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Human capital is believed to be an important conditioning factor in explaining the convergence and the speed of convergence of regional economies, although it is usually excluded from the estimated models due to a lack of consistent data. In contrast this paper, using a newly constructed series on human capital at the NUTS III level for Portugal, e...
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This research intends to examine whether in Cali (Colombia), there are positive externalities for human capital (education) regarding individual incomes of working individuals, using the Survey of Income and Life Quality 2013, with which groups called “types of business” were formed, differentiated by their endowment in human capital. Through the e...
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... The aim of this section is to illustrate important results from several studies about spatial heterogeneity and their impact in development process, in first spatial heterogeneity which is related to the differentiation of variables and behaviors in space also it is one of spatial econometric that helps study spatial convergence or divergence between area in this space like the studies that deals with spatial heterogeneity (Catarina Cardoso & al, 2011) this study aims to examine the importance of human capital in the process of convergence between economic regions,The researcher used Spatial Econometrics models ,While spatial systems can be observed in groups convergent include the differences between them and this convergence incarnated in two types of convergence absolute and conditional, occurs mainly in the peripheral group of regions, while human capital represented by the average years of total, secondary and higher education plays a positive role only in the Core club of the richest regions but not in the Periphery, which suggests that a certain level of economic development is required to achieve a positive effect of human capital. ...
The study of mechanisms of spatial convergence, and their impact on achieving spatial development is necessary to find out the strengths and weaknesses in the construction of local economies and which has become more of a condition to reduce disparities and spatial differences within the same geographic structure, in order to help and guide public economic and social policies for using development possibilities and resources more effectively. we will use a panel data analysis, to test the size of homogeneity between geographic regions and their importance in measuring levels of homogeneity or heterogeneity according to this study of unemployment and the spatial distribution of wealth ratios in municipalities ,The results of this analysis indicates the presence of heterogeneity among municipalities of saida regions, which proves the existence of spatial disparity in development levels. Abstract-The study of mechanisms of spatial convergence, and their impact on achieving spatial development is necessary to find out the strengths and weaknesses in the construction of local economies and which has become more of a condition to reduce disparities and spatial differences within the same geographic structure, in order to help and guide public economic and social policies for using development possibilities and resources more effectively. we will use a panel data analysis, to test the size of homogeneity between geographic regions and their importance in measuring levels of homogeneity or heterogeneity according to this study of unemployment and the spatial distribution of wealth ratios in municipalities ,The results of this analysis indicates the presence of heterogeneity among municipalities of saida regions, which proves the existence of spatial disparity in development levels.
Although the term “human capital” has remote historical roots, being already widespread in the writings of the founding fathers of economic analysis, it was during the second half of the twentieth century that an increasing debate around human capital emerged among scholars. The increasing relevance of human capital for economic growth was also associated with the role of technology and its impact in enhancing the demand for more and better qualified workers. However, the capacity of societies to take advantage of those investments has been found to be more complex and uncertain than it was initially portrayed. A more recent line of research started recognizing the potential role of human capital also at the regional level. In this chapter we aim at understanding the role of human capital on regional convergence for Southern Europe countries, with particular emphasis in recent empirical studies. We discuss the role of human capital in the framework of growth convergence theories and the issue of human capital migration as a potential factor influencing regional disparities in Europe. Then we focus on an important component of human capital formation—the role of higher education institutions at the regional level and we review the empirical findings on these issues in the context of Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Finally we provide a brief exploratory analysis of the potential association between the education of the population and the GDP per capita at the regional-level for those four countries.
Há muito que a literatura empírica sublinha a realidade socioeconómica assimétrica que Portugal apresenta, contrastando sobretudo litoral e interior, mas também “Norte” e “Sul”. O presente artigo analisa a evolução das assimetrias ao nível dos municípios do país. Na análise da convergência a que se procedeu usou-se como proxy do nível de bem-estar ou de desenvolvimento dos municípios o Indicador per capita de Poder de Compra (IpcPC) no período 1995-2009. A técnica de análise utilizada foi do tipo seccional, recorrendo ao método de estimação dos mínimos quadrados ordinários. Testa-se quer a convergência sigma (σ), que se manifesta através na diminuição da dispersão do rendimento entre as diferentes regiões ao longo do tempo, quer a convergência beta (β), em que se avalia a existência de uma correlação negativa entre o ritmo de crescimento de uma região e o seu estado de desenvolvimento inicial. Os resultados alcançados sugerem que: i) persistem divergências de desenvolvimento acentuadas entre os vários municípios portugueses; ii) no período em análise, se verificou convergência, quer absoluta, quer condicionada, entre os municípios; iii) é na convergência condicionada que se obtêm os resultados mais robustos. Para identificar as relações críticas a testar no modelo empírico aplicado, foi feita uma revisão da literatura sobre as teorias do crescimento e do desenvolvimento regional, situando quer as abordagens tradicionais quer as correntes mais recentes do crescimento e do desenvolvimento endógenos.
