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As a part of the European Statistical System, a general concept of measuring the quality of life was presented, defining its dimensions and partial indicators. The methodological objective of the study is to opera-tionalize the measurement of subjective well-being(SW-B). The proposed method of measuring SW-B is based on the above concept, while inc...
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... The concept of capabilities was developed and refined by Amartya Sen in a series of books and journal articles (1982,1985,1987,1999,2000,2010), following the Tanner lecture delivered in 1979 (Sen, 1980), in which he described how personal well-being should be measured. This approach has since been synthesised and applied by various authors in a wide variety of fields (Alkire, 2002;Robeyns, 2003Robeyns, , 2005Kuklys, 2005;Comim, Qizilbash and Alkire, 2008;Schokkaert, 2009;Basu and López-Calva, 2011;Schlosberg, 2012;Lorgelly et al., 2015;Slabbert, 2018;Panek and Zwierzchowski, 2020) Unlike other philosophical approaches to measuring people's happiness, which focus on desire fulfilment, income, consumption or satisfaction of basic needs, Sen's capability approach is concerned with people's capabilities, which describe what people are actually able to do and to be. ...
The aim of this study is to estimate and compare subjective well-being in the EU member states. Moreover, the study investigates the objective factors influencing the level of SWB. Special attention was paid to the relationship between subjective well-being and income and subjective well-being and age. The study also contains a comparative analysis of national profiles of subjective well-being in the EU member states. In addition, the EU member states were classified taking into account the degree of similarity between the structure of subjective well-being (similarity of relationships between the indicators of SWB components).
The theoretical part includes a novel approach to measuring subjective well-being, which is based on recent recommendations of Eurostat and A. Sen’s capabilities approach. Under this approach, heterogeneous ways of maximizing SWB are taken into account, resulting from individuals’ capabilities and preferences and different living conditions, which depend on the stage of economic development and social customs in the country concerned. Moreover, this approach makes it possible to empirically verify hypotheses about potential factors influencing the dimensions of SWB. A multiple indicators and multiple causes (MIMIC) model was used to operationalise the capabilities approach. Based on the results of the MIMIC model, subjective well-being index (SWBI) and subjective well-being component indices (SWBCI) were proposed. The recommended method of constructing SWB indicators yields results that are comparable between countries and SWB components. In addition, a number of SWB kernel density estimations were performed in the general populations of the countries analysed in the study in order to gain addition comparative insights into SWB. A comparative analysis of national profiles by subjective well-being was carried out using one of the methods of factor analysis, namely correspondence analysis. The classification of the EU member states in terms of the similarity between their structures of subjective well-being (similarity of relationships between the indicators of SWB components) was conducted using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. Various tools were proposed to analyse the relationship between subjective well-being and income and between subjective well-being and age. Firstly, the relationships were evaluated by estimating the kernel regression of SWB on income and on age, for each the EU country separately. Next, differences in the relationship between average SWBI and average equivalised income in the EU countries were analysed. Finally, the kernel regression function of average values of SWBI on average equivalised income was estimated for all data points representing the EU countries.
In the empirical part, we used the proposed methodology to estimate SWB indicators in the EU member states in 2018. Moreover, we examined which factors determined subjective well-being in these countries. Next, we conducted a comparative analysis of national profiles in terms of subjective well-being and the clustering of EU-27 countries according to the similarity of their structures of subjective well-being. Finally, interrelationships between subjective well-being and its determinants were analysed. The empirical analyses was based on data from the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for 2018.
... kebebasan sebagai bagian dari seseorang. Menurut Zwierzchowski & Panek, (2020), ini berarti capaian (functionings) merupakan manifestasi dari pilihan yang dilakukan individu saat menentukan jalan hidupnya. Menurut Krishnakumar (2021: 453), pendekatan kapabilitas Sen adalah teori normatif yang menawarkan kerangka kerja pemikiran untuk mengevaluasi kesejahteraan masyarakat dan kebijakan pemerintah. ...
This research aims to explore the concept of capabilities and functionings according to Hindu clergy (Sulinggih) in Bali, and then identify and confirm the dimensions. These two terms make an important contribution to Amartya Sen's theory of well-being, and this research develops these two concepts in the clergy. This research was designed using mixed methods (exploratory sequential mixed methods) through qualitative research with in-depth interviews with 10 informants and carrying out FGDs attended by 12 participants to explore the concept of Sulinggih's capabilities and functioning and identify its constituent dimensions. The data was analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model using the NVivo application for the data reduction process. The results of the concept analysis and forming dimensions were then confirmed quantitatively with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through data collected from questionnaires to 95 respondents. The findings in this research are that functioning in clergy life also involves various aspects of life (not only spiritual aspects), including material, physical, psychological, and social aspects. Capabilities, according to clergy in Bali, are capabilities for the health of the body, thoughts, feelings, and affiliation. The contribution of this research in developing the concept of well-being of the clergy and the implications of this research in religious life in Bali are also discussed in this paper.
... In this context, welfare is often collated with wellbeing and, especially in the subjective perception, can be assigned with happiness, quality of life, and life satisfaction (Diener, 2009;Fahey & Smyth, 2004;Joshanloo et al., 2018). Subjective well-being measurement was an interest of Zwierzchowski & Panek (2020), who considered how people experience and evaluate their lives as well as the activities within their existence. The set of determinants and indicator variables used clearly indicated that the Authors equate the concept of subjective well-being to the issue of quality of life, with the predominance of psychological feelings. ...
... Within the range of issues connected with the research on socio-economic development, the importance lies in reducing poverty and promoting subjective welfare, which result from the impact of policies aimed at limiting inequalities. Glewwe (1991), the United Nations (UNDP 2012), Laskowska & Dańska-Borsiak (2018) go even further, indicating the need to investigate welfare at the household level (or, if possible for the individual, e.g.: Zwierzchowski & Panek, 2020) and that the accuracy of household welfare estimates is related to the characteristics of a household and the conditions in which it operates, including the local environment and the place of residence (Woods et al., 2005). ...
... This approach is consistent with the views on taking into account additional conditions of a household or an individual. Documents from Eurostat Agendas on material deprivation or social exclusion indicate that the feelings of happiness or fulfilment depend directly on the professed principles, set of values or strength of the family more than the monthly income (Cutillo et al., 2020;Menyhert et al., 2021;Nolan & Whelan, 2010;Zwierzchowski & Panek, 2020). That was the reasoning behind the proposed set of indicators and determinants for estimating the subjectively perceived welfare of Polish households (Table 3). ...
The growing interest in the concept of using welfare categories as a measure of economic or social development results from the fact that dominant income categories have been replaced by solutions related to individuals’ basic, existential and higher-order needs being fulfilled. The transition from analysing the poverty rate category, through the various approaches to material deprivation, to the perception of welfare in economic, subjective, or hidden terms is visible. The main purpose of the study is to estimate the subjective level of welfare of households in Poland. The subjective level of various socio-economic phenomena is often difficult to estimate; therefore, the study uses the approach of structural modelling for the multiple indicators and multiple causes model (MIMIC), which assumes the presence of a latent variable. The research is based on data from the Social Diagnosis panel study for household level in Poland. Based on the construction and positive substantive and statistical verification of the model the results show that subjectively the best welfare situation was identified mainly for households located in countryside areas, where even the lowest estimated levels of welfare exceed the highest estimated levels for cities of various sizes. Investigating the spatial distribution, the highest levels of subjective welfare were recorded for the Lubelskie and Swietokrzyskie voivodeships, and thanks to moving to a higher spatial data aggregation level (to the sub-regional), a more detailed assessment of spatial units was possible. In further research, individualised voivodeship models will be estimated to capture a more accurate differentiation of the influence of MIMIC model variables. A similar direction of analysis is anticipated for sub-regional data.
... Functioning is a comprehensive concept that includes what a person looks like, what he does, and what he has which also includes freedom as a part of a person. According to Zwierzchowski and Panek (2020), it means that functioning is a manifestation of the choices that individuals make when determining their life path. Functioning in complex concepts includes achieving self-esteem, being socially integrated and happy, and taking part in social life (Crespo, 2013:42). ...
... A person's capability consists of a vector collection of alternative functionings that represent his freedom in real terms as an opportunity to achieve a goal (do something or become something) based on the average resource and utilization capability (Gotoh, 2021:51). Zwierzchowski and Panek (2020) define capabilities in this case as a person's potential way to become something and do something that is accessible. It means that in this case, it is not an achievement that counts for well-being analysis, but a potential achievement. ...
... According to Amartya Sen, conversion factors are inherent in each individual. Regarding the measurement of well-being with CA, the set of capabilities available to individuals is limited by the objectivity of external factors and individual characteristics in other words the ability to convert from resources into capabilities (Zwierzchowski and Panek, 2020). ...
span lang="EN-US">This paper aims to determine the possibility of applying Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach to analyze the well-being of Hindu clergy in Bali. Literature studies were carried out on the variables mentioned by Amartya Sen in several of his writings and studies, as well as studies conducted by several economists as a further study of Sen's theory. This study offers a conceptual framework to explain and predict the influence of variables in Sen's theory on the achievement of the well-being of Hindu clergy in Bali. The variables studied in this paper are resources, commodities, capabilities, conversion factors, social choice, and functioning. In this case, commodities and capabilities can act as mediating variables, while conversion factors and social choice are considered to moderate the influence of resources on the achievement of functioning.</span
... Table 3 reports on the main aims of the included articles as well as the main methods used to develop the individual measurement tool or to empirically test its measurement properties. Out of the 52 included articles, 8 described the development of a measurement instrument [31-35, 39, 40, 42], 20 focused on checking psychometric properties of existing tools [49, 50, 52, 54-58, 61, 63-71, 74], 2 evaluated different instruments comparatively [28,75], and 8 reported results of actual measurements of health-related capabilities [23,24,27,41,[44][45][46][47]. The remaining (n = 14) articles had a mixed focus: on development/measurement (n = 2) [25,26], development/psychometric properties (n = 9) [29, 30, 36-38, 43, 51, 53, 62], or comparison/psychometric properties (n = 3) [59,60,73]. ...
Das Bewegungsverhalten der Bevölkerung in Deutschland zeigt einen deutlichen Bedarf an Maßnahmen zur Bewegungsförderung über die gesamte Lebensspanne. Bereits gewonnene Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang zwischen dem Bewegungsverhalten und der Ungleichheit in der Bevölkerung zeigen, dass es einen Bedarf an Projekten zur Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung gibt, welche die gesundheitliche Ungleichheit adressieren und somit die Gesundheit von vulnerablen Gruppen stärken. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde untersucht, wie Bewegungsförderung auf ganzheitlicher Ebene, also individuumsbezogen und auch strukturell gelingen kann. Im Rahmen von drei wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen wurde diesbezüglich die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes, ursprünglich aus der Gesundheitsökonomie nach Amartya Sen (1993) stammend, hinsichtlich seiner Tauglichkeit als ganzheitlicher theoretischer Ansatz in der Bewegungsförderung bei verschiedenen Projekten über die Lebensspanne untersucht. In einer systematischen Literaturübersicht stellt Artikel I den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Messmethoden von Capabilities bezüglich Gesundheits- bzw. Bewegungsverhalten dar. Hierbei wurde untersucht, ob bereits Messinstrumente bestehen, welche im Rahmen von Projekten angewandt werden können, um einen Vergleich über Settings hinweg anstellen zu können. Identifizierte Messinstrumente wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklung sowie deren Validität und Reliabilität begutachtet. Artikel II untersucht im Rahmen eines partizipativen Ansatzes die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes im Rahmen von partizipativen Projekten des Capital4Health Verbunds. Der Verbund zielt auf die Entwicklung von Handlungsmöglichkeiten für einen aktiven Lebensstil in verschiedenen Settings über die gesamte Lebensspanne. Hierfür wurde der sogenannte Capability-Cycle basierend auf einem bereits bestehenden Capability-Modell der Gesundheitsförderung entwickelt. Unter Anwendung des Modells wurden 4 Projekte hinsichtlich der Umsetzung des Capability-Ansatzes untersucht. Durch die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle konnte ein Vergleich der empirischen Projekte hinsichtlich der Projektumsetzung, entstandener Umwandlungsfaktoren als Projekt Outcome sowie projektspezifischer Evaluationsergebnisse durchgeführt werden. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass trotz eines gemeinsamen theoretischen Rahmenkonzeptes die empirischen Projekte den Capability-Ansatz unterschiedlich interpretiert und umgesetzt haben. Dies ist teilweise abhängig von den unterschiedlichen sportwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen sowie den disziplinspezifischen bestehenden theoretischen Rahmenkonzepten, welche in die Projektarbeit einfließen. Die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse des Vergleichs wurden anschließend genutzt, um Empfehlungen für die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes in der Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung zu entwickeln, welche zukünftigen Projekten zur Verfügung stehen, die den Capability-Ansatz als theoretisches Rahmenkonzept verwenden möchten. Durch die empirisch entwickelten Richtlinien können neue Projekte von den bisherigen Erkenntnissen profitieren und es kann gleichzeitig eine Vergleichbarkeit von Projekten ermöglicht werden. Um die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle als Evaluationsrahmen auch außerhalb des Capital4Health Verbunds zu überprüfen, wurde in Artikel 3 das Projekt „Bewegung als Investition in Gesundheit (BIG) retrospektiv in einer systematischen Literaturanalyse untersucht. Das Projekt entstand im Jahr 2005 mit dem Ziel, Frauen „in schwierigen Lebenslagen“ (so die von den Teilnehmerinnen selbst gewählte Beschreibung) zu befähigen, sich für ihre eigene Gesundheit einzusetzen, und damit die bewegungsbezogene gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit innerhalb kommunaler Settings Hierfür wurde eine systematische Literaturanalyse aller bisherigen BIG-Publikationen (n=37) durchgeführt und hinsichtlich genannter Ergebnisse analysiert. Alle Ergebnisse wurden nach deren Ebene, sprich Multiplikatoren oder Zielgruppe sowie den einzelnen Elementen des Capability-Cycle eingebettet. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass durch die Verwendung des Capability-Cycle eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der erzielten Ergebnisse sowohl auf der Verhaltens- als auch auf der Verhältnisebene möglich ist. Durch die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift, konnte die Verwendung des Capability-Ansatzes insbesondere in der Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung geprüft und weiterentwickelt werden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Capability-Ansatz für die Anwendung in der Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung eine Grundbasis bildet, welche verschiedene Sichtweisen (Empowerment und Ungleichheitsforschung, sowie das Verhalten selbst) mit einbezieht. In der Zukunft sollte der Ansatz daher in Interventionen weiter Anwendung finden, um diese spezifisch an die Zielgruppen anzupassen und dabei beeinflussende individuelle und strukturelle Faktoren sowie Multiplikatoren und deren Handlungsmöglichkeiten zu beachten.
... The capability approach was developed and refined by Amartya Sen after delivering the Tanner lecture in 1979 (Sen, 1980), in which he described how the well-being of an individual should be measured (Sen, 1982(Sen, , 1985(Sen, , 1987(Sen, , 1999(Sen, , 2000(Sen, , 2010. This approach has since been synthesised and practically applied by various authors in a wide variety of fields (Alkire, 2002;Basu and López-Calva, 2011;Comim et al., 2008;Kuklys, 2005;Robeyns, 2003Robeyns, , 2005Lorgelly et al., 2015;Panek & Zwierzchowski, 2020;Schlosberg, 2012;Schokkaert, 2009;Slabbert, 2018). This concept assumes that commodities themselves are not crucial in achieving a high quality of life, and that it is the properties of Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
A novel method of measuring the degree of social exclusion (hereafter: DSE) is presented. Conceptually, the proposed approach is based on the Sen’s concept of capabilities. The operationalisation of the DSE measurement was conducted using the MIMIC model. It allows for assessing the DSE as well as identifying ways in which functioning of individuals leads to social exclusion. Moreover, it enables identification of individuals’ personal, social, and environmental characteristics that influence their DSE. Finally, as the proposed method is model-based, it allows for factoring in different ways of functioning of individuals in various countries in the measurement process. The empirical part of the paper presents a comparative analysis of the DSE among the population aged 50 + in eight EU countries using data from The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, 2017). Specifically, the analysis was conducted for: Denmark and Sweden (the Nordic countries), France and Germany (the Continental European countries), Italy and Spain (Mediterranean European countries), Czechia and Poland (Eastern European countries). The Nordic and Continental European countries proved to be less affected by social exclusion among older individuals than Eastern and Mediterranean European countries. Moreover, the results indicate that the DSE in each of the distinguished domain was determined by different underlying factors, the influence of which varied from country to country. Gaining a better understanding of various paths in which older people become socially excluded can help to support policies designed to combat social exclusion of this group of persons within the EU member states.
... The model includes 9 dimensions: material living conditions, productive or main activity, health, education, leisure and social interactions, economic and physical safety, governance and basic rights, natural and living environment, and overall experience of life. Each of the dimensions is represented by a set of determinants (including individual characteristics of the respondents, such as gender, age, place of living or health status) and a set of symptoms which are directly an observable list of variables from EU-SILC questionnaires (see more details of the model in: Zwierzchowski & Panek, 2020). The analytical framework is presented in Figure 1 and the list of symptoms for each domain is included in Annex 1. Panek, 2016). ...
Background
The aim of this paper is to construct the tool that can be used to measure multidimensional quality of life of persons with disabilities in comparison with population without disabilities for the purpose of monitoring of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Methods
The Sen’s capability approach was applied to conceptualize the quality of life. We followed guidelines of The Quality of Life Framework developed within the European Statistical System. The QoL scores in each domain (covered by the UNCRPD) were constructed using multiply indicators and multiple causes model (MIMIC). All analysis were based on 2018 EU-SILC data for Poland. We constructed quality of life indicators for population with and without disabilities and compared the differences. ResultsPersons without disability experienced higher QoL as compared to population with disabilities, overall and in various domains. Lower average QoL of persons with disabilities is a result of a lower share of those who experience high QoL. The biggest difference is observed for health and for productive and main activity domains. For material conditions and economic security and physical safety there was a moderate difference recorded. For the leisure and social relations domain there is almost no difference observed. Additionally, we identified diversified impact of particular determinants (such as age, gender, household situation, education, partner status, urbanization, health) on the QoL across domains and analysed populations.Conclusions
This tool developed in this paper can be calibrated to enable cross-country and in time comparisons between different populations support evidenced-based social policy.
... A very interesting method for assessing QoL is provided by the capability approach, which was developed and refined by Amartya Sen as a framework for describing and measuring individual well-being [2,4,5,[22][23][24]. This framework has been synthesized and practically applied by various authors in a wide variety of fields [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The capability approach is based on the assumption that it is not access to commodities themselves that is crucial for individuals to achieve a high quality of life and their desired lifestyle, but rather the properties of those commodities. ...
The aim of the paper is to identify the mechanisms shaping the quality of life of the residents of poor neighborhoods based on the example of a deprived area of Łódź city center. To analyze this multidimensional phenomenon, the capability approach is used with a special focus on conversion factors that limit the pursuit of preferred lifestyles. Based on 80 in–depth interviews with residents and register data from public authorities (at the building level, which enables presenting the detailed spatial distribution of the analyzed issues), individual trajectories in the form of individual mechanisms have been established and then aggregated. The aggregation is presented as a web of social exclusion. The collected information has allowed the author to create a categorization of conversion factors in degraded areas that take into account their interrelationships and complex cause–effect mechanisms. The classification is constructed using the following categories: housing conditions, economic wealth, knowledge and skills, norms, attitudes and social capital, work environment, and life conditions (defined mainly as access to public services and space). Combining quantitative data (at the building level) with qualitative data provided the author with crucial input for the identification of specific public policy actions that can affect conversion factors.
... 2014;Grable i in. 2013;Plagnol, Easterlin 2008;Zwierzchowski, Panek 2020). Ocena warunków życia zależy zatem nie tylko od dotychczasowego poziomu zaspokojenia potrzeb, lecz także jego odniesienia do grupy referencyjnej (social comparison gap, framing). ...
... W swoich pracach badacze sięgają także po krajowe źródła danych indywidualnych, takie jak Badania budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS (Cyrek, Cyrek 2018;Czech 2017;Dudek i in. 2012;Piekut 2016Piekut , 2017Utzig 2018), Diagnoza społeczna (Czapiński 2015;Dudek 2017;Dudek, Szczesny 2015Growiec, Growiec 2010;Murawska 2012;Perera 2014;Sompolska-Rzechuła 2017), EU-SILC Europejskie Badanie Warunków Życia Ludności (Panek 2015c;Panek, Zwierzchowski 2019;Zwierzchowski, Panek 2020) lub różne sondaże, w tym CBOS (Włodarczyk 2015a(Włodarczyk , 2015b. Taki przekrój źródeł danych wpływa na różnorodność badanych obszarów jakości życia polskich gospodarstw domowych. ...
... Pozytywny wpływ materialnych warunków życia, które wyodrębniono jako jedną z domen jakości życia, znajduje odzwierciedlenie we wzroście dochodów ekwiwalentnych gospodarstw domowych oraz samooceny co do możliwości "wiązania końca z końcem" przy aktualnych dochodach, w spadku zasięgu ubóstwa monetarnego i deprywacji materialnej, a także zmniejszaniu się stopnia problemów związanych z jakością mieszkania oraz adekwatnością jego wielkości w stosunku do potrzeb gospodarstw domowych. W innym badaniu tych autorów (Zwierzchowski, Panek 2020) przy wykorzystaniu tej samej klasy modeli zidentyfi kowano cechy (zmienne), które określają subiektywny dobrostan gospodarstw domowych. Jak ustalono, jest on determinowany przede wszystkim przez lepszą samoocenę stanu zdrowia i wyższe dochody. ...
Głównym celem książki jest diagnoza warunków życia nadmiernie zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Realizacja tego celu pozwoliła na zmniejszenie luki w zakresie badań nad konsekwencjami zadłużania się gospodarstw domowych.
Ambicją autorów było opracowanie swoistego studium nadmiernie zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych oraz ich warunków życia, przy czym projekt ten został ukierunkowany nie tylko na kompleksową ocenę i weryfikację empiryczną sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw domowych, ale także usystematyzowanie kwestii terminologicznych i metodycznych.
Na część zasadniczą pracy składa się sześć rozdziałów, przy czym trzy z nich dotyczą zagadnień teoretyczno-metodycznych, a pozostałe trzy mają charakter empiryczno-analityczny i odnoszą się do wyników badań własnych. Każdy rozdział kończy krótkie podsumowanie zawierające najważniejsze ustalenia płynące z danej części pracy, natomiast wnioski końcowe dotyczące całości pracy zostały zamieszczone w zakończeniu.
W pierwszym rozdziale przedstawiono zarys problematyki zadłużenia gospodarstw domowych. Dokonano przeglądu teorii wyjaśniających zachowania gospodarstw domowych na rynku kredytów, poczynając od teorii cyklu życia i dochodu permanentnego, poprzez ich rozszerzenia, a kończąc na wkładzie ekonomii behawioralnej i socjologii w wyjaśnienie rosnącego zadłużenia. Następnie scharakteryzowano dostępne źródła danych zawierające informacje na temat skali kredytowania gospodarstw domowych, a także zaprezentowano podstawowe informacje o zadłużeniu w Polsce. W końcowej części rozdziału, dla właściwego umiejscowienia prowadzonych w pracy analiz, dokonano przeglądu dotychczasowych badań poruszających kwestie zadłużenia polskich gospodarstw domowych na poziomie mikroekonomicznym.
Rozdział drugi poświęcono analizie empirycznej zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Po omówieniu metodyki badań, doboru i charakterystyki próby, przedstawiono portret zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych, wykorzystując wyniki badań własnych. Prezentując sytuację zadłużeniową, posłużono się obiektywnymi charakterystykami zadłużenia oraz jego subiektywnymi ocenami. W osobnym podrozdziale przeprowadzono analizę motywów zadłużania się w przekrojach społeczno-ekonomicznych gospodarstw domowych.
W rozdziale trzecim, który stanowi punkt wyjścia dla dalszych rozważań i analiz, zdefiniowano pojęcie i istotę zbyt dużego obciążenia długiem. Po zarysowaniu koncepcji nadmiernego zadłużenia omówiono czynniki mikro- i makroekonomiczne sprzyjające powstawaniu tego zjawiska. Uzupełnieniem kwestii związanych z metodyką badania nadmiernego zadłużenia gospodarstw domowych jest przegląd wskaźników wykorzystywanych w tego typu badaniach.
Czwarty rozdział ma charakter empiryczny i jest poświęcony analizie nadmiernie zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Wykorzystując wskaźniki obiektywne i subiektywne, omówiono najpierw ogólny poziom tego zjawiska i relacje pomiędzy różnymi jego wymiarami, by następnie przejść do analizy przekrojowej nadmiernie zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych. W dalszej części rozdziału przestawiono przestrzenne zróżnicowanie oraz wyniki grupowania województw pod względem nadmiernego zadłużenia. Uzupełnieniem analiz jest określenie determinant nadmiernego zadłużenia przy wykorzystaniu modelowania ekonometrycznego.
Przedmiotem rozważań w rozdziale piątym są związki pomiędzy warunkami życia a nadmiernym zadłużeniem. Otwiera go podrozdział dotyczący kwestii definicyjnych pojęcia warunków życia, stanowiący wkład w dyskusję nad tą kategorią. W rozdziale tym sprecyzowano także stosunkowo nowe w polskiej literaturze pojęcie dobrostanu finansowego, a następnie omówiono możliwe ścieżki oddziaływania nadmiernego zadłużenia na warunki życia. Rozważania kończy przegląd dotychczasowych badań nad warunkami życia gospodarstw domowych w Polsce, który stanowi tło dla analiz empirycznych w rozdziale szóstym.
W rozdziale szóstym, kluczowym z punktu widzenia weryfikacji głównej hipotezy badawczej, skoncentrowano się na ocenie zróżnicowania warunków życia nadmiernie zadłużonych gospodarstw domowych. Wykorzystując dane z badań własnych, scharakteryzowano w nim warunki życia nadmiernie zadłużonych w ujęciu przekrojowym, a także – przy wykorzystaniu syntetycznego wskaźnika – w wymiarze ogólnym, materialnym i finansowym. Rozdział zamyka ocena wpływu nadmiernego zadłużenia na warunki życia.
... Table 3 reports on the main aims of the included articles as well as the main methods used to develop the individual measurement tool or to empirically test its measurement properties. Out of the 52 included articles, 8 described the development of a measurement instrument [31-35, 39, 40, 42], 20 focused on checking psychometric properties of existing tools [49, 50, 52, 54-58, 61, 63-71, 74], 2 evaluated different instruments comparatively [28,75], and 8 reported results of actual measurements of health-related capabilities [23,24,27,41,[44][45][46][47]. The remaining (n = 14) articles had a mixed focus: on development/measurement (n = 2) [25,26], development/psychometric properties (n = 9) [29, 30, 36-38, 43, 51, 53, 62], or comparison/psychometric properties (n = 3) [59,60,73]. ...
Background
The capability approach by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum has gained increasing attention in the field of public health. As it combines individual, social and structural factors and shifts the focus of attention from the actual behavior towards available options for health behaviors that people can actually choose from, it may help advance our understanding of complex health issues.
Objectives
The aim of this article is to identify and describe tools available to measure capabilities within the context of health, with a specific focus on capabilities for health-enhancing physical activity.
Method
We conducted a systematic literature review using 11 databases covering scientific journal articles published in English or German between the years 2000 and 2020 with a focus on capabilities for health or physical activity.
Results
We found a total of 51 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Four articles measured capabilities using qualitative methods, one combined qualitative and quantitative methods, while the rest used quantitative methods. We identified a total 11 different capability questionnaires, all showing moderate to good validity/reliability. Only one questionnaire and one interview-based tool specifically dealt with capabilities for health enhancing physical activity.
Conclusion
Although we were able to identify measurement tools for capabilities in health, this review has shown that there is no generic tool available for the measurement across all population- and age-groups, and tools focusing on physical activity are scarce. However, our results can be used as guide for future projects that aim at measuring capabilities.
