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Regions and subregions of the world. Holarctic region = Nearctic + Palearctic subregions; Holotropical region = Neotropical + Afrotropical + Oriental + Australian tropical subregions; Austral = Andean + Cape + Australian temperate + Neozealandic + Neoguinean subregions.
Source publication
The Andean subregion corresponds to south-western South America below
30˚S latitude, extending through the Andean highlands north of this
latitude, and comprises five provinces: Subantarctic, Central Chilean,
Patagonian, Puna and Paramo. Based on a track analysis of the Andean biota,
three main types of distributions were found: (1) no relationship...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 9). Some taxa, e.g. Araucaria, the tribe Belini, Centrolepidaceae, Colobanthus, Discaria, Embothrinae, Epacridaceae, Gunnera, Griselinia, Mecomacerini, Pachyurini and Winteraceae, inhabit the Subantarctic province, the Neotropical area and the rest of the Austral areas (Australasia, South Africa and Antarctica) showing a Pacific basin baseline (Fig. 10). Most of these taxa inhabit different provinces of the Andean and the other Austral subregions, so no generalised tracks were found. The distribution of the remaining taxa analysed constitute three generalised tracks, called here the Neotropical ...
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... Andean subregion-Neotropical, e.g. Azorella, subfamily Barnadesioideae, Mutisia, Perezia and Tropaeolum (Fig. ...
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... Paramo-Puna-Neotropical, e.g. Dunalia, Malvaviscus, Onoseris, Ophyryoessoides and Proctoporus (Fig. ...
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... Patagonian-Neotropical, e.g. Acicarpha, Aperopristis, Diplolaemus, Heterostachys, Homonota, Leiosaurus, Ophiodes, Opipeuter, Teius and Vilcunia (Fig. ...
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... distributed in both the Andean subregion and the Holarctic region are rather uncommon, and found mainly in plant taxa (Wood 1972). For example, members of the plant family Empetraceae grow in the Subantarctic province and in the north temperate areas of Eurasia and America (Anderberg 1994; Fig. 14). There are plant taxa growing in Paramo, Puna, Central Chile, Patagonia and the Holarctic region (Phacelia) (Fig. 15); in the Puna, Central Chile, Subantarctic, Patagonian provinces, and the Holarctic (Gutierrezia) (Fig. 16); in Puna and the Holarctic region (Ipomopsis); and in the Central Chilean and Patagonian provinces and the Holarctic region (Psilocarphus) (Fig. 17). ...
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... region are rather uncommon, and found mainly in plant taxa (Wood 1972). For example, members of the plant family Empetraceae grow in the Subantarctic province and in the north temperate areas of Eurasia and America (Anderberg 1994; Fig. 14). There are plant taxa growing in Paramo, Puna, Central Chile, Patagonia and the Holarctic region (Phacelia) (Fig. 15); in the Puna, Central Chile, Subantarctic, Patagonian provinces, and the Holarctic (Gutierrezia) (Fig. 16); in Puna and the Holarctic region (Ipomopsis); and in the Central Chilean and Patagonian provinces and the Holarctic region (Psilocarphus) (Fig. 17). A few of the amphitropical taxa of the Andean subregion are also present in ...
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... Empetraceae grow in the Subantarctic province and in the north temperate areas of Eurasia and America (Anderberg 1994; Fig. 14). There are plant taxa growing in Paramo, Puna, Central Chile, Patagonia and the Holarctic region (Phacelia) (Fig. 15); in the Puna, Central Chile, Subantarctic, Patagonian provinces, and the Holarctic (Gutierrezia) (Fig. 16); in Puna and the Holarctic region (Ipomopsis); and in the Central Chilean and Patagonian provinces and the Holarctic region (Psilocarphus) (Fig. 17). A few of the amphitropical taxa of the Andean subregion are also present in other areas of the Austral region, e.g. Epilobium sect. Boisduvalia, Diamesinae, Keroplatidae and ...
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... taxa growing in Paramo, Puna, Central Chile, Patagonia and the Holarctic region (Phacelia) (Fig. 15); in the Puna, Central Chile, Subantarctic, Patagonian provinces, and the Holarctic (Gutierrezia) (Fig. 16); in Puna and the Holarctic region (Ipomopsis); and in the Central Chilean and Patagonian provinces and the Holarctic region (Psilocarphus) (Fig. 17). A few of the amphitropical taxa of the Andean subregion are also present in other areas of the Austral region, e.g. Epilobium sect. Boisduvalia, Diamesinae, Keroplatidae and ...
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... intersection of the Andean endemic, Austral and Tropical generalised tracks detailed above and in Fig. 18 allows identification of three ...
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... Lucilia and Myrceugenia; 10, Araucaria, Belini, Centrolepidaceae, Colobanthus, Discaria, Embothrinae, Epacridaceae, Gunnera, Griselinia, Meco- macerini, Pachyurini and Winteraceae; 11, Azorella, Barnadesioideae, Mutisia, Perezia and Tropaeolum. Black areas are provinces of the Andean subregion; shaded areas are other areas of the Austral region (Fig. 10) or the Neotropical subregion ( Figs 9 and 11); 1 , baseline. methodology that the northern South American biota is most closely related to that of North America, and that the southern South American biota, i.e. south of 30°S latitude and the Andean highlands north of 30°S latitude, is related to that of other Austral areas (Australia, ...
Context 11
... Diposis, Listroderes, Lucilia and Myrceugenia; 10, Araucaria, Belini, Centrolepidaceae, Colobanthus, Discaria, Embothrinae, Epacridaceae, Gunnera, Griselinia, Meco- macerini, Pachyurini and Winteraceae; 11, Azorella, Barnadesioideae, Mutisia, Perezia and Tropaeolum. Black areas are provinces of the Andean subregion; shaded areas are other areas of the Austral region (Fig. 10) or the Neotropical subregion ( Figs 9 and 11); 1 , baseline. methodology that the northern South American biota is most closely related to that of North America, and that the southern South American biota, i.e. south of 30°S latitude and the Andean highlands north of 30°S latitude, is related to that of other Austral areas (Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Caledonia and New Zealand). ...
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... two patterns, Austral and Tropical, found in the panbiogeographic approach presented here, agree with this hypothesis. The Austral pattern (Figs 4 and 7) shows a Subantarctic biota related by two generalised tracks to other Austral subregions (Australia, New Zealand), whereas in the Tropical pattern (Figs 11-13) the biota of the Andean subregion appear conected to the Neotropic by three generalised tracks. Both patterns could reflect a hybrid origin of this biota where two different ancestral biological and geologic worlds met and combined. ...
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... Dunalia, Malvaviscus, Onoseris, Ophyryoessoides, and Proctoporus; 13, Acicarpha, Aperopristis, Diplolaemus, Heterostachys, Homonota, Leiosaurus, Ophiodes, Opipeuter, Teius and Vilcunia; 14, Empetraceae. Black areas are provinces of the Andean subregion; shaded areas are other areas of the Neotropical subregion (Figs 12 and 13) or the Holarctic region (Fig. 14). ...
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... Malvaviscus, Onoseris, Ophyryoessoides, and Proctoporus; 13, Acicarpha, Aperopristis, Diplolaemus, Heterostachys, Homonota, Leiosaurus, Ophiodes, Opipeuter, Teius and Vilcunia; 14, Empetraceae. Black areas are provinces of the Andean subregion; shaded areas are other areas of the Neotropical subregion (Figs 12 and 13) or the Holarctic region (Fig. ...
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... Subantarctic province appears in the present study as a complex area or node (Fig. 18). Palaeofloristic and geological data indicate that Late Cretaceous plant communities showed strong similarities with the Australian palaeofloras (Taylor 1991). During the Tertiary, this flora spread northwards, whereas subtropical and tropical forests ranged to 40°S latitude. The coexistence of these mixed floras in the Austral portion ...
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... southern Andes (54°S to 18°S) probably existed from the mid-Cretaceous, whereas the northern Andes mountains (3°S to 10°N) are of more recent origin, probably from the Eocene (Taylor 1995). In the central Andes (18°S to 3°S), where the Puna lies, the mountain-building forces appear to be still at work (James 1973). The Puna province appeared in this study as another complex area or node (Fig. 18). ...
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... from the mid-Cretaceous, whereas the northern Andes mountains (3°S to 10°N) are of more recent origin, probably from the Eocene (Taylor 1995). In the central Andes (18°S to 3°S), where the Puna lies, the mountain-building forces appear to be still at work (James 1973). The Puna province appeared in this study as another complex area or node (Fig. 18). This is revealed by the several tracks linking this province with other areas, namely the Paramo, Central Chilean and Patagonian provinces and the Neotropical subregion. A downward and outward spread of the Puna grasslands along the Pacific and Amazonas facing slopes would have increased the migration of organisms at this high ...
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... as barriers, causing fragmentation and population differentiation (Simpson Vuilleumier 1971;Simpson 1975). This area today holds a large number of species of the plant family Asteraceae, in relation to the northern or southern Andes (Funk et al. 1995). On the other hand, the Patagonian province also emerged as a node or complex area in this study (Fig. 18). In the past it contained, as did the Subantarctic province, a mixture of Neotropical and Antarctic plant genera (Axelrod et al. 1991). Analyses indicate an Eocene climate that was subtropical and moister (Volkheimer 1971), which supported a tropical vegetation similar to that found currently in southern Brazil, with mangrove ...
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Citations
... However, unlike Cabrera, who focused on the problem from a descriptive perspective, Jorge's approach to biogeography would be with a historical focus, facilitated by modern methodologies, including phenetics and phylogenetics. This is how Jorge produced a series of seminal works on the basic principles of historical biogeography (Crisci et al., 1991a, b;Crisci & Morrone, 1992a, b;Morrone & Crisci, 1990, 1992, 1995Crisci, 2001a;Apodaca & Crisci, 2018) as well as several practical applications of these principles (Morrone et al., 1994(Morrone et al., , 1997Katinas et al., 1999;Crisci et al., 2001;Roig-Juñent et al. , 2002). Jorge dedicated much of the last years of the XX and the first years of the XXI centur y to this discipline, which eventually led to the production of two books entirely dedicated to biogeography (Crisci et al., , 2003. ...
... Its habit, causing the similarity in macromorphology, is the main reason for the confusion in taxonomy in the past. When revisiting the history of the genus, it is clear that the materials from Holarctic regions, comprised of Palaearctic and Nearctic subregions, were well studied [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]23,24]. Morphological studies on samples from Europe and northern Africa, a part of the Palaearctic subregion, and a few samples from North America, belonging to the Nearctic subregion, dominated the major revision of the generic concept [1,2,[23][24][25]. ...
... When revisiting the history of the genus, it is clear that the materials from Holarctic regions, comprised of Palaearctic and Nearctic subregions, were well studied [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]23,24]. Morphological studies on samples from Europe and northern Africa, a part of the Palaearctic subregion, and a few samples from North America, belonging to the Nearctic subregion, dominated the major revision of the generic concept [1,2,[23][24][25]. However, the highly phenotypic plasticity that causes the close species often forms a complex, such as the G. dryophilus complex, making classification in the species level hard if only depends on morphology [26,27]. ...
Nine collections of gymnopoid fungi were studied based on morpho-molecular characteristics. The macromorphology was made according to the photograph of fresh basidiomata and field notes, while the micromorphology was examined via an optical microscope. Simultaneously, the phylogenetic analyses were performed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on a combined dataset of nrITS1-nr5.8S-nrITS2-nrLSU sequences. Integrated analysis of these results was therefore, G. efibulatus belonging to sect. Androsacei, G. iodes and G. sinopolyphyllus belonging to sect. Impudicae and G. strigosipes belonging to sect. Levipedes are proposed as new to science. The detailed descriptions, colour photos of basidiomata and line-drawings of microscopic structures are provided. The comparisons with closely related species and a key to known species of Gymnopus s. str. reported with morpho-molecular evidence in China is also given.
... incisum, X. poposum, X. pseudodigitatum y X. rosenii (Asteraceae); Jaborosa parviflora, Fabiana bryoides, Lycium humile y Nicotiana longibracteata (Solanaceae); Puna subterranea, Tunilla tilcarensis y Yavia (Cactaceae); Nassella arcuata (Poaceae); Liolaemus dorbignyi, L. huayra, L. inti, L. puritamensis, y L. scrocchii (Liolaemidae, Abdala et al., 2008). Análisis panbiogeográficos utilizando varios taxones han dado como resultado que la Puna argentina constituye un nodo, con estrechas relaciones con la provincia del Páramo (Vuilleumier, 1986;Morrone, 1994aMorrone, , 1994bPosadas et al., 1997;Katinas et al., 1999;Mihoè et al., 2006). ...
Evolutionary biogeography identifies areas of endemism and establishes their relationships with other areas, providing the information required to develop a hierarchical system of natural regionalization. The closely related geological and biological evolution of the planet is manifested in the existence of endemic biotas, as result of geographical and ecological barriers. The current challenge of evolutionary biogeography is to document the existence of biotas representing the evolutionary structure of ecosystems and their functionality, that could contribute to the establishment of conservation priorities. In this contribution, the fundamental characteristics of the biogeographic units of Argentina are described, and the respective maps are provided, as a general reference system for ecological, evolutionary and biogeographic studies, and in education and decision-making regarding conservation and sustainable use. For each biogeographic unit, we present its valid name and synonyms, its geographic location, distinctive characteristics, dominant landscape and vegetation types and its endemic species. Also, the typical landscapes and some endemic or characteristic species of each biogeographical unit are illustrated. Their biotic relationships, geobiotic evolution and regionalization to the district category are also discussed. In the scheme presented herein 16 provinces are recognized in the country, which in turn are grouped in the Neotropical region (Yungas, Parana, Araucaria Forest, Esteros del Iberá, Chaco and Pampean provinces), South American Transition Zone (Puna, Cuyan High Andean, Monte and Comechingones provinces) and Andean region (Patagonian, Maule, Valdivian Forest, Magellanic Forest, Falkland (Malvinas) Islands and Magellanic Moorland provinces). The Yungas province has three districts: Transition Forests, Montane Jungles, and Montane Forests. The Parana province includes the Campos and Mixed Forests districts. The Esteros del Iberá province stat. nov. includes three districts: Delta of Paraná stat. rev., Uruguay River stat. nov. and Paraná Flooded Savannas stat. nov. The Chaco province includes the Eastern Chacoan, Montane Chacoan stat. rev. and Western Chacoan districts. In the Pampean province five districts are recognized: Austral Pampean, Eastern Pampean, Espinal, Western Pampean and Uruguayan. In the Argentinean part of the Puna province the Jujuyan district is recognized. In the Cuyan High Andean province three districts are identified: Diaguita nom. nov., Cuyan ubic. nov. and Huarpe nom. nov. The Monte province includes four districts: Prepuna, Northern, Eremean and Southern. In the Patagonian province we recognize five subprovinces: Central Patagonian (Chubut and Santa Cruz districts), Fuegian, Payunia (Northern and Southern Payunia districts), Subandean (Meridional Subandean Patagonia, Austral High Andean, and Septentrional Subandean Patagonia districts) and Western Patagonian. In the Argentinean sector of the Maule province is present the Pehuén district. The Valdivian Forest province is represented by the Valdivian district. The Falkland (Malvinas) Islands province has two districts: Falkland Islands and South Georgia Islands.
... The sites belonging to the Patagonian steppe located from 70 S to the Atlantic coast shared species with the Monte province. The presence of species with current distribution in the Neotropical and Andean regions can be explained by the fact that the north of the Patagonian steppe forms the southernmost part of the South American Transition Zone (Katinas et al., 1999;Roig-Juñent et al., 2018). In northern Patagonia, the interactions between topography, atmospheric circulation and proximity to the oceans introduce large complexities in the spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature (Bianchi et al., 2016). ...
In the present study, we assessed the assemblages of terrestrial Heteroptera along a 500-km latitudinal and 500-km longitudinal gradient in the north of Argentine Patagonia and investigated the potential effects of the environment, vegetation factors and spatial structure on the community composition of terrestrial Heteroptera at regional scale. To identify the terrestrial Heteroptera assemblages and evaluate their association with different factors, we used multivariate analyses. A total of 840 samplings were carried out in 21 sites of three phytogeographic provinces (Patagonian steppe, Subantarctic province and Monte) along two sampling years. We captured a total of 2007 specimens, 1890 of which were identified to species and morphospecies level, and 57 of which were immature-stage specimens that could not be identified due to their unknown morphology and biology. We identified two distinct terrestrial Heteroptera assemblages: a) one from sites belonging to the Patagonian steppe and Subantarctic province and b) the other from sites belonging to the Patagonian steppe and Monte. The variation in the terrestrial Heteroptera assemblages explained mainly by Isothermality was significant and greater than that explained by the vegetation and the spatial structure. The results showed that, in northern Argentine Patagonia, the different Heteroptera assemblages are more associated with geographic areas with different environmental conditions than with areas with different vegetation types. The results also suggest that the variation in Heteroptera species composition at regional scale is driven by environmental variables related to thermal amplitude and precipitation.
... La Cordillera Andina es muy diversa en representantes de esta familia (303 géneros y 3424 especies, . Los datos filogenéticos y paleontológicos sugieren que la familia se originó en la región andina (Katinas et al., 1999(Katinas et al., , 2007, aunque Stuessy et al. (1996) ubica su centro de origen en la Patagonia, con centros secundarios de diversificación importantes en las regiones Mediterránea, del Cabo, Australia, México y los Andes (Funk et al., 2005). Los estudios de Panero & Funk (2008) confirman el origen de la familia Asteraceae en América del Sur y que su dispersión ocurrió previo a la separación de este continente de América del Norte y África; después tuvo lugar una radiación explosiva desde el continente africano al resto del mundo, lo que enfatiza su gran capacidad de dispersión a grandes distancias y su habilidad para establecerse y adaptarse con éxito a nuevos hábitats. ...
La familia Asteraceae está representada en la Flora de Ecuador por un total de 310 táxones endémicos. Están agrupadas en 4 subfamilias (Asteroideae, Barnadesioideae, Cichorioideae y Mutisioideae), 16 tribus y 89 géneros. Doscientas setenta y dos táxones (87,74%) restringen su hábitat a la región andina. Los niveles más altos de endemismos están asociados a los Andes, mayoritariamente desde el bosque andino alto hasta el páramo, y a las Islas Galápagos. Los géneros con mayor riqueza de endemismos son Mikania (26), Pentacalia (23), y Gynoxys (20). Tres géneros monotípicos son endémicos: Cyathomone, Idiopappus y Trigonopterum. Los géneros Darwiniothamnus, Kingianthus, Lecocarpus, y Scalesia también son endémicos. La diversidad de la familia se incrementa desde los 2000 m a 3000 m, alcanzando su mayor riqueza entre los 2900-3000 m, con dominancia de las plantas arbustivas (195 especies, 1 subespecie, 2 variedades) y herbáceas (97 especies). Ciento veinteseis especies tienen categoría de vulnerable, 90 están en peligro de extinción y 24 están en estado crítico de amenaza. Las temperaturas y precipitaciones medias anuales varían significativamente entre los sectores biogeográficos.
... If the individual tracks of different taxa overlap, they constitute a generalised track indicating the existence of an ancestral biota, which was fragmented by tectonic and geological events. When two or more different generalised tracks overlap in an area, they constitute a node, which is a composite or hybrid area (Katinas et al. 1999;Crisci et al. 2003). ...
The Austral High Andean area extends from south-eastern Mendoza, Argentina, to the southernmost tip of South America in the form of isles on the peaks of the Andes range. The objective of this biogeographic regionalisation study was to characterise this area. Individual tracks were made on the basis of the distribution maps of 232 species of vascular plants present in the area, from which localities were identified and georeferenced. A parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to obtain a generalised track. The results support an area of endemism located mainly in the Neuquén province, which is treated as a district of the Patagonian province that belongs to the Patagonian subregion of the Andean region. This track analysis is a preliminary contribution for understanding the distributional patterns of the High Andean biota within an evolutionary biogeographic framework.
... defines the Andean region, which borders with the southernmost part of the STZ, and divides it into three subregions: Central Chilean, Sub-Antarctic and Patagonian Steppe. Katinas, Morrone, and Crisci (1999) hypothesized that the biota occurring in the Andean region has a composite origin; particularly that of the Patagonian Steppe appears to be linked to that of the Neotropics. The Patagonian Steppe presents a mixture of neotropical and Andean BEs, its flora is biogeographically related to Andean BEs, along with elements of the Monte province (Hauman, 1947). ...
... Previous studies show that in the Patagonian Steppe, an important proportion of BEs does not belong to the Andean region. A panbiogeographic approach based on plant, fungus and animal taxa showed the Patagonian steppe as forming part of a Neotropical pattern linked to the Andes uplift and to Quaternary glaciations (Katinas et al., 1999). ...
America comprises three biogeographic regions: Nearctic, Neotropical and Andean. In between them, two transition zones (TZ) have been proposed: Mexican and South American. The biogeographic provinces belonging to a TZ have no predominance of biotic elements pertaining to each of its bordering regions. Regarding the Andean region, one of its provinces, the Patagonian Steppe, presents a mixture of different biogeographic elements, which are typical of transition zones. Because of this, we assessed whether the Patagonian Steppe belongs to the Andean region or whether it forms the southernmost part of the South American TZ. We gathered phylogenetic information from 177 taxa that inhabit the Patagonian Steppe and established to which biogeographic element they belong. We followed the criterion that an area can be considered as part of a region when at least 70% of its biota has the same origin, that is belongs to the same biogeographic element. In contrast, when the biota of an area presents a similar percentage of its different biogeographic elements, it could be considered as belonging to a transition zone. We found that the Patagonian Steppe presents a similar proportion of genera of Andean as well as neotropical origin. Therefore, we propose that this province should be included in the South American transition zone. Moreover, inclusion of the Patagonian Steppe as part of this TZ will make it the largest TZ of America, encompassing most of the arid lands of South America.
... defines the Andean region, which borders with the southernmost part of the STZ, and divides it into three subregions: Central Chilean, Sub-Antarctic and Patagonian Steppe. Katinas, Morrone, and Crisci (1999) hypothesized that the biota occurring in the Andean region has a composite origin; particularly that of the Patagonian Steppe appears to be linked to that of the Neotropics. The Patagonian Steppe presents a mixture of neotropical and Andean BEs, its flora is biogeographically related to Andean BEs, along with elements of the Monte province (Hauman, 1947). ...
... Previous studies show that in the Patagonian Steppe, an important proportion of BEs does not belong to the Andean region. A panbiogeographic approach based on plant, fungus and animal taxa showed the Patagonian steppe as forming part of a Neotropical pattern linked to the Andes uplift and to Quaternary glaciations (Katinas et al., 1999). ...
... Las relaciones fitogeográficas pueden ser expresadas en forma de trazos generalizados (e.g. Katinas et al. 1999), ejercicio ya hecho por Bremer (1993) para la familia (aunque dicho autor incluye en el análisis las relaciones supragenéricas), (Figura 8). Los elementos 'neotropical', 'austral-templado' y 'endémico' se funden en el trazo 'andino amplio'. ...
Los géneros de Asteraceae de Chile
... and many bryophytes) have reached the northern Andes, spreading throughout the Andean highlands (Van Der Hammen & Cleef 1983). Other authors have considered that the Andean uplift was a vicariant event that split the continent into a western area with taxa usually related phylogenetically to taxa from Australia and New Zealand; and an oriental area with taxa related to taxa from the Old World tropics (Katinas et al. 1999, Morrone 2001. ...
We analysed distributional data of 30 species of Oribatid mites of the Subantarctic subregion of southern South America in order to contribute to elucidate their biotic evolution. We constructed individual tracks for the species analysed, based on published and unpublished records. After superposing them we obtained six generalized tracks and five nodes. Four generalized tracks (T2, T3, T4 and T6) extend along and near the Andean ranges, whereas two generalized tracks (T1 and T5) may be artefacts caused by the lack of information. The generalized tracks and nodes show the complex relationships of the austral biota, as hypothesized in previous contributions based on other plant and animal taxa.
