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Region of right anterior cingulate cortex (MNI coordinates: 6, 14, 32) identified in a regression analysis as showing a significant correlation between increasing activation and decreasing negative affect on Reappraise as compared to Attend trials with negative photos. Activation is shown on SPM99 canonical T1 image.
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The ability to cognitively regulate emotional responses to aversive events is important for mental and physical health. Little is known, however, about neural bases of the cognitive control of emotion. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural systems used to reappraise highly negative scenes in unemotio...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... activity in no brain regions was negatively correlated, and in only two regions was positively correlated, with reappraisal success such that greater activation predicted greater decreases in negative affect. These two regions were located in the right ante- rior cingulate and right supramarginal gyrus ( Figure 3, Table 1). To more precisely characterize these correla- tions, mean parameter estimates of the response in- crease when reappraising as compared to attending were correlated with reappraisal success. ...
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Background
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Purpose
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Methods
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Citations
... However, our adaptation of the emotion regulation paradigm holds promise for advancing our understanding in this area. By integrating our experimental design with advanced neuroimaging techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) [85], Electroencephalogram (EEG) [59,[86][87][88], or eye-tracking systems [89][90][91], we can gain valuable insights into the dynamics of brain activity and pupil responses during emotional regulation. These additional measures can provide a more comprehensive picture of how attachment patterns interact with emotional regulation strategies and their associations with behavioral indicators of emotional experiences. ...
Background
Emotion regulation, the process by which individuals manage and modify their emotional experiences, expressions, and responses to adaptively navigate and cope with various situations, plays a crucial role in daily life. Our study investigates the variations in emotion regulation strategies among individuals with different attachment styles (AS). Specifically, we examine how individuals with secure, anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment styles effectively utilize cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression to regulate their emotions.
Methods
A total of n = 98 adults were instructed to attend, reappraise, or suppress their emotions while viewing negative and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in an experimental emotion regulation task. After completing the task, participants rated the valence and arousal elicited by the images. Attachment styles were measured using the ECR-12 questionnaire and then categorized into four AS.
Results
Our study revealed that individuals with secure AS (n = 39) effectively reduced displeasure through cognitive reappraisal but experienced levels of displeasure with expressive suppression. Anxious AS (n = 16) individuals successfully reduced displeasure using cognitive reappraisal but struggled to regulate arousal and effectively use expressive suppression. Avoidant AS (n = 24) individuals could reduce displeasure with both strategies but experienced high arousal during suppression attempts. Fearful AS (n = 19) individuals effectively regulated both displeasure and arousal using either strategy. However, Secure AS individuals showed superior reappraisal efficacy, significantly reducing arousal levels compared to the Fearful AS group. Both Secure and Avoidant AS groups experienced higher valence during reappraisal relative to a baseline, indicating a decrease in displeasure.
Conclusions
Individuals with different AS exhibit variations in the effectiveness of their use of emotion regulation strategies. Our findings reinforce the significance of AS in shaping emotion regulation processes and emphasize the need for tailored approaches to support individuals with different attachment orientations.
... Each of the 27 experiments included in the reappraisal database were sourced from the senior author of the present Table 1 Task and trial-level event details Decrease Vlasenko et al. (2024) study, in which they were either the principal investigator or a collaborating researcher. These works encompass both published and previously unpublished results involving a version of a picture-based cognitive reappraisal task (i.e., Jackson et al., 2000;Ochsner et al., 2002). During these tasks, participants viewed images following an instruction to either "Look" or "Change". ...
... Following the standard method of analysis common across a variety of published papers on cognitive reappraisal, a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted in order to test the overall robustness of the main effect of reappraisal on self-reported Negative Affect (Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006;McRae et al., 2008;Ochsner et al., 2002). The independent variable was Trial Condition with 3 levels ("Look Negative", "Look Neutral", and "Change"). ...
Cognitive reappraisal is widely recognized as an effective emotion regulation strategy. In laboratory research, negative ratings from image-based reappraisal tasks are typically aggregated within trial condition, and the average difference in reported negative affect between conditions serves as a measure of reappraisal success. We aggregated and re-analyzed trial-level data from 27 picture-based reappraisal experiments to which we had access in order to examine the robustness of the reappraisal effect and estimate the power to detect this effect within different sample sizes. Then, we leveraged the database to conduct novel tests of potential trial-level factors (time and previous trial type) that may impact reappraisal success. These allowed us to test among competing hypotheses about how negative affect may change based on these factors: habituation, sensitization, practice, and fatigue. We observed a small but significant linear decrease in negative emotion over time in look and regulation conditions (habituation). We also observed a small but significant interaction between previous trial and current trial, such that seeing a negative image on a previous trial resulted in slightly higher ratings of negative emotion, but this effect was relatively diminished if the previous trial also involved reappraisal. The database is an open, novel resource for those designing and conducting picture-based reappraisal tasks.
... According to Phillips et al. (2003), recent neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the role of particular PFC regions in cognitive-emotional interactions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). For instance, cognitive reappraisal-a tactic for controlling emotional reactions by reinterpreting the significance of emotional stimuli, involves the DLPFC (Ochsner et al., 2002). Furthermore, according to Roy et al. (2012), the VMPFC is engaged in the integration of emotional data with cognitive functions like social cognition and value-based decision-making. ...
To understand human behavior and mental health, one must understand the complex interplay between cognition and emotion. The cognitive processes of perception, attention, memory, and decision-making, as well as the affective states, mood, and subjective experiences associated with emotions, are often regarded as distinct entities. However, new research shows that cognitive processes are strongly linked to emotional experiences and vice versa. To comprehend the complex relationship between cognition and emotion, this research article examines its importance, mechanisms, and prospective effects on psychological well-being. The complex relationship between cognition and emotion is examined using dual-process theories, appraisal theory, embodied cognition, and neurocognitive models. According to this study, attentional biases and cognitive reappraisal alter emotional experiences and reactions. It explores how emotional states affect cognitive performance, notably attention allocation, memory encoding, and decision-making. This study also investigates the neurological systems that link cognition and emotion, highlighting the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. To study cognitive-emotional relationships, neuroimaging, behavioral experiments, and computer modeling are used. By understanding the complex link between cognition and emotion, this research advances strategies to improve cognitive-emotional dysregulation and mental health. The utilization of conclusions can serve to elucidate psychopathology, formulate therapeutic approaches, and foster resilience in the face of adversity. The examination of the relation between cognition and emotion holds significant importance in comprehending human behavior and mental well-being, and this research delves into this subject comprehensively.
... One of the most important strategies of emotion regulation is cognitive reappraisal, which involves reinterpreting the meaning of a situation to adjust its emotional impact (33,34). Numerous studies have associated cognitive reappraisal with the lateral prefrontal cortex (32,35) and the left lateral prefrontal cortex specifically (35,36), supporting the proposal that cognitive-control related functions of the lateral PFC down-regulate the negative emotional information (37). Taken together, the left lateral PFC metabolism may contribute to impaired emotional processing resulting with the lack of concern or indifference about their own condition. ...
Introduction
Several neuroimaging studies have been conducted to demonstrate the specific structural and functional brain correlations of conversion disorder. Although the findings of neuroimaging studies are not consistent, when evaluated as a whole, they suggest the presence of significant brain abnormalities. The aim of this study is to investigate brain metabolic activity through F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MRI in order to shed light on the neural correlates of conversion disorder.
Methods
20 patients diagnosed with conversion disorder were included in the study. Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales, Somatosensory Amplification Scale and Somatoform Dissociation Scale were administered. Then, brain F-18 FDG-PET/MRI was performed..
Results
Hypermetabolism was found in posterior cingulate R, while glucose metabolisms of other brain regions were observed to be within the normal limits. When compared with the control group, statistically significant differences in z-scores were observed among all brain regions except for parietal superior R and cerebellum. No correlation was observed between the metabolisms of the left ACC and left medial PFC; left ACC and left temporal lateral cortex; cerebellum and left parietal inferior cortex despite the presence of positive correlations between these regions in the opposite hemisphere.
Discussion
Results of the study suggest a potential involvement of the DMN which is associated with arousal and self-referential processing as well as regions associated with motor intention and self-agency.
... These studies examined the association between cortical thickness and variations in the utilization of two ER strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression. Interestingly, both ER strategies exhibit marked correlations of cognitive reappraisal utilization with neural activity in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex, such as the ventromedial prefrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices [15][16][17][18]. The research indicates that cortical thinning observed in the left ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex among adolescent females is notably linked to increased [19]. ...
Background: University students face multiple stressors that negatively impact their mental well-being. Effective emotional regulation and physical activity are crucial for mood management and overall health. This study explored the connection between physical activity, emotional regulation, and mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress) in Jordanian university students.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey involved 416 students (146 male and 270 female) from Jordanian universities. The survey covered demographics, physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), emotional regulation strategies (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), and mental health symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales). Pearson’s correlations examined relationships, and ANOVA compared differences in ‘low’, ‘medium’, and ‘high’ physical activity groups.
Results: Greater use of expressive suppression was correlated with increased anxiety symptom severity (p = 0.029). Although physical activity levels were not significantly related to emotional
regulation, the ‘high’ physical activity group reported lower depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety symptom severity (p < 0.001) than the ‘low’ and ‘medium’ groups. Conclusions: Increased physical activity and emotional expression suppression are independently associated with improved mental well-being in Jordanian university students. This study underscores the importance of integrating physical activity and emotional expression strategies to support student well-being.
... Furthermore, alterations in neural circuits involved in regulatory processes have been demonstrated in the anticipation of imminent threats. Extensive literature has shown the engagement of prefrontal areas in emotion regulation by modulating activity in regions implicated in emotion processing, such as the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007;Ochsner et al., 2002Ochsner et al., , 2004. For instance, relative to being instructed to experience their (negative) emotions naturally during a stressful task, when participants were instructed to actively control their negative feeling by using cognitive reappraisal strategies, higher covariance between amygdala and frontal cortex were detected (i.e., between the amygdala and the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex) (Banks et al., 2007). ...
... Cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression are respectively the presupposition-concerned emotion regulation strategy and the response-concerned emotion regulation strategy, which are the most commonly emotion regulation strategies used in daily life. Cognitive reappraisal is regarded as one of the most adaptive emotion regulation strategies and can promote mental health (Ochsner et al., 2002;Goldin et al., 2019;Langley et al., 2023). However, studies on the effects of expression suppression on emotional health (mental health) have drawn different conclusions. ...
Emotional regulation, a key mechanism for promoting emotional health, has been found to play an important mediating role between psychological suzhi and emotional health, and there is a close relationship between psychological suzhi and emotion regulation effects. However, most studies on the relationship between psychological suzhi and emotion regulation effects have focused only on subjective experiences and changes in peripheral nervous system indicators, failing to examine central neurophysiological indicators of emotion regulation effects. The close relationship between psychological suzhi and emotion regulation has not yet been sufficiently revealed, and this has, to some extent, limited the in-depth exploration of the mechanisms of psychological suzhi. Therefore, to examine the relationship between psychological suzhi and changes in the nervous system surrounding emotion regulation, we aimed to deepen the research on the relationship between psychological suzhi and emotion regulation and thus to further reveal the mechanism of the role of psychological suzhi. This study used event-related potential (ERP) technology with a high temporal resolution to examine the electrophysiological differences in the use of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition, for negative emotion regulation among college students. The results showed that the late positive potential (LPP) amplitude of the high psychological suzhi group was significantly decreased beginning in the early time window (500–1000 ms), while the LPP amplitude of the low psychological suzhi group was significantly decreased beginning in the middle time window (1000–1500 ms). In the early, middle and late time windows, the negative emotion regulation effect of cognitive reappraisal in the group with high psychological suzhi was significantly better than that of the group with low psychological suzhi. The regulatory effect of cognitive reappraisal of negative emotion was significantly greater in college students with high psychological suzhi than in college students with low psychological suzhi.This study has enlightening significance for further research on the mechanism of psychological suzhi.
... We used an fMRI task which examines the neural circuitry associated both with viewing and regulating response to emotionally salient stimuli (Ochsner et al., 2002). Each trial begins with an instruction cue (2 s) to either 'attend' or 'reappraise' the image that will follow. ...
Anxiety and depression co-occur; the neural substrates of shared and unique components of these symptoms are not understood. Given emotional alterations in internalizing disorders, we hypothesized that function of regions associated with emotion processing/regulation, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and fusiform gyrus (FG), would differentiate these symptoms. Forty-three adults with depression completed an emotional functional magnetic resonance imaging task and the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales. We transformed these scales to examine two orthogonal components, one representing internalizing symptom severity and the other the type of internalizing symptoms (anxiety vs depression). We extracted blood oxygen level dependent signal from FG subregions, ACC, and amygdala and performed generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses to assess relationships between symptoms and brain function. Type of internalizing symptoms was associated with FG3-FG1 coupling (F = 8.14, P = 0.007). More coupling was associated with a higher concentration of depression, demonstrating that intra-fusiform coupling is differentially associated with internalizing symptom type (anxiety vs depression). We found an interaction between task condition and internalizing symptoms and dorsal (F = 4.51, P = 0.014) and rostral ACC activity (F = 4.27, P = 0.012). Post hoc comparisons revealed that less activity was associated with greater symptom severity during emotional regulation. Functional coupling differences during emotional processing are associated with depressive relative to anxiety symptoms and internalizing symptom severity. These findings could inform future treatments for depression.
... Putatively adaptive strategies (e.g., acceptance, reappraisal) may reduce the negative impact experienced 32 . Previous research showed that reappraisal can reduce the appearance of negative emotions 33,34 , in particular fear and disgust 35,36 . In contrast, putatively maladaptive strategies (e.g., catastrophizing, rumination) may amplify negative effects 32 . ...
The popularity of the horror genre is constantly increasing and still has not reached its peak. As a recreational activity, people watch horror movies in pursuit of excitement and enjoyment. However, we still do not know what traits make people seek out this type of increase in arousal (excitement) and why they find it desirable (enjoyment). Consequently, in this study, we sought to identify observer-related factors that allows consumption of horror content as a recreational activity. Participants (N = 558) answered questions about movie-watching habits, completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation, sensation seeking, paranormal beliefs, morbid curiosity, disgust sensitivity, and rated short scenes from horror movies on dimensions of excitement, enjoyment, disgust, fearfulness, and realness. Our findings suggest that the predictors of excitement and enjoyment are slightly different. Perceived disgust negatively affected enjoyment but did not influence to excitement. Further, both excitement and enjoyment were positively predicted by fearfulness and realness ratings of the scenes, and morbid curiosity. Paranormal beliefs, sensation seeking, disgust sensitivity, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies were not associated with excitement and enjoyment. Future studies should make a distinction between excitement and enjoyment as they are equally important factors with slightly different backgrounds in recreational fear.
... On the other hand, tasks involving emotion regulation, such as suppressing an unwanted emotional response, have consistently implicated the left IFG, particularly its triangular part (Buhle et al., 2014;Ochsner et al., 2002;Wager et al., 2008). Ochsner et al. (2002) demonstrated the involvement of the left IFG in cognitive strategies for regulating emotional responses. ...
... On the other hand, tasks involving emotion regulation, such as suppressing an unwanted emotional response, have consistently implicated the left IFG, particularly its triangular part (Buhle et al., 2014;Ochsner et al., 2002;Wager et al., 2008). Ochsner et al. (2002) demonstrated the involvement of the left IFG in cognitive strategies for regulating emotional responses. Specifically, they found activation in the left IFG when participants were prompted to re-evaluate or reinterpret the meaning of negative emotional stimuli. ...
This fMRI study explored the relationship between social interactions and neural representations of emotionality in a foreign language (LX). Forty-five late learners of Japanese performed an auditory Japanese lexical decision task involving positive and negative words. The intensity of their social interactions with native Japanese speakers was measured using the Study Abroad Social Interaction Questionnaire. Activity in the left ventral striatum significantly correlated with social interaction intensity for positive words, while the right amygdala showed a significant correlation for negative words. These results indicate neural representations of LX emotional words link with the intensity of social interactions. Furthermore, LX negative words activated the left inferior frontal gyrus more than positive and neutral words, suggesting greater cognitive effort for processing negative words, aligning with a bias in adult social interactions towards more positively-valenced language. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of social interaction experiences in the processing of LX emotional words.
