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A europium-doped (Eu-doped) silica optical fiber is fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technology. Europium fluoride (EuF3) material is introduced into the fiber core with a high temperature vaporizing technique. Its concentration is approximately 0.11 at %. The outer and core diameters of doped fiber are approximately 122 a...
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Although microvascular dysfunction is known to result from diabetes, it might also lead to diabetes. Lower values of C2, a derivative of the radial artery pressure waveform, indicate microvascular dysfunction and predict hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied the association of C2 with incident diabetes in subjects fre...
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... The Verdet constant of optical fiber is usually measured with the balanced polarization method [14]. For fibers with a high Verdet constant of >500 mrad/T/m [15], such as standard single-mode fiber, spun fiber [16], or europium-doped silica fiber [17], the Verdet constant measurement accuracy can be~10 mrad/T/m. To measure fiber with a small Verdet constant of~10 mrad/T/m, such as photonic bandgap fiber, one can use the lock-in detection method to improve the accuracy to 0.3 mrad/T/m [18]. ...
Anti-resonant fiber (ARF) works well in a relatively strong magnetic field due to its weak Faraday effect, which results from the fundamental mode mainly transmitting in the air core. Accurately measuring the Faraday effect strength, i.e., the effective Verdet constant, of an ARF determines its applicable scenarios. However, the effective Verdet constant of ARF is ~3 orders of magnitude lower than that of a standard single-mode fiber, which is very difficult to measure. In this paper, we reveal that intermodal interference is the main obstacle to measuring the ultralow effective Verdet constant of ARF and propose using a narrow-band low-coherence light to suppress it. The measured effective Verdet constant of ARF is 0.423 ± 0.005 mrad/T/m at 1550 nm.
... Leveraging the dielectric properties of optical fibers, the integration of magnetically sensitive materials into fiber-optic magnetic field sensors represents a promising avenue for advancement. Notably, researchers have recently proposed diverse types of fiberoptic magnetic field sensors, primarily focusing on magneto-fluid (MF) [5][6][7], magnetooptical materials (MO) [8,9], and giant magneto-strictive materials (GMM) [10][11][12][13]. Given the distinct advantages associated with different sensing structures, a combined approach enables exploiting the full potential of the integrated sensing system. ...
Fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have garnered considerable attention in the field of marine monitoring due to their compact size, robust anti-electromagnetic interference capabilities, corrosion resistance, high sensitivity, ease of multiplexing and integration, and potential for large-scale sensing networks. To enable the detection of marine magnetic field vector information, we propose an optical fiber vector magnetic field sensor that integrates three single-axis sensors in an orthogonal configuration. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification are conducted to investigate its magnetic field and temperature sensing characteristics, and a sensitivity matrix is established to address the cross-sensitivity between the magnetic field and temperature; experimental tests were conducted to assess the vector response of the three-dimensional (3D) vector sensor across the three orthogonal axes; the obtained experimental results illustrate the commendable magnetic field vector response exhibited by the sensor in the orthogonal axes, enabling precise demodulation of vector magnetic field information. This sensor presents several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, easy integration, and reliability vectorially. Consequently, it holds immense potential for critical applications in marine magnetic field network detection.
... However, the compatibility of the glass fiber with standard SFs is poor, making it difficult to integrate them into FOCS. SFs doped with fewer rare-earth ions have significant advantages, such as smaller thermal expansion coefficients and lower transmission loss [13][14][15][16][17] . However, these types of fibers are subject to concentration quenching, limiting the doping concentration and resulting in a low Verdet constant. ...
... The relatively larger Verdet constants of the TL5Wx glass system can also be described by the high content of polarizable TeO 2 in the glasses (i.e., 5 mol% larger). Table 3 compares the Verdet constants of tellurite glasses with those of commercial silica glass (NC-100) and single-mode fiber (SMF) [39]. The Verdet constants of the TL5Wx and TL10Wx glass systems in this study were approximately-five to seven times larger than those of commercial silica glass/fibers and comparable to the popular sodium-zinc-tellurite Fig. 8. Variation of FRA as a function of magnetic field in the ternary tellurite glasses (TL5Wx, TL10Wx). ...
The ternary TeO2–La2O3–WO3 glasses with a formula of (100−y−x)TeO2–yLa2O3–xWO3 (y = 5 and 10 mol%; x = 10 to 25 mol%) were made by the melting and casting method for high Verdet constant diamagnetic magneto-optical (MO) materials in the application of MO devices operating at 1550 nm. The compositional effects of WO3 and La2O3 contents on key glass properties of thermal stability, Knoop hardness, optical transmission, and Verdet constant, were systematically studied for both series of glasses. High transparency level (T: >70%) in the region from 0.4 to 5.2 μm and a high refractive index (n: 2.05 at 1550 nm) were obtained in the studied glasses. The tellurite glasses with 5 mol% of La2O3 exhibited higher thermal stability and refractive indices than those with 10 mol% La2O3. The 85TeO2–5La2O3–10WO3 glass exhibited a large Verdet constant value of 3.95 rad/(T·m) at 1550 nm among the studied glasses. These results show that the presented TeO2−La2O3−WO3 glasses have considerable potential as diamagnetic MO materials for MO device applications operating at 1550 nm.
... The magnetization reaches saturation when the magnetic field is approximately 857.12 mT and the saturation magnetization is approximately 114.06 A/m. The Faraday rotation of the EDF at 1550 nm wavelength was analyzed by a magneto-optic effect measurement system based on the Stokes polarization parameters method [19,31], which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The slope of the Faraday rotation versus the magnetic field determines the magnitude of the Verdet constant, which is approximately 0.403 rad/Tm. ...
... Second, the influence of the magnetic field distribution in the solenoid is ignored in the theoretical analysis. In fact, the axial magnetic field distribution is calculated by [31] ...
The magneto-refractive properties of an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) are investigated by theoretically analyzing the change in mode characteristics with a magnetic field and experimentally measuring it based on a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The numerical results indicate that the mode effective refractive index (RI) increases as the magnetic field increases, and the mode field intensity distribution tends to be more concentrated in the core region with an increasing magnetic field. The variation in the mode effective RI of the fundamental mode with the magnetic field is greater than that of the higher-order modes. A magneto-refractive measurement system based on a fiber-optic MZI is set up to analyze the magneto-refractive effect of the EDF. The changes in the mode effective RI measured with a direct-current (DC) magnetic field and with a 100 Hz alternating-current (AC) magnetic field are 4.838×10⁻⁶ and 4.245×10⁻⁶ RIU/mT, respectively. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical analysis. Furthermore, the error between the experimental and numerical results is discussed. The magneto-refractive properties of the EDF exhibit potential in all-fiber magnetic field or current sensing area.
... Optical fiber magnetic field sensors have the advantages of strong anti-interference ability, good stability, and high sensitivity, which are widely used in geophysics, military guidance, and industrial inspections [1], [2]. At present, optical fiber magnetic field sensing methods mainly include the magneto-optic Faraday effect [3], tunable refractive index (RI) of magnetic fluid (MF) [4], and magnetostrictive method [5], etc. A magnetic field sensor based on the Faraday effect uses metallic glass and crystals with a large Verdet constant as the sensing unit to achieve target detection by measuring the Faraday rotation angle [6]. ...
The magneto-refractive properties of Er/Yb co-doped silica fiber (EYDF) are important in magnetic field sensing. Here, we proposed a theoretical calculation model of the EYDF using density functional theory (DFT) and demonstrated it by an interferometric digital hologram magneto-refractive measurement system. The calculation results show that the fiber material, doped with Er/Yb atoms, has a large net spin and asymmetric spin distribution, which enables the elements to play an important role in the magnetic characteristics of the material. The experimental results show that the refractive index of the fiber decreases linearly with the increase of the magnetic field. The sensitivity of EYDF is 3.8279 10-5 RIU/Gs and is two orders of magnitude higher than that of single-mode fiber which is confirmed by the theoretical calculation. It demonstrated that the EYDF has advantages and potential of high sensitivity, miniaturization, and easy integration for magnetic field detection in harsh environments.
... In this work, BGB glasses containing high concentrations of Tb 3+ ions showed accentuated Faraday rotation effects in the visible and NIR regions. The theory underlying the Faraday effect in glasses is based on the Zeeman effect when the material is submitted to a magnetic field 9,11 . The magnitude of the Faraday effect in a magneto-optical material is evaluated by calculation of the Verdet constant (V B ) 9 . ...
... The MO effect of glasses containing high Tb 3+ contents is due to the unfilled 4f electron layer of Tb atoms, since the unpaired 4f electrons generate random magnetic moments, consequently inducing a strong paramagnetic effect. In other words, for Tb 3+ , the high magnetic moment and the paramagnetic effect are produced from 4f → 4f n−1 5d energy level transitions 11,45 . In general terms, the Verdet constant for MO glass can be described by the sum of the contributions of paramagnetic and diamagnetic components, according to Eq. (3) 13 : where, V paramag and V diamag are the Verdet constants for the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions. ...
... Among the optical fibers reported in the literature, pure silica fibers are known to provide high performance, due to low attenuation in the NIR region 55 . On the other hand, silica fibers have very low V B values in the NIR region 11 . For example, V B of ~ 2.05 rad T −1 m −1 was found for an SMF at 830 nm 56 . ...
New glass compositions containing high concentrations of Tb ³⁺ ions were developed aiming at the production of magneto-optical (MO) fibers. This work reports on the structural and MO properties of a new glass composition based on (100 − x )(41GeO 2 –25B 2 O 3 –4Al 2 O 3 –10Na 2 O–20BaO) − x Tb 4 O 7 . Morphological analysis (HR-TEM) of the sample with the highest concentration of Tb ³⁺ ions confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Tb ³⁺ ions and the absence of nanoclusters. All the samples presented excellent thermal stability against crystallization (ΔT > 100 °C). An optical fiber was manufactured by a fiber drawing process. The UV–Vis spectra of the glasses showed Tb ³⁺ electronic transitions and optical windows varying from 0.4 to 1.6 μm. The magneto-optical properties and the paramagnetic behaviors of the glasses were investigated using Faraday rotation experiments. The Verdet constant (V B ) values were calculated at 500, 650, 880, 1050, 1330, and 1550 nm. The maximum V B values obtained at 650 and 1550 nm for the glass with x = 18 mol% were -128 and − 17.6 rad T ⁻¹ m ⁻¹ , respectively. The V B values at 500 and 1550 nm for the optical fiber containing 8 mol% of Tb 4 O 7 were − 110.2 and − 9.5 rad T ⁻¹ m ⁻¹ , respectively, while the optical loss at around 880 nm was 6.4 dB m ⁻¹ .
... Single crystals have larger VB values than magneto-optical glasses with similar composition. However, MO materials produced from glasses are more attractive than crystals, due to their lower cost, isotropy, and simple preparation procedures, in addition to great flexibility in obtaining materials with different shapes and lengths, such as fibers for applications in integrated devices 11 . Among the MO materials, especially attractive are paramagnetic glasses containing high concentrations of Tb 3+ ions and with large VB values in UV-Vis-NIR regions 12,13 . ...
... Figure 10 Among the optical fibers reported in the literature, pure silica fibers are known to provide high performance, due to low attenuation in the NIR region 56 . On the other hand, silica fibers have very low VB values in the NIR region 11 . For example, VB of ~2.05 rad T -1 m -1 was found for an SMF at 830 nm 57 . ...
... In this work, BGB glasses containing high concentrations of Tb 3+ ions showed accentuated Faraday rotation effects in the visible and NIR regions. The theory underlying the Faraday effect in glasses is based on the Zeeman effectwhen the material is submitted to a magnetic field9,11 . The magnitude of the Faraday effect in a magneto-optical material is evaluated by calculation of the Verdet constant (VB)9 . ...
New glass compositions containing high concentrations of Tb ³⁺ ions were developed aiming at the production of magneto-optical (MO) fibers. This work reports on the structural and MO properties of a new glass composition based on (100- x )(41GeO 2 -25B 2 O 3 -4Al 2 O 3 -10Na 2 O-20BaO) – x Tb 4 O 7 . Morphological analysis (HR-TEM) of the sample with the highest concentration of Tb ³⁺ ions confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Tb ³⁺ ions and the absence of nanoclusters. All the samples presented excellent thermal stability against crystallization (ΔT > 100 o C). An optical fiber was manufactured by a fiber drawing process. The UV-Vis spectra of the glasses showed Tb ³⁺ electronic transitions and optical windows varying from 0.4 to 1.6 µm. The magneto-optical properties and the paramagnetic behaviors of the glasses were investigated using Faraday rotation experiments. The Verdet constant (V B ) values were calculated at 500, 650, 880, 1050, 1330, and 1550 nm. The maximum V B values obtained at 650 and 1550 nm for the glass with x = 18 mol% were − 128 and − 17.6 rad T − 1 m − 1 , respectively. The V B values at 500 and 1550 nm for the optical fiber containing 8 mol% of Tb 4 O 7 were − 110.2 and − 9.5 rad T − 1 m − 1 , respectively, while the optical loss at around 880 nm was 6.4 dB m − 1 .
... L. Sun et al. reported that the Verdet constant of Tb-doped silicate glass fiber with 56 wt.% doping solubility was -24.5 ± 1.0 rad T −1 m −1 at 1053 nm [9]. After that, Yi Huang et al. developed the Eu-doped silica fiber whose Verdet constant is twice that of conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) at 660 nm, and its Verdet constant is -4.563 rad T −1 m −1 [10]. The above series of studies have shown that doping rare element ions with magnetic moment into materials can improve the Verdet constant. ...
... Since the outer layer of the Ho ion in the Ho-doped silica fiber is 4f 10 , under the action of the magnetic field, the electron is highly prone to 4f n → 4f n−1 5d 1 migration. The electronic structure is susceptible to the influence of temperature, resulting in electron transition, so that the Verdet constant of the material has a temperature-dependent characteristic. ...
A Ho-doped silica fiber with a high verdet constant is prepared by a modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) method. The phenomenon of the Faraday effect enhancement of a Ho-doped silica fiber is theoretically analyzed by the wave transition contribution analysis method based on the wave-particle duality of light. The Verdet constant of Ho-doped silica fiber is calculated with the wavelength range from 1310 nm to 1550 nm. Through experimental measurement, it is found that the Verdet constant of the Ho-doped silica fiber has a wavelength dependency. The experimental results show that the Verdet constant values of the Ho-doped silica fiber at 1310 nm and 1550 nm are 4.5 times and 1.6 times that of the conventional single-mode silica fiber, respectively.
... Magneto-optical (MO) materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their extensive applications in optical switches, isolators, circulators, modulators, security encoding, and sensing components [1][2][3]. In particular, optical isolators and circulators are highly needed in optical systems to protect upstream devices from the influence of backward propagated light or force the light to propagate unidirectionally [4]. ...
... Therefore, MO glasses have been extensively studied over the past decades. But, most studies were conducted in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelength regions [3,6,7]. Due to the rapid development of mid-IR technologies, there is a great demand for mid-IR MO glasses. ...
Magneto-optical properties of tellurium-arsenic-selenium glass ( ${{\rm Te}_{20}}{{\rm As}_{30}}{{\rm Se}_{50}}$ T e 20 A s 30 S e 50 ) were measured and analyzed. A Verdet constant of 15.18 rad/T/m at 1950 nm with the figure of merit of more than 8.72 rad/T, which is the highest value reported in glass materials at this wavelength, was measured. Compared to other chalcogenide glasses, such as ${{\rm Ge}_{10}}{{\rm Se}_{90}}$ G e 10 S e 90 and ${{\rm Ge}_{25}}{{\rm As}_{15}}{{\rm S}_{60}}$ G e 25 A s 15 S 60 , ${{\rm Te}_{20}}{{\rm As}_{30}}{{\rm Se}_{50}}$ T e 20 A s 30 S e 50 glass exhibits higher Verdet constants, broader mid-infrared transparency window, and longer infrared absorption edge, making it a very promising material to fabricate magneto-optical devices for mid-infrared applications.
