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The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined based on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) enhanced Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Service (eMBMS) a set of new features to support the distribution of Terrestrial Broadcast services in Release 14. On the other hand, a new 5 th Generation (5G) system architecture and radio access technology, 5G...
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... shown in Fig. 1, the gNB functions are split into CU and DU, where CU covers higher layer protocol functions of Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), and DU entails lower layer protocol functions of Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY). In a typical Cloud-RAN ...
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... examples are provided regarding the cell arrangements from which a broadcast service may be transmitted, in this case assuming TV/radio services. In Fig. 10, three different deployments are shown consisting of a nation-wide SFN, a regional SFN and a deployment covering the same area by means of single cell transmitters. A central hexagon is highlighted, which belongs to different RBMA IDs according to the network planning requirements of each TV/radio service. A frame transmitted from the ...
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In this paper, we consider the saturation problem in the 3GPP LTE cellular system caused by the expected huge number of machine-type communication (MTC) devices, leading to a significant impact on both machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-machine H2H traffic. M2M communications are expected to dominate traffic in LTE and beyond cellular networks....
Citations
... This allows 5G RAN to regulate its coverage and capacity to some extent. 5G RAN is strongly oriented toward energy efficiency, which is evident from its energy consumption comparisons with the previous generations of WDC for mobile phones (Säily et al., 2020). However, many studies claim that the performance of 5G in terms of energy efficiency can improve considerably if AI is emphasized. ...
Purpose: This paper is a pioneering study that investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance energy efficiency in 5G Radio Access Networks (RANs). This paper aims to identify AI-driven strategies that can significantly optimize energy consumption in the rapidly evolving 5G network infrastructure, which is essential for meeting the increasing demand for high-speed connectivity. Methodology: The methodology used for this research is a detailed review and analysis of the 5G RAN architecture and its energy dynamics, alongside the exploration of AI applications in optimizing network operations. The study focuses on AI techniques such as resource allocation, traffic prediction, adaptive sleep modes, and fault detection, proposing a holistic approach to energy management in 5G networks. A key contribution of this research is its in-depth examination of AI's role in 5G energy efficiency, highlighting its practical implications and potential for future applications. The paper offers novel insights into the implementation of AI in real-world 5G scenarios and addresses the challenges in transitioning from theoretical models to practical solutions. Findings: The findings reveal that AI integration is a vital step towards reducing the environmental footprint of 5G networks, with AI-based solutions showing promise in enhancing efficiency beyond the inherent capabilities of current 5G technologies. Despite many AI applications being in nascent stages, their potential impact on energy efficiency is significant. Unique contributor to theory, policy and practice: This paper is a valuable guide for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers in telecommunications and environmental sustainability. It provides a clear roadmap for leveraging AI in 5G networks, emphasizing the synergy between technological innovation and ecological responsibility.
... 5G RAN is strongly oriented toward energy efficiency, which is evident from its energy consumption comparisons with the previous generations of WDC for mobile phones (Säily et al., 2020). However, many studies claim that the performance of 5G in terms of energy efficiency can improve considerably if AI is emphasized. ...
Cutting-Edge Technologies for the Future
Table of Contents
Decoding Lambda API Architectures: Analyzing Monolithic Lambda
Functions versus Fine-Grained Single-Purpose Functions..................PG 4
Driver Safety High Cabin and Chassis Design in Diesel Forklifts........PG 19
Enhanced Network Reliability Following Emergency (E911) Calls.......PG 39
Artificial Intelligence and Energy Efficiency of 5G Radio Access
Network...........................................................................PG 55
Demystifying AI: Navigating the Balance between Precision and
Comprehensibility with Explainable Artificial Intelligence...............PG 69
... Since 5G communication has to overcome the problems of delay, energy consumption, cost, and high data transmission rates, MIMO antennas have become an important research area. According to 3GPP, 5G new radio (N.R.) frequency bands are mainly divided into sub-6 GHz frequency bands and millimeter-wave frequency bands [2]. ...
... Figures 11 and 12 show the current distribution without and with the isolation structure, respectively. As seen from the two current distribution cases, the isolation unit can significantly reduce the coupling current between Ant. 2 Figures 11 and 12 show the current distribution without and with the isolation structure, respectively. As seen from the two current distribution cases, the isolation unit can significantly reduce the coupling current between Ant. 2 and Ant. 3. Figures 11 and 12 show the current distribution without and with the isolation structure, respectively. ...
This paper proposes an eight-element dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the fifth generation (5G), n78 (3400–3600 MHz), and WLAN (5275–5850 MHz) bands to accommodate the usage scenarios of 5G mobile phones. The eight antenna elements are printed on two long frames, which significantly reduce the usage of the internal space of the mobile phone. Each antenna element is printed on both surfaces of one frame, which consists of a radiator on the internal surface and a defected ground plane on the outer surface. The radiator is a rectangular ring fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line which is printed on the top surface of the system board. A parasitic unit is printed on the outer surface of each frame, which is composed of an inverted H-shaped and four L-shaped patches. Each parasitic unit is connected to the internal surface of the frames through a via, and then it is connected to a 1.5 mm wide microstrip line on the top surface of the system board, which is connected to the ground plane on the bottom surface of the system board by a via. Four L-shaped slots, four rectangular slots, and four U-shaped slots are etched onto the system board, which provides good isolation between the antenna elements. Two merged rectangular rings are printed on the center of each frame, which improves the isolation further. The return loss is better than 6 dB, and the isolation between the units is better than 15 dB in the required working frequency bands. In addition, the use of a defected ground structure not only makes the antenna element obtain better isolation but also improves the overall working efficiency. The measurement results show that the proposed MIMO antenna structure can be an ideal solution for 5G and WLAN applications.
... The paper [4] presents a comprehensive review on the convergence of broadcast and broadband in the 5G network. The authors in [5] proposed an enhanced Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) architecture with architectural and functional enhancements to provide the efficient delivery of terrestrial broadcast services. The work in [6] explores a mixed transmission mode that utilizes shared multicast, broadcast, and unicast resources over the same physical channel. ...
There has been an exponential increase in the usage of multimedia services in mobile networks in recent years. To address this accelerating data demand, mobile networks are experiencing a subtle transformation in their architecture. One of the changes in this direction is the support of Multicast/Broadcast Service (MBS) in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Fifth Generation (5G) network. The MBS has been introduced to enhance resource utilization and user experience in 3GPP 5G networks. However, there are certain limitations in the 3GPP 5G MBS architecture, such as the selection of the delivery method (unicast or broadcast) by the core network (may result in sub-optimal radio resource utilization) and no provision for converging non-3GPP broadcast technologies (like digital terrestrial television) with cellular (3GPP 5G) broadband. In this context, we propose a new architecture for broadcast broadband convergence in mobile networks. A novelty of the architecture is that it treats signalling exchange with User Equipment (UE) as data (service) which results in improved scalability of mobile networks. The proposed architecture can also be extended for the convergence of cellular broadband and non-3GPP broadcast networks with ease. The architecture supports enhanced flexibility in choosing a delivery method (3GPP 5G unicast, 3GPP 5G broadcast, or non-3GPP broadcast) for user data. We evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture using process algebra-based simulations, demonstrating a significant reduction in the number of signalling messages exchanged between the UE and the network for MBS session establishment as compared to the 3GPP 5G network.
... To meet these escalating needs, network operators continue to invest in network capability enhancement and usage optimization (Oughton et al., 2021). It would be advantageous for end users, developers, network operators, cellular vendors, and researchers to have a generic architectural solution to allocate requirements from multiple domains (Säily et al., 2020). A universal access network is most likely to use RAN capabilities more effectively and offer enhanced performance (Khaturia et al., 2021). ...
... A detailed procedure for high-level evaluations, including complexity, imprint, latency, scalability, resource efficiency, and dimensionality analysis, providing insightful and practical instructions on the feasibility of RAN architectures, was proposed by (Säily et al., 2020). It is generally understood that 5G mobile networks must be evaluated using concepts/criteria, such as capacity, data rate, lower E2E latency, massive device connectivity, reduced capital and operations costs, and consistent QoE provisioning. ...
... For instance, a dense (heterogeneous) community in a city location requires an architecture that provides reliable (redundant) services, which is different from a suburban (less heterogeneous) community that requires less reliability in QoS. Accordingly, evaluators can define different weighting values for each criterion (Säily et al., 2020). Third, it can be seen from the work proposed in (Habibi et al., 2019) that some 5G-RANs criteria are affected directly when some other criteria increase or decrease, causing a trade-off or conflict issue. ...
Fifth-generation (5G) technology provides new possibilities for a variety of applications, but it also comes with challenges influenced by distinct aspects, such as the size of organizations that use such technology. Therefore, it is important to understand which architecture of 5G-radio access networks (RANs) is best for a given purpose; this requires an evaluation platform for assessment. This paper tackles this problem by presenting a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) solution based on a new integrated fuzzy set. The proposed integrated approach, which is based on a Type-2 neutrosophic fuzzy environment, is developed to address the application challenges of 5G-RANs architecture evaluation , as also to face the MCDM theoretical challenge represented by ambiguities and inconsistencies among decision makers within the decision making context of the presented case study. Many MCDM techniques for weighting and selection were presented from the literature, yet many of them still suffer from inconsistencies and uncertainty. Therefore, the chosen methods in this research are unique in a way that previous issues are addressed, making them suitable for integration with Type-2 neutrosophic fuzzy environment, and therefore creating a more robust decision platform for the presented challenge in this research, as a theoretical contribution. First, a new “Type-2 Neutrosophic Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency” (T2NN-FWZIC) technique is formulated for weighting the evaluation criteria of RAN architectures. Second, another new method, namely, “Type-2 Neutrosophic Fuzzy Decision by Opinion Score Method” (T2NN-FDOSM), was formulated to select the optimal RAN architecture using the obtained weights. The weighting results by T2NN-FWZIC for the (n=25) evaluation criteria revealed that (C21 latency and C22 reliability) as the most important criteria, with 0.06 value for each as opposed to (C15 Data Processing) as the lowest weighted criteria with 0.0186 value. As for T2NN-FDOSM, a total of four 5G-RAN architectures were evaluated, including “virtualized cloud RAN” coming as the optimal one, followed by “fog RAN,” “cloud RAN,” and finally “heterogeneous cloud RAN.” The results were confirmed by carrying out a sensitivity analysis. The outcome of this study can be used to assist future 5G-RAN developments according to business needs and to establish an assessment platform for 5G technology in different domains and applications.
... The full potential of AI in the 5G era is difficult to realize. In the launch stage, the AI was not integrated into 5G architecture [64][65]. ...
While the fifth-generation mobile network is being commercialized worldwide, researchers have recently started looking towards the next generation, called the 6G network. Unlike 5G and previous generations of wireless technologies designed to improve network performance for greater bandwidth, lower latency and greater reliability, 6G ecosystems is considered a platform conducive to innovations in the fields of computing, artificial intelligence, connectivity and sensors, virtualization and more. It is designed to meet the requirements of higher global coverage, greater spectral efficiency, a reduced carbon footprint, with an emphasis on sustainability, equity, trust and security through unprecedented architectural evolutions and technology. 6G will be an integrated network system that includes a traditional terrestrial mobile network, space network, and underwater network to provide ubiquitous network access. Even if there are studies on vision of 6G network that have already been published, there is still a significant amount of ground to cover. There is no decision made yet regarding anything and nothing has been ruled out. The focus of this study is to identify a complete picture of changes in architectures, technologies, and challenges that will shape the 6G network. We hope the research results will provide indications for further studies on 6G ecosystems.
... Using these techniques and mechanisms, the 5G can overcome the challenges of multimedia applications such as latency and traffic [17]. Some of the use cases that lie on 5G end-to-end experience are discussed here [33,36]. One of the prime applications of 5G is industrial IoT. ...
Polar codes are a class of block codes which are widely used in communication networks. Polar codes have been utilized in the fifth generation of enhanced mobile broadband systems (5G) due to their performance in error correction and also their low instinct complexity in implementation. However when they come in very large blocks, their efficient implementation in reasonable time is challenging. The automatic code generator (ACG) tools are useful and essential in these cases, when the design process should be error prone and time consuming. This paper presents an error prone and fast ACG tool to generate the VHDL description code at gate level for Polar decoders in multimedia communication systems according to user adjusted parameters including code-length, code-rate and quantization width, called PoCH tool. The PoCH constructs the Polar decoder using the design SNR and Bhattacharyya parameters which are set by the user, or are provided by a file consisting of the frozen bits location. The PoCH can generate the Polar decoder for four famous algorithms including SC, SSC, Fast-SSC and Fast-SSC + BiREP algorithms. To validate the performance of the PoCH tool, the block counts is presented for each generated code for various code-length, code-rate and Bhattacharyya parameters. Finally, the time consumed by the tool to generate Polar channel decoders for each algorithm is compared.
... Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Service (MBMS) technology [3] is proposed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to effectively solve the problem of insufficient wireless spectrum resources through multicast transmission. Multicast data is transmitted via the overlapping Multicast Broadcast Synchronized Frequency Network (MBSFN), which improves wireless spectrum utilization and reduces interference among cells. ...
Video delivery over wireless networks with limited network resources and dynamically changing channel quality is an important challenge, and one of the most promising solutions for tackling this problem is to employ multicast transmissions, which improves network resource utilization efficiency. This paper focuses on delivering video concurrently to multiple users over mobile networks leveraging Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Service (MBMS) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) technology. We propose a
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-means clustering and cooperative bargaining game-based adaptive video multicast solution (KGS) over mobile edge networks, with the goal of providing high-quality video delivery service in an envisaged MBMS service area across multiple cell sites. By taking user subgrouping, resource allocation, and bitrate adaptation into account, we establish a Cooperative Bargaining Game (CBG) based joint optimization model for multiple Multicast Broadcast Synchronized Frequency Network (MBSFN) users in mobile edge networks. Then we transform this model into a two-stage convex optimization problem and a nonlinear integer programming problem. We propose a heuristic approach to solve them and achieve a Pareto optimal video delivery strategy for all users. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed scheme is evaluated through extensive simulations.
... 5G Evolution focuses on improving features introduced in Rel-15 and Rel-16, advancing operations, and expanding the 5G System's applicability to new markets and use cases. [9], [10]. ...
... Therefore, there must be the latest innovations that can keep Radio alive and attractive to its listeners. Because a good radio is a radio whose existence can be accepted by the public, and the content of the broadcast is widely liked by the outside community in general and certain listeners who are targeted in particular (Säily, 2020). ...
Radio is a public media that conveys the content of its message in the form of information, entertainment, news, and education by audio. In broadcasting, the Radio should have a program that suits the tastes of listeners, has excellent programs, and broadcasters who have their own privileges in communicating with their listeners, as is the case with this Fuad FM radio with some of its program programs that adjust the tastes of its listeners, besides that it does not forget to make its flagship show programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze radio broadcast programs in general. The motto used is a qualitative research method. The results obtained from this study show an in-depth analysis of the ins and outs of radio broadcasting, starting from the programs, strategies for creating programs, factors, and others. So, a broadcast program is everything that a broadcasting station displays in the form of sound, image, or sound and image or in the form of graphics, and characters, whether interactive or not, that can be received through a broadcast receiving device to meet the needs of its audience.
