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On-orbit geometric calibration is a key technology to guarantee the geometric quality of high-resolution optical satellite imagery. In this paper, we present an approach for the on-orbit geometric calibration of high-resolution optical satellite imagery, focusing on two core problems: constructing an on-orbit geometric calibration model and proposi...
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... orbit data observed by GPS receivers is the coordinate of its antenna phase center in WGS84 geocentric euclidean coordinate system. Confined by the size of equipment in the satellite design, there is a position bias between the GPS antenna phase center and the camera's project center, which is called -GPS eccentric vector‖, as shown in Figure 2. To determine the coordinate of the camera's project center in the WGS84 geocentric euclidean coordinate system, an accurate coordinate of the GPS eccentric vector in the satellite's body-fixed coordinate system denoted as (B X , B Y , B Z ) body is ...
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Citations
... In many optical applications, smaller focusing spot is always desired [37], [38], [39], [40]. From Fig. 1d, we see that the radial electric component dominates the focusing field, so reducing the FWHM of radial component will get smaller spot. ...
The generation and focusing properties of higher-order vector beam have attracted lots of interests due to its significant applications. In this paper,we derived the formula of transforming linear polarization into higher-order vector beam with high mode purity, and this approach is applicable to generating vector beam with arbitrary polarization pattern. Based on the derived formula, the focusing properties of higher-order vector beam by dielectric metasurface lens are studied, which exhibit an Abbe-limit-breaking feature for small numerical aperture (NA), i.e., NA
$< $
0.6. When a binary phase (0 & π) is further imposed on the aperture of metasurface lens, the focusing spot of fourth-order polarization breaks Abbe limit even by 14.3
$\%$
at NA=0.6. In addition, the effect of fabrication tolerance, say, substrate thickness and central deviation, on the focusing feature of higher-order vector beam is also investigated. Our study may find significant applications in achieving higher-resolution lithography and imaging, say, by just replacing conventional linearly or circularly polarized source with higher-order vector beam.
... Whether using the rigorous sensor model or rational function model, the imaging model errors are inevitable, such as sensor calibration errors, orbiter positional and attitude errors and instrument installation errors [52], [53]. These errors 2 > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR MANUSCRIPT ID NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < are mainly presented as systematic errors, leading to deviations between the real imaging model and the theoretical model, manifesting as back-projection residuals on the image plane. ...
... These errors 2 > REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR MANUSCRIPT ID NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < are mainly presented as systematic errors, leading to deviations between the real imaging model and the theoretical model, manifesting as back-projection residuals on the image plane. Systematic errors in the imaging model, compared with the random errors from mismatches, take a leading role in the back-projection residuals [53]. Fig.2(b) shows the statistical results of the standard deviation of the back-projection residuals for inliers and outliers of sixty Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Cameras (NAC) image pairs. ...
Mismatch removal is a crucial step in multi-view matching of lunar orbiter images. This process involves complex challenges like terrain-induced distortion and non-unique geometric structures due to repetitive textures. Traditional methods, whether global constraints or local constraints, fall short in adequately addressing these issues in orbiter imagery. Therefore, this paper proposes an effective method for mismatch removal of orbiter images based on global constraint and local geometry preservation combined with the imaging model. In this method, a clean neighborhood of each matching point based on the characteristic of centralized distribution of the back-projection residuals globally is constructed. In the local region, we define a local minimum geometric polygon consisting of the center feature point and its three neighbors, and combine the similarity of the back-projection difference vectors with the affine invariance of the polygon to distinguish the correct matches and mismatches by measuring the degree of local geometry preservation. A series of experiments encompassing parameter sensitivity analysis, comparison studies and ablation experiments were conducted on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. The results indicate that our method exhibits a notable insensitivity to parameter variations, and outperforms other advanced methods in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Moreover, a large-scale orbiter images multi-view matching tie points extraction framework is extended based on the proposed mismatch removal method, which can achieve better results than commonly used photogrammetric software in terms of the number and accuracy of tie points.
... The most commonly used method is to use a rotation matrix as the external calibration model to compensate the external error, and use a polynomial as the internal calibration model to fit the viewing angle of each detector on the CCD of the line scan camera. This kind of method has been successfully applied in camera parameters calibration such as SPOT-5, IKONOS (Wang et al., 2014) and ZY-3 (Cao et al., 2014). This paper aims to carry out high-precision on-orbit calibration of GF-14 stereo camera and evaluate its geopositioning accuracy. ...
The GaoFen-14 (GF-14) satellite is China’s most recent high-resolution earth observation satellite system. It is equipped with a two linear-array stereo camera and is intend for topographic
mapping at 1:10,000-scale without ground control points (GCPs). The technical parameters of payloads will change once the satellite enters orbit. As a result, strict on-orbit
geometric calibration is necessary. This study performs the on-orbit geometric calibration of the GF-14 stereo camera using ground calibration data. The exterior orientation errors are
corrected by a comprehensive bias matrix, internal orientation errors are described by a fifth order polynomial. The results of Yinchuan calibration field show that the planar accuracy is
better than 286 m (RMS) before calibration, and improved to 2.11 m (front camera) and 1.51 m (back camera) by external orientation, and further improved to 1.46 m (front camera) and 0.99
m (back camera) after internal calibration. The front intersection accuracy reaches 0.67 m in plane (RMS) and 1.10 m in elevation (RMS), respectively. Checking by multiple global check
points (CKPs), the planar and elevation RMS reaches 2.38 m (5.09 m in CE90) and 2.08 m (3.43 m in LE90), respectively.
... The geolocation accuracy assessment will include the effects from focal length deviation. If the focal length deviates from the nominal designed value, it should be corrected by putting the focal length as a geolocation parameter in a look-up table (Seo et al., 2016;Tilton et al., 2019;M. Wang et al., 2014). ...
The primary objective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission is to measure biological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of the Earth's surface, realizing a key conceptual component of the envisioned NASA Earth System Observatory (ESO). SBG is planned to launch as a two‐platform mission in the late 2020s, the first of the ESO satellites. Targeted science and applications objectives based on observations of the Earth's SBG helped to define the mission architecture and instrument capabilities for the SBG mission concept. These objectives further drove the need for enabling change detection and trending of surface biological and geological features. These needs implied fundamental calibration goals to achieve the necessary science data quality characteristics. To meet those goals, calibration and validation pre‐launch and on‐orbit methods formed a basis of the calibration and validation concept, including the combined use of on‐board references, vicarious techniques, and routine lunar imaging. International collaboration with space agencies in other countries, an important feature of the recommended SBG mission architecture, uncovered and emphasized the need for inter‐calibration techniques that underscored the importance of collaborative instrument characterization data sharing and the use of common calibration references that are International System of Units (SI) traceable in pre‐launch and post‐launch on orbit calibration mission phases. International collaboration through the use of terrestrial and aquatic networks on six continents for vicarious calibration and validation activities will further assure necessary science data quality while in orbit.
... Using an image pair collected in a cross mode, Pi et al. detailed the geometric calibration model and solution for agile optical satellites [7]. Wang et al. presented a generalized external and internal calibration method for optical satellites, and the presented method was successfully used by many Chinese optical satellites, such as the ZiYuan-3, ZiYuan-1 02C, and GaoFen-1/2/6 satellites [8][9][10][11]. Zhang et al. presented an in-orbit geometric calibration method for the ZiYuan-3 satellite with multistrip images [12]. Yang et al. performed integrated geometric self-calibration of three-line array cameras onboard the ZiYuan-3 satellite [13]. ...
... Generally, existing in-orbit geometric calibration methods for both LAPOSs and FAOSs tend to be mature. With the help of these geometric calibration methods, sensor orientation accuracies, band registration accuracies, and geometric stitching accuracies of optical satellite images can be significantly improved [8,9,20]. However, compared with LAPOSs and FAOSs, linear-array whiskbroom optical satellites (LAWOSs) have more complicated instrument structures and imaging processes. ...
... In order to perform in-orbit geometric calibration of the DaQi-1 WSI, we should first establish the PSM of the DaQi-1 WSI. Generally, establishing the PSM of an optical satellite involves a series of space coordinate transformations, such as the imager coordinate system, satellite-body coordinate system, and attitude determination coordinate system [8,26,27]. Only the PSM can precisely describe the imaging process of the optical satellite, the geometric quality of spatial information products derived from optical satellite images can then be guaranteed. ...
The wide swath imager (WSI) equipped on the DaQi-1 satellite uses a 45° rotary scanning mirror, a K-mirror, and several linear-array charge coupled devices (CCDs) to collect ground images in a whiskbroom mode. In the imaging process, the imaging ray of a ground point is reflected several times by the rotary scanning mirror and the K-mirror before it can arrive at the focal plane. Moreover, the relative geometric relationships among the rotary scanning mirror, the K-mirror, and the linear-array CCDs are constantly changed. Geometric calibration and sensor orientation of the DaQi-1 WSI thereby become very complicated. In this study, the mechanical rotation of the rotary scanning mirror and the K-mirror is equated to the rotation of an equivalent linear-array CCD (ELACCD), and a feasible ELACCD-based in-orbit geometric calibration method for the DaQi-1 WSI is presented. In the presented method, a specific ELACCD-based physical sensor model (PSM) is first established. Then, imager parameters to be calibrated are grouped into three categories, and an ELACCD-based in-orbit geometric calibration model is established. Finally, three categories of calibration parameters are precisely estimated in sequence. Five datasets of DaQi-1 WSI images were tested. The experimental results showed that the established ELACCD-based PSM could precisely describe the imaging process of the DaQi-1 WSI. The presented ELACCD-based geometric calibration method could significantly improve the sensor orientation accuracies of WSI images. The orientation accuracies of the tested images were respectively 13 to 17 pixels and better than 1.0 pixel achieved before and after in-orbit geometric calibration.
... O PTICAL satellite imagery, which displays ground information in a way that approximates human visual perception, plays a critical role in interpreting the world across varying scales [1]. These images find extensive applications in different fields such as disaster assessment, urban planning, and target detection [2] [3]. ...
p>We propose a novel generic method to address the challenge of handling unconstrained multi-view optical satellite photogrammetry under time-varying conditions of illumination and reflection. For one thing, we innovatively represent the surface radiance and albedo produced by extensive lights with continuous radiance fields based on the radiometry principle and then combine the static and transient components for satellite photogrammetry. For another, a novel self-supervised mechanism is introduced to optimize the learning process which leverages dark regions accentuation, transient and static composition, as well as occlusion and shadow suppression. We evaluate the proposed framework via real-world multi-date WorldView-3 images and demonstrate that our proposed model consistently outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.</p
... O PTICAL satellite imagery, which displays ground information in a way that approximates human visual perception, plays a critical role in interpreting the world across varying scales [1]. These images find extensive applications in different fields such as disaster assessment, urban planning, and target detection [2] [3]. ...
p>We propose a novel generic method to address the challenge of handling unconstrained multi-view optical satellite photogrammetry under time-varying conditions of illumination and reflection. For one thing, we innovatively represent the surface radiance and albedo produced by extensive lights with continuous radiance fields based on the radiometry principle and then combine the static and transient components for satellite photogrammetry. For another, a novel self-supervised mechanism is introduced to optimize the learning process which leverages dark regions accentuation, transient and static composition, as well as occlusion and shadow suppression. We evaluate the proposed framework via real-world multi-date WorldView-3 images and demonstrate that our proposed model consistently outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods.</p
... The following describes the variety of camera models used in close-range applications, which have been adopted in GCC tools surveyed in this paper. Camera models used for remote sensing, such as the affine camera model [40], the RPC model [41], the detector directional model [49], are referred to [50]. We begin with global models for central cameras which dominate the GCC tools, and end with generic models. ...
... The Camodocal package supports monocular and stereo GCC with models including the pinhole radial tangential model (4), KB-8, and Mei (49). By default, it supports the checkerboard, but it is relatively easy to extend to other targets. ...
In many camera-based applications, it is necessary to find the geometric relationship between incoming rays and image pixels, i.e., the projection model, through the geometric camera calibration (GCC). Aiming to provide practical calibration guidelines, this work surveys and evaluates the existing GCC tools. The survey covers camera models, calibration targets, and algorithms used in these tools, highlighting their properties and the trends in GCC development. The evaluation compares six target-based GCC tools, namely, BabelCalib, Basalt, Camodocal, Kalibr, the MATLAB calibrator, and the OpenCV-based ROS calibrator, with simulated and real data for cameras of wide-angle and fisheye lenses described by three traditional projection models. These tests reveal the strengths and weaknesses of these camera models, as well as the repeatability of these GCC tools. In view of the survey and evaluation, future research directions of GCC are also discussed.
... These methods are also applicable to remote sensing satellites. In addition, the authors analyzed the correlation between different systematic errors of cameras and applied this method to the Gaofen-4 satellite [15] and resource series satellites [16]. ...
Narrow field-of-view (FOV) cameras enable long-range observations and have been often used in deep space exploration missions. To solve the problem of systematic error calibration for a narrow FOV camera, the sensitivity of the camera systematic errors to the angle between the stars is analyzed theoretically, based on a measurement system for observing the angle between stars. In addition, the systematic errors for a narrow FOV camera are classified into “Non-attitude Errors” and “Attitude Errors”. Furthermore, the on-orbit calibration methods for the two types of errors are researched. Simulations show that the proposed method is more effective in the on-orbit calibration of systematic errors for a narrow FOV camera than the traditional calibration methods.
... On the other hand, the precision of the mapping camera interior orientation elements is one of the key indicators to ensure the satellite mapping accuracy [3]. The factors affecting the precision of the camera interior orientation elements (and the camera accuracy) mainly include the camera's ground calibration and on-orbit calibration [5][6][7]. Unlike multi-line-array mapping cameras, which push and sweep the ground at a fixed angle, the thermal stability of the single-line-array mapping camera is affected during camera flipping [8], so the on-orbit calibration of the camera internal orientation elements becomes more complicated. ...
With the improvement of the satellite resolution, it is urgent to develop the single-line-array mapping camera. However, the camera accuracy is influenced by the satellite attitude’s rapid maneuvering during the imaging process. In our study, a coaxial four-mirror optical system with a field bias with a focal length of 7050 mm, F-number of 10.8, field of view of 1.2°, and spectral range of 450–800 nm is designed. By combining mathematical modeling and ray tracing, the offset of the camera interior orientation elements caused by the misalignment of the secondary mirror is derived. The simulation results show that the maximum relative error does not exceed 2.119%. Besides, a desensitization design method based on the magnification parameter control method is proposed, and the results show that the sensitivity of camera interior orientation elements to the secondary mirror is reduced, indicating the effectiveness of the system desensitization design, which is of great significance for the improvement of camera accuracy.
