal energy in a thermoelectric system to accumulate, leading to the consequence of burning the ener...
A sliding mode control technique (SMC) is used for achieving maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of solar-PV array. The Lyapunov function-based control technique is designed and developed for the DC-AC inverter to the functions of an active power injection to the grid, balanced grid currents at unity power factor and load currents harmonics...
Conventional fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) methods in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are widely adopted for their simple structure and low computing power requirements. However, under mismatch and environmental changing conditions, the FOCV methods introduce a large amount of energy loss due to their maximum power point being fixed at...
This paper analyzes the supportive function of the photovoltaic PV system in integrating the microgrid role to deliver the necessarily clean electricity to the individual dwellings. The study focuses on the merit of the flexibility in designing a renewable energy PV system in terms of power quality and quantity, in addition to reducing the air poll...
Citations
... The major quality requirements are the efficiency, attributes, size, and mass of final customers [5,6]. Low-power solutions are still the way to go if users want to avoid paying extra for things like ventilation and passive heatsinks [7]. Power consumption is a major issue for portable devices, such as laptops and cell phones. ...
... As a result, the equivalent power usage is updated using Eq. (7). ...
Nowadays, the demand for high-performance wireless sensor networks (WSN) is increasing, and its power requirement has threatened the survival of WSN. The routing methods cannot optimize power consumption. To improve the power consumption, VLSI based power optimization technology is proposed in this article. Different elements in WSN, such as sensor nodes, modulation schemes, and package data transmission, influence energy usage. Following a WSN power study, it was discovered that lowering the energy usage of sensor networks is critical in WSN. In this manuscript, a power optimization model for wireless sensor networks (POM-WSN) is proposed. The proposed system shows how to build and execute a power-saving strategy for WSNs using a customized collaborative unit with parallel processing capabilities on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and a smart power component. The customizable cooperation unit focuses on applying specialized hardware to customize Operating System speed and transfer it to a soft intel core. This device decreases the OS (Operating System) central processing unit (CPU) overhead associated with installing processor-based IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The smart power unit controls the soft CPU’s clock and physical peripherals, putting them in the right state depending on the hardware requirements of the program (tasks) being executed. Furthermore, by taking the command signal from a collaborative custom unit, it is necessary to adjust the amplitude and current. The efficiency and energy usage of the FPGA-based energy saver approach for sensor nodes are compared to the energy usage of processor-based WSN nodes implementations. Using FPGA programmable architecture, the research seeks to build effective power-saving approaches for WSNs.
... Data Aggregation Strategies for Efficiency (Hou & Chen, 2020): Researchers have proposed the "binary-based approach" for data aggregation, organizing it hierarchically in a tree-like structure. This hierarchical style designates leaf nodes as data sources and the root as the central hub for aggregation. ...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial component in the field of networking due to their cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and compact size, making them invaluable for various applications. However, as the reliance on WSN-dependent applications continues to grow, these networks grapple with inherent limitations such as memory and computational constraints. Therefore, effective solutions require immediate attention, especially in the age of the Internet of Things (IoT), which largely relies on the effectiveness of WSNs. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of research conducted between 2018 and 2020, categorizing it into six main domains: 1) Providing an overview of WSN applications, management, and security considerations. 2) Focusing on routing and energy-saving techniques. 3) Reviewing the development of methods for information gathering, emphasizing data integrity and privacy. 4) Emphasizing connectivity and positioning techniques. 5) Examining studies that explore the integration of IoT technology into WSNs, with an eye on secure data transmission. 6) Highlighting research efforts aimed with a strong emphasis on energy efficiency. The study addresses the motivation behind employing WSN applications in IoT technologies, as well as the challenges, obstructions, and solutions related to their application and development. It underscores that energy consumption remains a paramount issue in WSNs, with untapped potential for improving energy efficiency while ensuring robust security. Furthermore, it identifies existing approaches' weaknesses, rendering them inadequate for achieving energy-efficient routing in secure WSNs. This review sheds light on the critical challenges and opportunities in the field, contributing to a deeper understanding of WSNs and their role in secure IoT applications.
... This will increase when the ZT values of TEGs are further increased. A study combining TEGs with WSN nodes was conducted in [108]. The system has been implemented a self-optimization process to deliver the electrical energy obtained from TEG to the WSN node in a continuous and stable manner. ...
Today, with the increase of industrialization, the waste heat emitted by the industrial machines used has started to increase. Therefore, the energy efficiency of these devices also decreases. In addition, this waste heat remains a bad factor that plays a role in the world's climate change. Governments are implementing incentive policies to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, both scientists and engineers strive for a cleaner environment and energy. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are one of the devices that contribute to energy efficiency and sustainable energy production by ensuring the recovery of a certain part of the waste heat emitted by these machines to the environment. The TEGs have found traditional uses from the waste heat of microprocessors to the waste heat of stoves. However, their proliferation is limited by their efficiency less than 10% and their high purchasing costs. Academicians and engineers continue to work without slowing down to overcome these. The semiconductors with low thermal conductivity and high electrical conductivity are the main subjects studied in this field. With overcoming these difficulties, it is aimed to use thermoelectric generators in the future to convert the waste heat of almost all devices into electrical energy. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the current innovations of TEGs and to determine the future trend. Among the main findings of this study, it is predicted that TEGs will be widely used in areas where there is a need for silent and maintenance-free energy in the future.
... The leaf represent the source nodes and the root is represent the base node. [50] This study is aimed on 1thermal energy harvesting based on a thermoelectric generator (TEG), enhancement of the energy efficiency. [51] This article, focus on suggested an architecture design of smart 1agriculture based on SWIPT 1enabled WSNs. ...
... We explain some main challenges for Energy efficient [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Techniques. Improve Clustering mechanisms. ...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the significant parts in networking area. Because they are cheap, efficient, and small, they are become more and more important for several applications. However, with the widespread use of applications that rely on wireless sensor networks, they continue to suffer from limitations such as memory and computing. Since, the need for finding effective solutions, especially after the emergence of the Internet of Things, which relies on the efficiency of wireless sensor networks. In this study, a survey was given of the latest research in this field for the years 2018-2020, which was classified into six categories: 1) presented an overview of the applications, management and security of wireless sensor networks. 2) Focused on improving classification algorithms, routing, and energy saving. 3) Review the developed methods of the techniques for information gathering. 4) Focused on coverage, connectivity and positioning techniques. 5) Displayed the studies that dealt with the of Internet of Things (IoTs) technology on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). 6) Illustrates the most important research that has focused on developing algorithms to increase security in wireless sensor networks. The motivation for using WSNs applications within IoTs technologies, and the issues related to application obstruction, challenges and the solutions, development and utilization of WSNs are then surveyed based on the results from the literature. Result of the survey shows that consumption of energy is the greatest fundamental problem in WSN on the other hand, is not detected by the researchers where as it can provide for the enhancement of the energy efficiency. It also elaborates the weaknesses of the existing approaches which make them inappropriate for energy efficient routing in WSN.
... Structure of a TEG module[14]. ...
... Equivalent circuit of a TEG with a load[14]. ...
... where, V oc can be calculated using equation (20) and V out will be measured on-site.From equation(20), the change of Seebeck coefficient S with the temperature difference DT can be calculated by:It can be seen that the forms of equation(22)is different from equations(14),(16), and (17). Such an accurate and linear relationship described in equation(22)has not been reported by other authors. ...
Generally, WSNs or IoT nodes are powered by energy-constrained batteries, which significantly limit their operating lifetime and application. Harvesting energy from the surrounding environment provides a promising solution for self-powered WSNs or IoT nodes. Compared with other energy harvesting approaches, thermoelectric energy harvesting based on thermoelectric generators (TEGs) has many advantages. However, the power output of TEGs is difficult to be maintained at its maximum power point (MPP) due to the fluctuation of ambient temperature. To achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based-on internal resistance matching method for self-powered WSNs or IoT nodes using TEG, this paper proposes a simple approach to obtain the models of TEG open-circuit voltage, Seebeck coefficient, and internal resistance. The proposed method is verified by a series of experiments on a commercial TEG module. The results indicate that the presented models are more accurate and simple than the existing models reported by other authors.
Energy harvesting (EH) has emerged as a transformative research paradigm by converting ambient energy into electrical energy for natural and artificial applications. This paper explores the potential of EH in powering autonomous electronic devices facilitated by simplified processes to harness kinetic, solar, thermal, wind, and salinity gradients. Mainly, the focus lies on the applicability of these energy sources to small wireless automatic devices used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs consist of cutting-edge sensors spatially distributed to monitor physical conditions and organize collected data at a central network location. Their pervasive existence enables efficient computing through sound resource management, interconnected via the internet and other high-tech innovations. This study evaluates EH developments to minimize resource utilization in WSNs, examining key features, proposed frameworks, and models. Furthermore, it reviews specific energy source productions utilized by WSNs. The feasibility of energy storage is also discussed, highlighting its potential for WSNs and paving the way for future directions in this field.
The more technology advances, the extra benefits to the public and devices that connect to the internet have increased as well, commonly known as internet of things (IoT). The battery lifespan of these devices rises with technical concerns where an alternative to traditional energy attainment is needed. As the way forward, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and IoT are tested to be used as novel energy alternatives through energy harvesting (EH). This study identifies the availability of energy by location. Similarly, it focuses on the sensor node's architecture with EH capabilities expanding to the classification of five EH techniques. It evaluates the EH developments in search of minimal resource utilization associated with WSNs. Its extensive distribution of interconnected devices is connected via the internet and other related high-tech innovations. Finally, it discusses the feasibility of energy storage and its potential for WSNs, paving the way for future trends and motivations.
An autonomous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) node powered by a thermal energy harvester with MPPT is proposed in this paper for temperature monitoring. Two commercial TEG modules are used to build up the thermoelectric collector, while an energy management circuit with a DC/DC converter is employed to boost the TEG output voltage. The harvested energy is stored in a supercapacitor. The feasibility of the presented self-powered WSNs node is verified by a series of experiments with various node sleep periods and temperature differences across the thermoelectric generator (ΔTTEG). The results show that the proposed thermal energy harvester can work at its maximum power point and autonomously power a commercial WSN node when ΔTTEG is above 13.3 ℃ and node sleep period is not less than 1.5 s. In addition, the designed self-powered WSNs node can monitor the temperature of industrial devices successfully.
